联合概念框架财务报告目标和信息质量特征最新进展

本文介绍联合概念框架项目第一阶段的研究成果,即《财务报告概念框架》第一章“通用财务报告的目标”和第三章“有用财务信息的质量特征”的相关内容。     

浅议我国会计信息质量特征的国际趋同——基于FASB/IASB联合概念框架之信息质量特征

一、引言 William C．Norby（1982）将会计信息质量特征形容为“桥梁”,其连接了财务报告目标与要素、确认、计量、列报以及披露之间的沟壑,会计信息质量特征在财务报告目标的统驭下,影响着后续各个关键会计环节。目标回答了“为什么有会计（Why of accounting）”,确认、计量等回答了“会计是怎样的（How of accounting）”,信息质量特征回答了“怎样的会计才能实现会计存在的目标”。     

FASB与IASB概念框架联合项目评价与启示

财务会计概念框架对于指导和评价会计准则体系的建立具有重要意义,本文在FASB和IASB概念框架联合项目研究的新发展趋势背景下,阐述了FASB和IASB概念框架联合项目计划安排和主要内容,分析了概念框架联合项目启动原因对其阶段性成果进行评价,并归纳了对我国财务会计概念框架的构建和发展的启示。     

关于IASB/FASB联合概念框架相关观点评析

财务概念框架是会计的核心主导。本文对美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)和国际会计准则理事会(IASB)的联合概念框架的构建进展进行了介绍,并对其研究成果进行深入剖析和客观评价,以期对我国财务会计概念框架的构建有所裨益。     

关于IASB/FASB联合概念框架相关观点评析

财务概念框架是会计的核心主导。本文对美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)和国际会计准则理事会(IASB)的联合概念框架的构建进展进行了介绍,并对其研究成果进行深入剖析和客观评价,以期对我国财务会计概念框架的构建有所裨益。     

IASB/FASB概念框架联合项目中的资产概念研究述评

IASB/FASB概念框架联合项目认为,双方现存的资产定义存在"可能的"、"预期的"和"控制"指代不明,以及过分强调"未来经济利益"与"过去交易或事项"等方面的缺陷,提出了新的资产定义。这个新定义强调资产是主体具有排他权利的现时经济资源,摒弃了传统的资产成本观、未来经济利益观和权利观,发展和完善了IASB的资产经济资源观,为建立逻辑一致的概念框架奠定了基础,是对资产本质的科学认识,并与经济学的资产概念保持了一致,是一个值得期待的定义。     

FASB/IASB联合概念框架相关性与可靠性质量特征的逻辑关系——基于经济学视角的分析

FASB和IASB联合概念框架于2010年9月对基本质量特征的逻辑关系做出了新的界定。从经济学视角,通过建立会计信息使用者的效用函数和预算约束方程,以既定支出下的效用最大化为目标,从理论上分析了相关性与可靠性的逻辑关系。研究结果表明,联合概念框架所界定的相关性与可靠性的逻辑关系可能导致财务报告边界无限扩张、会计信息质量下降。     

建立中国财务会计概念框架的总体设想

本文围绕在我国建立财务会计概念框架的基本问题,系统探讨了财务会计目标、财务报告信息的质量特征、财务报表的要素、要素的确认与计量、财务报告的列报等问题。本文在借鉴国外既有研究成果的基础上着重探讨了资产要素的定义,结合收入要素探讨了确认问题,在财务报告列报部分还具体探讨了财务报表确认、财务报表附注及其它财务报告的披露问题。     

如何评价美国FASB的财务会计概念框架?

总体上来看, 美国财务会计准则委员会的财务会计概念框架的内容是详细、充实和严谨的, 基本上能自成一个完整的体系并符合佩顿和利特尔顿提出的连贯、协调、内在一致的理论体系的要求。本文肯定FASBCon cepts具有许多独创性, 值得借鉴学习。例如, 第 1号概念公告提出用财务报告代替财务报表, 发展了财务会计;第 5号概念公告提出四项确认的基本标准等等。但FASBConcepts仍有弱点和不足之处。因此, 本文提出若干建议, 试图说明它的不足和如何加以改进。     

对构建我国财务报告概念框架的思考——读IASB2015年《财务报告概念框架(征求意见稿)》后的感想

本文基于对IASB2015年《财务报告概念框架(征求意见稿)》的分析与理解,首先对其内容进行了简要概括;然后对征求意见稿中所提议的事项发表了几点建议;最后针对我国目前还没有独立的财报告概念框架的现状,探讨了是否有必要构建我国的财务报告概念框架。     

关于“发起人金融资产转移会计处理方法”的评判

次贷危机爆发以来,美国的金融风险管理体制和监管机制受到了全球性的抨击。本文从财务会计角度对资产证券化最主要的会计问题,即发起人转移资产会计处理进行阐述、分析和反思。本文认为,长期以来,FASB采用的金融合成分析法在次贷危机当中发挥了负面作用。本文建议修改金融资产转移终止确认观点,并应该合理应用参与利益在终止确认中的作用,谨慎但不禁止采用销售方式处理转移资产。     

期货市场的流动性测度探讨

本文根据期货市场存在大量对冲交易的实际情况,讨论现有测度期货市场流动性方法的不足。采用合约发行量替代了传统模型中的持仓量,并提出使用价格波动率平整后的流动性比率作为计算期货市场流动性效率的指标,与传统衡量期货市场流动性的方法相比,这种修正不仅在逻辑上更为严谨和贴合实际,而且得到实证检验的支持。     

Fair Value and the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project: An Alternative View

This paper analyses various controversial issues arising from the current project of the IASB and FASB to develop a joint conceptual framework for financial reporting standards. It discusses their possible implications for measurement and, in particular, for the use of fair value as the preferred measurement basis. Two competing world views are identified as underlying the debate: a Fair Value View, implicit in the IASB's public pronouncements, and an Alternative View implicit in publicly expressed criticisms of the IASB's pronouncements. The Fair Value View assumes that markets are relatively perfect and complete and that, in such a setting, financial reports should meet the needs of passive investors and creditors by reporting fair values derived from current market prices. The Alternative View assumes that markets are relatively imperfect and incomplete and that, in such a market setting, financial reports should also meet the monitoring requirements of current shareholders (stewardship) by reporting past transactions and events using entity-specific measurements that reflect the opportunities actually available to the reporting entity. The different implications of the two views are illustrated by reference to specific issues in recent accounting standards. Finally, the theoretical support for the two views is discussed. It is concluded that, in a realistic market setting, the search for a universal measurement method may be fruitless and a more appropriate approach to the measurement problem might be to define a clear measurement objective and to select the measurement method that best meets that objective in the particular circumstances that exist in relation to each item in the accounts. An example of such an approach is deprival value, which is not, at present, under consideration by the IASB.     

Discourses surrounding the evolution of the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework: What they reveal about the “living law” of accounting

The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) recently published the final version of Chapter 1 of their joint Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (IASB/FASB, 2010). In this article, we focus on two of the key issues addressed in Chapter 1: stewardship and the definition of the primary user groups of financial statements. To address the discourses surrounding the evolution of Chapter 1, we introduce the concept of “living law” from sociological jurisprudence into accounting scholarship. We first trace the role of stewardship/accountability in the evolution—from antiquity to the present day—of the living law of accounting. We then explore the origin, nature, and implications—from a living law perspective—of the moral traditions associated with stewardship/accountability. Our analysis suggests that stewardship has been, and continues to be, embedded in the living law of accounting—notwithstanding the formal pronouncements of standard setters. We also examine the social accounting project from a living law perspective and we suggest that such an analysis provides new possibilities for addressing core social accounting concerns. We conclude by arguing that, particularly in light of the far reaching impact of the neoliberal agenda, there is an urgent need for scholars in both contemporary “social” and “mainstream” accounting to recognize and build upon their shared living law heritage rooted in the age-old traditions of stewardship/accountability.     

The IASB and FASB convergence process and the need for ‘concept-based’ accounting teaching

The increasing globalization of the U.S. economy drives interest in international accounting standards. In this respect, the convergence process between the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) targets the completion of several major projects by 2011. The importance of the projects under consideration as well as the lack of conclusive theoretical solutions around them suggests that the target of a “common set” of accounting standards will be replaced in the short-medium term by a de facto situation of a “slightly different set” of accounting standards. In this paper, we draw on best available practices to make a specific proposal for the introduction of IFRS into the curriculum of institutions of higher learning in the U.S. Our proposal is driven by the idea that accounting education should move from teaching ever temporary rules to emphasize the economic and strategic underpinnings of accounting transactions.     

借鉴IASB概念框架,完善我国企业会计基本准则

我国基本准则虽然在地位、结构、内容上与IASB概念框架有所区别,但是,二者都要为具体准则的制定和理解提供依据,基于我国企业会计准则与国际准则实质性趋同的方向,我们有必要借鉴IASB概念框架文件,完善我国基本准则。本文介绍并简要评论2018版概念框架的主要内容及其特点;进而对其做出总体评价;在此基础上,借鉴IASB概念框架,在整体上及其各章具体内容上如何完善基本准则,分别提出建议。     

财务报表国际趋同的重大进展——IASB与FASB《财务报表列报初步意见》之分析

财务报表作为公司对外财务报告的核心载体,其结构、内容及繁简在国际上充满争议。如何使财务报表最为及时、准确、有效地传递公司财务信息给使用者,是理论和实务界的共同努力方向。国际会计准则理事会(IASB)和美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)联合发布的《财务报表列报初步意见》讨论稿提出了颠覆性的方案。针对讨论稿中提出的变革方案,我们需要从强化资产负债观、逐步引入综合收益表、加强对新报表分类模式理论研究三个方面努力,以改进我国财务报告,实现我国会计准则与国际财务报告准则持续和动态趋同。     

Articulation,Profit or Loss and OCI in the IASB Conceptual Framework: Different Shades of Clean (or Dirty) Surplus

Abstract

The 2015 International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Conceptual Framework Exposure Draft (2015 IASB CF ED) proposes a mixed valuation and transactions approach to income determination. Nevertheless, it does not clearly choose between single or dual concepts of profit, which renders the 2015 IASB CF ED’s financial accounting model somewhat incoherent. The 2015 IASB CF ED proposes a rebuttable presumption that profit or loss should be all-inclusive. Only the IASB can rebut this presumption, but the 2015 IASB CF ED provides no clear conceptual basis on which to rebut this presumption. In spite of considering dual measurement, the IASB believes that it is neither possible, nor necessary, to distinguish between profit or loss and other comprehensive income (OCI) on a conceptual basis. This paper suggests that the 2015 IASB CF ED’s approach to measurement can be improved by introducing a deprival value measurement rule in cases where fair value and historical cost are not appropriate. Furthermore, it argues that under dual measurement it is both necessary and possible to make a conceptual distinction between the realised items of income and expense in profit or loss and those recognised by accretion in OCI.     

基于IASB概念框架的可靠性质量特征之认识理性——一个经济学视角的分析与讨论

2010年IASB修订IASC时期制定的概念框架,将可靠性质量特征修改为"如实表述",同时放弃审慎性和实质重于形式这两个可靠性质量特征的指导性标准,意图增加财务报告的透明度与相关性。在我国会计准则与国际趋同日益成为现实的大背景下,有必要明确可靠性在财务会计信息质量中的地位及其去留问题。从经济学视角分析,可靠性与相关性关系变迁具有逻辑上的理性轨迹,从强调相关性到突出可靠性应为一个理性回归。建立可靠性质量特征之认识理性的现实意义在于,对IASB修订概念框架的意图与后果作出理论研究层面的讨论。