代际收入流动性与收入不平等——基于面板数据联立方程模型的分析

利用CHNS数据,在测度收入不平等的代际传递性的基础上,通过面板数据联立方程模型实证分析代际收入流动与收入不平等之间的关系。实证研究结果表明,收入不平等程度的上升阻碍了代际收入的流动,而代际收入弹性的提高也会导致收入不平等状况的恶化。     

高阶收入风险、收入流动与不平等

本文论证了高阶收入风险的存在及其异质性,并研究了高阶收入风险对收入流动和不平等的影响。本文研究发现优化收入冲击结构、消除高阶收入风险能够提高收入流动性、降低低收入群体收入停滞的风险,并且能够降低消费不平等和财富不平等。因此,政府一是需要保就业、降低劳动力市场摩擦,防范劳动者受到失业等极端收入冲击的影响,二是需要进一步完善职业培训体系、职业晋升体系,降低劳动者在工作阶梯下滑的风险。     

人工智能技术会促进代际收入流动吗?——基于CFPS数据库的经验证据

前沿文献关注技术进步对劳动收入分配的影响,却普遍忽视人工智能技术对代际层面收入不平等的影响。基于此,利用2010—2016年间中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,构建父辈和子代收入百分位阶层测度代际收入流动性及流动方向,考察人工智能技术对代际收入不平等问题的作用。结果显示：人工智能技术促进代际收入流动性增强,并进一步促进代际收入向上流动,且对家庭教育程度中等、男性和非农户个体,以及市场化水平较高、知识产权保护程度中高、财政教育支出水平中高地区个体的代际收入向上流动具有更显著促进作用。此外,人工智能技术通过促进代际职业向上流动和劳动力迁移的途径作用于代际收入向上流动。因此,应加大对人工智能技术及相关产业发展的支持力度,通过推进市场化改革和教育公平、完善知识产权保护体系、加大财政教育支出水平等,充分释放人工智能技术促进代际收入向上流动的红利。     

收入代际流动研究综述

文章回顾了国内外代际流动研究领域有关收入代际流动的重要研究。首先着重从收入代际流动的含义、收入代际流动的程度以及收入代际流动的机制三个方面对国外研究进行了梳理与归纳,然后对我国国内的相关研究做了概括,最后分析了国内外研究的不足并预测了未来研究的趋势。     

基于面板数据的代际收入流动研究

基于中国健康和营养调查中的农村数据,在面板数据条件下使用滞后水平变量作为工具变量分别对代际收入流动的单方程和系统方程进行估计,发现特定时期的单方程估计结果受工具变量的选取影响较大,而系统估计所得的代际收入弹性为0.446.这说明父辈收入与子辈收入之间存在较强相关性,代际收入流动性较弱,收入财富呈现出一定的代际继承性.因此,在减少收入分配差距的同时,政府应着重增加公共资源的供给,提供更多的职业培训,从而为农村子女发展创造更多的机会,以增加代际间的流动性.     

中国劳动力市场代际收入流动研究

代际收入流动反映了一个社会的机会平等程度,主要衡量指标是代际收入弹性.由于测量误差和生命周期偏误,同类研究对中国代际收入弹性的估计结果差异较大.基于营养与健康调查的代际数据,笔者纠正了测量误差后得到的代际收入弹性约为0.46,这表明中国的代际收入流动性在国际上处于中间水平.     

社会保险如何影响代际收入流动

优化收入分配、促进代际收入流动是推进共同富裕的必然要求。本文基于2010—2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据,采用代际收入弹性和代际收入百分位排序关联系数测量代际收入流动,实证检验社会保险对代际收入流动的影响。研究发现,城镇基本养老保险、农村基本养老保险和城镇居民医保显著抑制代际收入流动,新农合对代际收入流动具有显著正向影响,且这种影响在低收入父代家庭和城镇地区更加显著。采用工具变量法控制内生性后的研究结论依然稳健。作用机制分析表明,社会保险通过人力资本、财富资本和借贷资本三种渠道影响代际收入流动。基于实证结论,本文提出相关政策建议以增强社会保险的反贫困和收入再分配功能,进而夯实代际收入流动的物质基础,助力共同富裕和中国式现代化建设。     

代际流动、教育收益与机会平等——基于微观调查数据的研究

本文基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2011年全国基线调查数据,探讨了中国代际收入流动性及其作用机制。当前中国代际收入弹性在各年龄阶段人群中呈现U型曲线特点,90年代出生的居民面临的代际收入弹性较高,即代际流动性较低。运用阶层线性模型分析了代际间的交互作用机制:父代的收入水平和工作性质会通过影响子代个体特征变量的边际系数对子女的收入产生间接影响。教育是打破阶层固化的重要途径,但实证分析表明,父代的职业对子女的教育收益率存在显著影响,机会的不平等阻碍了代际流动。因此,政策改革应当保障教育机会和就业机会的平等,从而推动社会代际收入流动,促进收入分配结构合理化。     

The Sins of the Fathers: Intergenerational Income Mobility in China

This paper aims to obtain an accurate estimate of China's intergenerational income mobility and to present evidence on its distributional pattern. Using panel data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) over the period 1989–2009, I find that China is less mobile than most developed countries. Then, I employ five different approaches to investigate the distributional pattern of China's intergenerational mobility across income levels. The results suggest that poor families have relatively high mobility, indicating opportunities for the poor children to escape poverty. Finally, I show that while wealthy fathers are likely to pass on their favorable economic status to their sons, rich sons come from a very wide range of family economic backgrounds.     

Intergenerational Earnings and Income Mobility in Spain

This paper contributes to the large number of studies on intergenerational earnings and income mobility by providing new evidence for Spain. Since there are no Spanish surveys covering long‐term information on both children and their fathers' income or earnings, we deal with this selection problem using the two‐sample two‐stage least squares estimator. We find that intergenerational mobility in Spain is similar to that in France, lower than in the Nordic countries and Britain, and higher than in Italy and the United States. Furthermore, we use the Chadwick and Solon approach to explore intergenerational mobility in the case of daughters and we find similar results by gender.     

Income Mobility and Income Inequality in Rural China

The economic literature has argued for a long time that income mobility could attenuate the degree of cross-sectional inequality by offering people opportunities to improve their socio-economic position. Using the longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1989 to 2011, we measure income mobility as the degree to which longer-term incomes are distributed more or less equally than yearly income. Five main results are emphasized. First, there is strong income mobility in rural China that partly offsets yearly income inequality. Second, income mobility has decreased since the 2000s, indicating that income distribution is becoming more rigid. Third, mobility is mainly associated with transitory income fluctuations, particularly in the two tails of the distribution. Fourth, income mobility has an equalizing effect on income distribution. Fifth, we show that non-agricultural income mobility has substantially increased over the period and that its equalizing nature has also recently increased. While the development of the non-agriculture sector in rural China was a crucial factor in explaining the increase in rural inequality until the mid-2000s, we suggest that the large-scale generalisation of such non-agricultural opportunities partly accounts for the decline in rural inequality observed since the mid-2000s.     

教育融资体制对代际流动性与不平等程度的动态影响：基于OL G模型的分析

传统的代际流动性研究并没有对代际流动性的短期值和长期值作有效区分,也未考虑人力资本形成中的不确定性,因而“代际流动性越高则不平等程度越低”这一分析结论并未在中国的现实中呈现。文章据此通过构建一个代际交叠模型比较分析了公共教育体制和市场教育体制下的代际流动性。模型动态分析发现：(1)公共教育体制下的不平等程度的长期值比市场教育体制下更低。(2)代际流动性短期值的升高并不总是伴随着不平等程度的下降,当社会受到某种剧烈冲击时可能发生两者同升同降的情况。(3)政府进行激进式的教育体制改革会使人力资本收敛速率发生跃升,并且使不平等程度的短期值和长期值都增大,而代际流动性则会在突降后在逐渐收敛到新的更低的稳态值。(4)人力资本积累不确定性参数值反映了个体不可观测的技能或先天禀赋,是影响代际流动性和不平等程度的重要因素。不确定性的突然上升会使不平等程度的短期值迅速上升,并且会使不平等程度的长期值达到新的高位,虽然代际流动性短期值也会迅速上升,但依旧会逐渐收敛到以前的稳态值不变。文章的研究有益于厘清代际流动性与不平等程度的复杂关系,也能为相关实证研究提供参考。     

Intergenerational Income Persistence in Urban China

Intergenerational income elasticities are estimated using samples for urban China (covering many cities) for the years 1995 and 2002 and compared with results from other studies. We find that the income relation between the pairs—sons and fathers, sons and mothers, and daughters and mothers—are in 2002 all similar in magnitude. In contrast the relation between daughters' and fathers' income is weaker. The income relationship between offspring and mothers was weaker in 1995 than in 2002. Our preferred estimates of income persistence for the son/father pairs of 0.47 for 1995 and 0.53 for 2002 are higher than those which have been reported in the literature for several high‐income countries with large welfare states. The strength of the income link between sons and fathers in urban China appears to be not very different from what has been reported for countries such as Brazil, Chile, and the U.S.     

Intergenerational Wealth Mobility in France, 19th and 20th Century

This paper examines intergenerational wealth mobility between fathers and children in France between 1848 and 1960. Considering wealth mobility in the long run requires taking into account not only positional mobility (that is, how families move within a given distribution of wealth), but also structural mobility induced by changes in the distribution of wealth. Such changes are related to two structural phenomena: in the nineteenth century, the rising number of individuals leaving no estate at death and, after World War I, the decline in the number of the very rich who could live off their wealth. The paper studies the movements between these groups and estimates the intergenerational elasticity of wealth, taking into account the persistence at the bottom and at the top.     

Household Income Inequality and Income Mobility: Implications Towards Equalizing Longer-Term Incomes in India

This paper addresses three important questions. First, what are the trends, levels and sources of income inequality in India? Second, how have been the patterns of income mobility? And finally, exploring the relationship between income mobility and income inequality in the context of India. Results, based on recent India Human Development Survey (IHDS) longitudinal data, advocate that not only is income inequality very high, nonetheless, it has increased – mainly attributable to different income sources – in India. The paper also focused on whether or not this income mobility equalizes longer-term incomes. Results suggest income mobility has resulted in-albeit not robust- equalizing longer-term incomes. Thus, based on imperative findings, the paper suggests, the nature of longer-term well-being is crucial to designing policy interventions to effectively tackle inequality and in this context, economic mobility can be seen as an avenue to long-term equality.     

中国贫困代际传递及动态趋势实证研究

文章运用CHNS调查数据,对城乡居民家庭贫困代际传递及动态趋势进行了研究。静态分析表明:农村贫困代际传递机会要明显大于城市,且城乡差距明显;个体行业差异显著影响个体贫困发生机会,但父辈行业差异对子代贫困发生机会的代际影响不明显,健康、教育降低子代贫困作用巨大,同等条件下女性贫困发生机会要高于男性,贫困发生机会与年龄呈"U"关系。动态分析表明:虽然中国整体面的贫困水平逐年下降,但贫困代际传递机会基本呈上升趋势;农村贫困代际传递机会大于城市;城乡子代贫困机会差距自20世纪90年代以来在拉大。     

子女教育、代际支持与家庭贫困的变动

子女教育是影响农村家庭贫困变动的一个重要因素。通过对14省区609户农村家庭调查结果的分析,子女接受教育程度越高,自身一代家庭摆脱贫困的比例越高,并且能传承下代家庭使其免受贫困;家庭贫困代际变动的断裂点为15年(大专教育)。