收入分配的首要问题:差距过大还是分配不公

目前我国的收入分配问题包括收入差距过大和收入分配不公两个方面,收入差距过大不等于收入分配不公;收入分配的首要问题不是收入差距过大,而是收入分配不公;当务之急是采取切实可行的有效措施,重点解决好目前令人担忧的收入分配不公的问题,把我国的收入差距控制在合理适度的范围之内。     

Income Distribution and Redistribution

Abstract:

It seems that some observable structural trends in recent decades such as globalization, skills-biased technological advances and level of unionization all over the world have been affected by income distribution, in addition to other economic variables. The latest trends in the 2000s exhibited a widening gap between the rich and the poor not only in some of the already high inequality countries, but also in traditionally low inequality countries. In order to mitigate inequality, many countries have followed redistribution policies (taxes and transfers). In this article, we will mainly focus on the effects of redistribution policies consisting of income taxes and social transfers on income inequality using the micro data in Turkey. Additionally, since financial crises have been becoming more important with increasing frequency of crises all over the world, we also search for the effects of crises on inequality and the degree of mitigation of redistributive policies, especially during the Global Recession.     

中国居民收入差距的演变——基于金融深化视角的实证研究

对中国金融发展与收入差距的关系进行分析发现：（1）中国居民收入差距与金融深化进程遵循倒“U”曲线的演化路径;（2）我国金融深化与收入差距之间存在着扩大的库兹涅茨效应。对此考察后,我们认为：随着金融的发展和现代部门在经济中比重的提高,政府在利用金融体系调控经济中的政策倾向在一定程度上诱导了这一现象的发生。同时,我们预计我国居民收入差距呈扩大趋势并将延续一段时期。     

收入分配与乘数效应

传统的乘数理论忽视了收入分配因素,因此在宏观经济政策分析中有很大局限性。论文以我国城镇居民微观消费行为的分析为基础,建立了引入收入分配因素的乘数效应模型,并根据我国近年来的统计数据作了验证,证实它与我国的经验是一致的。由此可以得出收入再分配政策与财政政策,货币政策在方向上具有一致性的政策结论。     

收入分配、财产分配和渐进改革--纪念《经济社会体制比较》杂志创刊20周年

首先。我想谈一谈收入分配问题。收入分配是整个社会经济系统中一个十分重要的子系统。收入分配的状况不仅影响生产的效率，而且影响人们的切身利益，从而影响社会的协调与稳定。从1988年以来，我和国内外一些同行合作研究中国居民收入分配问题，出版了《中国居民收入分配研究》和《中国居民收入分配再研究》等书。通过系统的实证分析，我认为应该客观全面地看待中国经济改革和经济发展过程中收入分配格局的变化。在这些变化中，有三个问题特别值得重视。     

收入分配研究述评

收入差距拉大引发的社会两极分化问题已成为中国社会最为敏感问题之一,这一问题也影响着社会与经济的可持续发展。收入分配不公带来的社会冲突、分层加剧、资源配置失衡等危害也已引起政府的高度关注。本文着重从行业垄断、税收调控、社会保障等方面评述影响收入分配差距拉大的因素。为改善我国收入分配不平等状况,需要对初次分配与再分配加以规范。因此,限制公共权力,加强对垄断的监管,规范劳动力市场是关键,与此同时,税收、转移支付与社会保障等宏观调控手段应被广泛采用。     

技术变化与收入分配

本文以20世纪70年代的信息技术革命为背景,运用美国商务部经济统计局生产率数据库,在此较五,六十年代和七、八十年代工资结构的基础上,提出了一个简单的技术变化模型。通过模型以及与经验观察相一致的实证研究,指出技术变化引起工人工资不平等的两种渠道;直接的途径是对于既定的资本劳动力比率来说,新技术能生产更多的产量;间接的途径是资本从非技能工人流向技能工人,从而使得前者的人均资本在技术变化前变得更少,本文的结论是：运用革命性的新技术对传统行业进行改造,构成了经济增长的最终主体,人力资本水平之高低越来越影响到最终经济的财富的总量。     

略谈我国的收入分配问题

收入分配悬殊是引起我国目前诸多经济问题的重要原因。本文运用国际上通用的三种标准即①劳动分配率②洛伦斯曲线与基尼系数③工资的差异率。分析了我国收入分配中存在的问题及如何正确对待这些问题。     

Income Distribution and Demand-Induced Innovations

We introduce non-homothetic preferences into an innovation-based growth model and study how income and wealth inequality affect economic growth. We identify a (positive) price effect—where increasing inequality allows innovators to charge higher prices and (negative) market-size effects—with higher inequality implying smaller markets for new goods and/or a slower transition of new goods into mass markets. It turns out that price effects dominate market-size effects. We also show that a redistribution from the poor to the rich may be Pareto improving for low levels of inequality.     

论社会主义市场经济中的利益分配结构

章描述了社会主义市场经济条件下的利益分配结构及其合理化原则问题。认为利益分配结构是一个由主体结构、客体结构、时间结构、空间结构组成的多维复合体系。利益分配结构与经济结构是相辅相成的关系,合理的经济结构必须要有合理的利益分配结构配套。用系统分析方法研究利益分配结构,有助于我们从不同角度认识利益分配中的复杂情况。进而在错综复杂的利益分配格局中把握好我国现阶段分配活动的内在联系。这于引导、调节、控制、管理好利益分配,理顺社会主义市场经济条件下的利益分配关系是十分必要的。     

Personal Income Distribution and Market Structure

Income distribution affects market demand and its elasticity, and, as a consequence, the optimal behaviour of firms and market equilibrium. This paper focuses on the effects of income polarization, and presents a model where – for any unimodal density function describing income distribution of the consumers – income polarization leads to market concentration, i.e., to a smaller number of firms able to survive in the long run, provided that the firms' fixed costs are sufficiently low.     

Share Ribs and Income Distribution*

The connection between changes in commodity prices and the distribution of income is a question of active interest since the 1941 Stolper-Samuelson Theorem. In higher dimensions results are obtained only if structure is imposed. Here we assume that each of n-industries is alike in the shape of the profile (rib) of distributive factor shares with a permutation of factor numbering such that industry n is most intensive in factor n. Such a structure reveals either a strong version of the Stolper Samuelson Theorem or a Neighborhood oscillation pattern depending on the shape of the share ribs.     

收入分配行为与社会公平原则

当前,学术界正对收入分配问题进行讨论,中心议题是关于收入分配的原则。特别是在理解“更加注重社会公平”的意义时,引发了关于“效率优先,兼顾公平”是否可以作为收入分配原则的讨论。本文对收入分配等问题进行深入研究。     

个人收入分配的税收调控

收入差距的扩大已成为影响我国社会稳定和经济发展的重大问题之一，成为中国经济理论界极其关注的热点。     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

Income Distribution and the Demand Constraint

This paper argues thatthe interaction between inequality and the demand patterns forgoods is a potential source of persistent inequality. Incomedistribution, in the presence of non-homothetic preferences,affects the demand for goods and, due to differences in factorintensities across sectors, it alters the return to factors ofproduction and the initial distribution of income. Low inequalityleads to high demand for medium skilled intensive goods, providinga bridge over which low skill dynasties may transition to thehigh-skilled sector in the long run. Under high inequality however,the initial lack of demand for medium skilled labor breachesthis bridge from poverty to prosperity and inequality persists.     

Analyzing Income Distribution in Australia*

This paper contains an analysis of the sources of income inequality in Australia, based on data from the ABS income survey for 1978-79. The analysis proceeds by progressive decomposition of the population into component groups differentiated by characteristics such as sex, age, employment status and occupation. At each stage of the decomposition, total inequality is partitioned into contributions from within and between the component groups, as measured by the Shorrocks Iq index. The importance of the characteristic in question as a source of inequality can then be assessed. While the results of the analysis are described in some detail, the emphasis of the paper is primarily methodological.     

个人收入分配中不平等度的评判——基于市场分割的收入差距分解分析

收入差距问题受到了全社会的广泛关注,其中的问题令人担忧。本文运用2007年的宏观经济数据,基于市场分割对居民的收入差距采用泰尔指数法进行分解分析,结果发现在不同行业门类、地区和所有制对劳动市场进行分割的影响下,东部地区,新兴部门和制造业的居民内部的不平等程度较大,而三大区域之间和行业门类之间的不平等程度过大。