农户参与市场化生态补偿意愿及影响因素分析

[目的]与参与政府主导的生态补偿项目不同,农户参与市场化生态补偿有更大的自主性,因此在"建立市场化、多元化生态补偿"背景下,加强农户参与市场化生态补偿意愿的研究具有重要意义。探究农户参与市场化生态补偿的意愿,并识别出影响因素,寻求提高农户市场化生态补偿参与意愿的发力点。[方法]文章基于贵州省仁怀市208户农户问卷调查数据,运用二元Logistic回归从农户个体特征、家庭特征、农业经营特征和农户行为态度四个方面研究农户参与市场化生态补偿意愿及其影响因素。[结果]农户参与市场化生态补偿意愿整体较高,81.25%的农户表示愿意参与市场化生态补偿。家庭务农人数越多、家中有村干部、平地数量越多、坡地数量越少、对坡耕地经济收益越不满意、认为水质下降对作物产量影响越严重、越认同参与生态补偿可获得荣誉感的农户,越愿意参与市场化生态补偿。[结论]增强农户参与市场化生态补偿意愿要从以下三个方面发力:保障和提高农户参与市场化生态补偿后的经济收益;降低农户对土地的依赖程度;增强农户参与市场化生态补偿的荣誉感和参与感。     

失地农民的维权行为分析--以江苏省铁本事件征地案件为例

研究目的以江苏省铁本事件征地案例为例,分析征地过程中失地农民维权行为的发生机理、基本方式、行为选择和影响因素等.研究方法在对失地农民进行问卷调查的基础上,建立Logistic模型,计量分析失地农民维权决策行为、维权选择行为的微观影响因素.研究结果失地农民维权行为的产生是多种外部因素和内部因素共同作用的结果,是征地拆迁过程中各种利益体相互制衡的产物,影响失地农民维权决策的主要因素是家庭人均收入水平、家庭非农就业率、家庭损失和补偿比、家庭恩格尔系数以及对于农地功能的认识.研究结论中国拆迁征地制度改革应以提高拆迁征地效率、注重各个实体的利益平衡、维护失地农民利益为目标,将失地农民行为纳入拆迁征地决策体系,建立有效保障失地农民利益的拆迁征地制度体系.     

新一轮退耕还林对农户收入影响的机理研究 ——基于赣南、鄂北农户调查的实证分析

研究目的：新一轮退耕还林补助资金即将到期之际,分析新一轮退耕还林对农户家庭收入的净效应并揭示其内在机制。研究方法：理论上阐述了新一轮退耕还林政策促进农户收入增长的作用机理,基于赣南、鄂北地区农户调查数据,利用倾向得分匹配法进行实证分析。研究结果：（1）无论是否包含退耕补贴,新一轮退耕还林政策对农户收入有正向影响;（2）退耕林种对农户收入的作用机理不同：种植经济林的农户增加了林果业收入和非农经营收入,减少了工资性收入;种植生态林的农户通过提高工资性收入,进而提高总收入水平。研究结论：新一轮退耕还林加快了农户生计转型的进程。政策实施5年后,农户形成与生态环境相适应且稳定的生产方式,为补偿政策的逐步退出创造有利条件,实现了新一轮退耕还林政策的造血功能。     

城市造林工程农户行为意向影响因素研究——以北京市平原造林工程为例

以北京市平原造林工程为例,利用典型项目区调查数据建立结构方程模型,探讨影响退耕农户行为意向的主要因素。结果表明:农户综合素质、家庭经济基础和农户土地依赖性对农户满意度和农户行为意向具有显著正向影响;同时,农户综合素质、家庭经济基础和农户土地依赖性还会通过农户满意度对农户行为意向产生影响。据此,后续城市造林过程中应进一步加强对农户满意度的服务工作,同时根据个体农户特征,对被征地农户在再就业、技能培训、农地补偿等方面开展更具针对性的服务工作。     

基于忠县农户调查的耕地保护经济补偿机制需求分析

研究目的:从意愿角度揭示农户对耕地保护经济补偿机制需求的影响因素,为构建耕地保护经济补偿机制提供建议。研究方法:农户调查法,多项Logistic回归模型分析法。研究结果:农户经济补偿需求意愿存在较大差异;耕地利用比较效益、家庭人口数、家庭年人均纯收入、耕地保护意愿指数、经济补偿期望值、经济发展水平对农户耕地保护经济补偿机制需求影响显著。研究结论:构建重在保障农户权益的经济补偿机制势在必行,必须从补偿区域、补偿对象、补偿运作、补偿来源等方面创新耕地保护经济补偿机制。     

农村宅基地退出补偿的经济学分析

[目的]农村宅基地退出补偿标准的确定及其利益分配是宅基地能否顺利退出的关键。[方法]基于福利经济学分配论和补偿原理建立宅基地价值生产函数,运用比较研究法、模型分析法通过计算各生产要素的边际贡献率确定各相关权利主体的退出补偿范围;权衡宅基地退出过程中投资成本与未来收益,以优化宅基地增值收益分配方案,为宅基地退出公平补偿提供科学的理论依据。[结果]理论上农户的最低补偿额应大于农户退出宅基地的机会成本,最高补偿额不高于宅基地价值生产函数中农户应分得的宅基地价值与农户退出后的投资风险成本之和;村集体的补偿额应为宅基地价值生产函数中村集体应分得的宅基地价值;地方政府的退出补偿额应不超过所享受的外部性价值。[结论]基于宅基地价值生产函数确定的各相关权利主体退出补偿范围,从定量角度为宅基地退出公平补偿提供科学的理论依据,同时顺应了通过市场机制对退出权利主体进行补偿的改革方向。     

Determinants of cropland abandonment at the parcel,household and village levels in mountain areas of China: A multi-level analysis

Cropland abandonment accompanying economic development has been observed worldwide. China has experienced a large amount of land abandonment in recent years. However, the reasons for it are not entirely clear. Although abandonment decisions are made by individual households, the underlying conditions reflect processes operating at multiple levels. Therefore, we aimed to detect the influences on land abandonment at the parcel, household and village levels. We developed and employed a multi-level statistical model using farm household survey data and geographical maps of Wulong County. Our model revealed that of the variance in occurrence of land parcel abandonment, 7% and 13% can be explained at the household and village levels, respectively, while the remnant 80% can be explained at the land parcel features itself. We found that land abandonment is more prone to occur on parcels that are on steep slopes, have poor quality soil, or are remote from the laborers’ residences. Households with less agricultural labor per unit land area showed a high probability of land abandonment. We also found a nonlinear influence of labor age on land abandonment, with households comprising middle-aged laborers having a low land abandonment probability. Parcels in villages with high elevation, far from the county administrative center or with low prevalence of leased land are inclined to abandonment. We also found, surprisingly, that the household proportion of males among its agricultural laborers did not significantly influence the occurrence of land abandonment at the parcel level, probably due to the male agricultural laborers being overwhelmingly old (average age greater than 56 years). To alleviate land abandonment, we suggest improving land tenure and transfer security to ensure stable access to the land rental market, and also improving infrastructure in remote regions.     

因地制宜地稳妥推进留地安置 ——基于对10余省份留地安置的调研

研究目的：研究留地安置制度的做法及存在问题,为改革和完善中国农村征地制度提供参考建议。研究方法：实地调研、政策分析、案例分析。研究结果：留地安置的实质是在法律规定的补偿费用之外增加了一部分实物补偿,其实质是农民分享了一部分土地增值收益。各地在实践中探索出了留用地的多种实现途径,经历了从实地到货币化的转变。虽然留地安置在实施中存在一些问题,但方向正确,应从细节入手解决弊端。研究结论：对留地问题宜及早进行规范并明确规定留地安置的法律地位;从源头入手,在规划上预留农民征地后的留用地;虚化区位、固化权益,因地因时探索留用地的多种实现方式。     

土地征用安置补助费计算的误区及其纠正

研究目的:探讨准确体现土地法精神的征地安置补助费计算方法.研究方法:案例解剖法.研究结果:目前多数项目征地安置补助费的计算上存在三个主要偏差:以所谓的"综合价"包含全部土地赔偿费用;按照征用土地数量而非需要安置的农业人口计算安置补助费;夸大和缩小需要安置的农业人口数量.研究结论:提出了准确理解土地法关于安置补助费计算的方式,并给出了计算公式.     

基于耕地发展权价值的东北粮食主产区耕地保护补偿机制研究

研究目的：通过建立耕地保护补偿机制,促进区域耕地保护与经济发展相协调,为合理确定国家征地补偿标准提供科学依据。研究方法：基于假设法、比较研究法和文献法,通过建立耕地发展权价值测算模型,测算耕地发展权价值大小,进而建立耕地保护补偿机制。研究结果：（1）巴彦县耕地总面积约1/5可以满足该区域的自身粮食需求,其余约4/5为耕地盈余面积,耕地发展权总价值最高为303.72亿元;（2）为保障国家粮食安全而限制区域耕地转为他用,国家应给予失去发展权的权利主体相应补偿;（3）对无法完成耕地“占一补一”,委托区域代为落实耕地占补平衡任务的地区,应购买区域耕地发展权;（4）对确需满足国家建设需要占用区域耕地,国家或用地单位应给予失去发展权的权利主体相应补偿。研究结论：耕地保护补偿实质是向农民或农村集体经济组织购买耕地发展权权力的价值。在满足区域自身粮食需求、保障国家粮食安全前提下,以耕地发展权价值为载体,应建立集粮食安全补偿、区域性差别补偿以及因建设占用耕地等补偿为一体的耕地保护补偿机制。     

The leakage and livelihood impacts of PES contracts: A targeting experiment in Malawi

Most evaluations of payments for environmental services programs focus on immediate environmental impacts, and do not measure the effects on socioeconomic outcomes or on other land use activities (leakage). Efficient allocation of land use contracts, through auctions for example, may help mitigate concerns about adverse livelihood or leakage effects. This study reports on a field experiment that varied the allocation of afforestation contracts to smallholder farmers in Malawi. Households were randomly assigned to participate in an auction or in a lottery for the contracts, which provided three years of payment based on tree survival outcomes. Households that did not receive a contract as a result of the lottery form a pure comparison group. The results show evidence for within-farm leakage for households that received a contract at random, in the form of additional land clearing. Randomly contracted households are also more likely to report household labor shortages. These effects are mitigated to some degree when contracts are assigned through an auction. Together, the results point to leakage and livelihood impacts from payments for environmental services that are often overlooked in standard evaluations, but which may be reduced through improvements in contract targeting.     

农村宅基地退出补偿机制建立研究———以陕西省为例

文章采用文献分析与调研相结合的方法,对陕西农村宅基地退出补偿机制进行了相关研究。在分析陕西省现有农村宅基地利用现状上面,认为陕西目前"一户多宅"、面积超标及"空心村"现象严重,然而尽管地方政府出台了有关农村宅基地退出与补偿的相应政策与鼓励原则,但还存在诸如退出补偿机制不健全、退出宅基地的利用及收益分配不明确、各监管部门职责不明确,监管力度不足、未考虑农民意愿等制约陕西宅基地快速发展的突出问题。该文通过实际调研与问卷调查,从建立农村宅基地有偿使用制度,建立多元化的补偿形式与补偿标准,发展多形式的住房保障体系与实施农村宅基地整理置换复垦机制等方面来构建陕西农村宅基地退出补偿机制。研究结论与相关对策为当地政府优化农村宅基地政策提供参考,同时也为全国其它省份加快农村宅基地退出工作提供借鉴。     

Rural household incomes and land grabbing in Cambodia

This paper empirically quantifies environmentally augmented rural household incomes in Cambodia and analyzes how economic land concessions (ELCs) affect such incomes. Data is derived from a structured survey of 600 randomly selected households in 15 villages in three study sites in Cambodia, where local livelihoods are highly reliant on access to land and natural resources, supported by qualitative data from focus group discussions. Gini coefficient decomposition, multiple regression models, and propensity score matching (PSM) models were employed to analyze the composition of income portfolios, determinants of major income sources, and the impacts of land grabbing on incomes. Results documented high reliance on environmental income (32–35% of total household income) and farm income (51–53%) across income quartiles; demonstrated the variation in product composition across quartiles and the contribution of each major product to income inequality; and identified the main household characteristics influencing absolute and relative incomes. ELCs were found to consistently have negative impacts on household total income, environmental income, size of available cultivable land and livestock holdings, and increasing the distance to forests. The total household annual income subjects to ELCs were estimated to decrease by 15–19%. While providing some employment opportunities, we find no evidence of positive income effects of ELCs on households in the areas where ELCs are located.     

农户耕地保护补偿意愿及其影响机理研究

研究目的：探讨不同地区农户对耕地保护补偿标准的意愿,并对其影响机理进行理论探讨和实证检验。研究方法：农户调查、计量模型分析。研究结果：农户对耕地保护补偿标准的意愿相对较低,其中经济发达地区的农户对补偿标准的要求要明显高于经济欠发达地区;而在影响农户耕地保护补偿意愿的诸因素中,地区差异、农户受教育水平及农户对征地的意愿发挥着比较显著的作用。研究结论：本研究为推进和落实农户耕地保护的经济补偿机制提供了借鉴与启示。     

农户分化对农村宅基地退出行为影响研究 ——基于江苏省1456个农户的调查

研究目的:揭示农户分化视角下农户宅基地退出行为的影响因素。研究方法:文献资料法和Logistic模型分析法。研究结果:农户分化是农户退出宅基地行为发生的主要诱因,这一行为还取决于被调查者自身和家庭禀赋条件以及由此带来的产权安全感知差异。研究结论:应该充分考虑异质化农户的行为差异,促进经济落后地区宅基地有偿退出机制的发展和完善,并将就业能力提升、农地流转、住房保障、权益保护与宅基地退出制度安排有效匹配,从而进一步促进闲置宅基地退出和土地资源优化配置。     

基于市场决定理念下的征地补偿标准确定方法研究 ——以甘肃省张掖市城市规划区为例

研究目的：针对现行征地补偿标准确定方法的弊端,探索符合各地实际的征地补偿标准确定方法。研究方法：社会调查法,逻辑推理法,实证研究法。研究结果：按照征地后用途不同采用不同的确定方法能够提高征地补偿标准,保障农民权益,充分体现土地价值,具有可操作性。研究结论：公益性用地采用地价构成法,非公益性用地采用基准地价反算法,从不同角度测算征地补偿标准切实可行。     

Mining resettlement and rural development in Malaysia

The Malaysian government has employed 3 kinds of resettlement schemes: 1) resettlement of farmers under modern agricultural and land development programs to grow cash crops; 2) resettlement of rural population in well-guarded locations to isolate them from communist insurgents; and 3) resettlement and compensation of population displaced thorough resource exploitation such as construction of dams and mining. The Kinta Valley resettlement is examined in the example of 3 villages where tin mining encroached on their agricultural land. 98 households were included in the sample from Batu Bertudung, Tekka, and Jelutung that had been settled in the 1940s. The villagers were eventually evacuated and sustained technological, pecuniary, and psychological losses. The economic loses involved property, land, and crops, and social losses comprised social networks, neighborhood, and stability. 81.7% of the villagers who were left landless successfully insisted on complete relocation of their villagers in new villages in claims to the respective tin mining companies through their newly formed village action committees in the mid-1960s. The compensation consisted of 1) group compensation by planned resettlement, 2) cash payment, and 3) replacement of the former plot with another piece of land. Social needs were not included in the calculation and the compensation received reflected roughly their economic worth at the time. The villagers of Tekka and Jelutung had their houses rebuilt which were comparable to their old homes using new materials and stronger foundations. Those from Batu Bertudung were resettled in another village, and were compensated in cash to rebuild their homes themselves. Basic amenities were insufficient: new wells had to be dug, the public standpipe was overused, and only dirt roads were constructed. The government provided most basic amenities 5-6 years later under the rural development program.     

Household-level effects of China's Sloping Land Conversion Program under price and policy shifts

This study examined how agricultural households involved in China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) could respond to expected changes in environmental and livestock policies and changing commodity prices. We calibrated a farm household model using 2009 survey data collected in northeast Gansu Province, China, and examined the responses of four different household groups. Household groups were distinguished based on the resources they possessed for either cropping, livestock husbandry or off-farm employment. We also calculated the opportunity cost of converting sloping land from grain crop production to perennial grass production and included the net value of the replacement crop in these calculations. Our model simulations indicated that subsistence-oriented households were most likely to participate in the SLCP, and that SLCP payment reductions could have large negative income effects for this group. Reductions in SLCP payments increased income inequality among households in the study area. Migration- and cropping-oriented households have fewer incentives to participate in the SLCP. With rising commodity prices, SLCP payments need to rise to avoid that subsistence-oriented households reconvert their land from perennial grasses to annual grain crops. Local government policies related to livestock production are being devised in Gansu as a method to lift incomes, and these policies could also have positive environmental benefits by increasing grass production on sloping land. The introduction of these livestock promotion policies had modest income effects but did not alter the area grown with grasses under the SLCP.     

江苏省不同时期水利工程移民征地补偿标准比较分析——以3个典型水利工程为例

水利工程征地补偿标准问题一直是水利工程项目建设过程中的一个重要议题。运用历史比较分析法,选取江苏省建设于计划经济时期、计划经济向市场经济转型时期、市场经济时期的3个典型水利工程,对工程征地补偿标准及其影响因素与社会经济环境进行协调性分析。研究发现:江苏省水利工程征地补偿标准的增长速度低于人均GDP和农民人均纯收入的增长速度,与经济增长速度不匹配。提出完善征地补偿标准动态调整机制,制定与经济增长速度相匹配的征地补偿标准,合理提高个人收益等措施,以改进和完善江苏省水利工程征地补偿政策,保障移民权益,促进工程建设顺利进行。     

Strategies to increase agricultural productivity and reduce land degradation: evidence from Uganda

This paper estimates a structural econometric model of household decisions regarding income strategies, participation in programs and organisations, crop choices, land management, and labour use, and their implications for agricultural production and soil erosion; based upon a survey of over 450 households and their farm plots in Uganda. Many factors have context-specific impacts and involve trade-offs between increasing production and reducing land degradation. Government agricultural extension and training programs contribute to higher value of crop production in the lowlands, but to soil erosion in the highlands. By contrast, non-governmental organization (NGO) programs focusing on agriculture and environment help to reduce erosion, but have less favourable impacts on production in the lowlands. Education increases household incomes, but also reduces crop production in the lowlands. Poverty has mixed impacts on agricultural production, depending on the nature of poverty: smaller farms obtain higher crop production per hectare, while households with fewer livestock have lower crop production. Population pressure contributes to agricultural intensification, but also to erosion in the densely populated highlands. Several household income strategies contribute to increased value of crop production, without significant impacts on soil erosion. We find little evidence of impact of access to markets, roads and credit, land tenure or title on agricultural intensification and crop production and land degradation. In general, the results imply that the strategies to increase agricultural production and reduce land degradation must be location-specific, and that there are few 'win-win' opportunities to simultaneously increase production and reduce land degradation.