International spillover effects of sectoral tax differentiation in unionized economies

Sectoral tax differentiation has in recent years appeared onthe agenda in European policy discussions concerning unemployment.The member countries of the European Union are allowed to reducethe value added tax rates on goods and services that are particularlylabour intensive and price elastic. This paper provides a theoreticalanalysis of the international repercussions of such policies.We develop a two-country and two-sector model with monopolisticcompetition in the goods market and wage bargaining in the labourmarket. Policy externalities operate through the endogenouslydetermined terms of trade. We examine how national and supranationalcommodity tax policies affect sectoral and total employmentand characterize optimal commodity taxes with and without internationalpolicy cooperation. Some rough estimates of the welfare gainsfrom policy coordination are also presented, using a calibratedversion of the model.     

Volatility spillover effects in interbank money markets

Using daily data from 2006 to 2015, this paper applies alternative multivariate GARCH models and a modified version of the spillover index methodology proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz (Int J Forecast 28(1):57–66, 2012) to test the existence of shock and volatility contagion effects across interbank money markets. Overall, we find evidence that money markets are highly interrelated, exhibiting dynamic cross market effects. Moreover, we emphasize the pertinence of conditional covariances and we show that volatility spillovers are time-varying and very responsive to the major economic events, increasing in periods of higher turbulence, which reinforces the importance of closely monitoring the evolution of money markets.     

Trade regimes and spillover effects of FDI: Evidence from Uruguay

Trade Regimes and Spillover Effects of FDI: Evidence from Uruguay. — This paper examines differences in the character and impact of FDI entering Uruguay during import substitution, pursued until 1973, and the subsequent more outwardoriented trade regime. Regression analysis shows that the labor productivity of local firms is positively related to the presence of older import-substituting MNCs in their industry. The presence of foreign affiliates established after 1973 has no apparent impact on local productivity, but seems to raise the likelihood that local firms engage in exporting. This may be a sign of export spillovers, indicating that local firms may pick up some exportrelated skills from the operations of outward-oriented foreign MNCs.     

The effects of taxation on married women's labour supply across four countries

The labour force participation rate of married women variesconsiderably between European countries. There may be severalexplanations for this evidence. In this study, the effect ofthe different income tax schemes on female labour force participationis investigated and compared. A common labour supply functionis estimated on cross-section household samples for each ofthe countries Britain, Denmark, Ireland, and East and West Germany.Based on the estimated labour supply functions, we calculatefor each of the countries the hypothetical part time and fulltime participation rates of married women if the householdswere taxed by either separate or split taxation principles,as in Britain and Ireland, respectively. The results suggestthat the design of the tax scheme is highly important for theeconomic incentives that married women face and their resultinglabour supply behaviour.     

扩大内需:国际背景与中国抉择

朱镕基总理在2002年《政府工作报告》中明确指出:“在当前严峻的国际经济形势下,实现经济较快增长的根本之策,是扩大国内需求,进一步形成消费和投资的双重拉动。要继续实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策,并保持必要的力度,同时采取其他配套的宏观经济政策。”由这段话不难看出,将扩大内需政策作为一项重要国策,是中国政府在当前国际经济背景下做出的必要抉择。     

Environmental taxation and employment

Summary This paper explores how environmental taxes affect employment. It argues that the case for environmental taxes should rest on environmental grounds rather than possibly favorable employment effects. Using pollution taxes to shift the tax burden away from labor is likely to be difficult for economic, social, and political reasons. Moreover, these taxes are likely to raise the overall tax burden-even if the revenues are recycled as lower distortionary taxes. To stimulate employment, governments should rely on alternative instruments targeted at the labor market.     

Mining enclaves and taxation

This paper examines certain macroeconomic effects of major mining projects in developing countries, paying special attention to the case of Papua New Guinea. It goes on to assess the contribution that such projects can make to economic development indirectly through their contributions to government revenue. This paper reviews existing evidence on the linkage effects of foreign investment in mining projects in developing countries and presents as new evidence the results of a study on the macroeconomic effects of major mining projects in Papua New Guinea. Considerable support is found for the proposition that such projects tend to perform as enclaves, having only weak direct links with host national economies. This paper stresses the importance of applying fiscal arrangements which can be expected to appropriate a large share of the mineral rent from intra-marginal mining projects while preserving the incentive to invest. Fiscal arrangements of this type are being applied in Papua New Guinea and are indeed able to capture very large benefits for the country. In Papua New Guinea the enclave nature of large-scale mining projects is consistent with their making large contributions to progress towards national objectives, and this paper argues that given the application of appropriate fiscal arrangements, this conclusion can be extended to other developing countries.     

合理配置国民税负

近日福布斯杂志公布2009年全球税负痛苦指数排行榜,中国大陆排名全球第二税负痛苦地,财税相关部门表示排名设置的前提不够公平,老百姓则称不堪重负。其实,税负水平与国家经济增长情况是存在相关性的,我国社会生产力正处于快速发展时期,长期看存在着税负水平不断提高的趋势,而影响宏观税负的因素也是多样的。     

土地增值税终止暴利还是推升房价

获取利润是商人的本性,他们决不会赔本赚吆喝。包括税收在内的各项成本,开发商不仅有可能不会内部消化,还有可能再度转嫁到消费者头上     

关于绿色税收问题的探讨

绿色税收是控制生态环境恶化、改善生态环境状况的重要经济手段。本文从绿色税收的含义出发,分析了绿色税收的作用机理和优势,揭示了我国现行税收制度的环保缺陷和构建绿色税收制度应注意的问题,最后提出了构建我国绿色税收制度的基本思路。     

最小化纳税最公平

纳税是每个企业和公民应尽的义务,但是,在不违反税法规定的前提下实现最小化纳税,才是最公平的     

Inflation under the Bretton Woods system: The spillover effects of U.S. expansionary policies

This paper examines the transmission effects of U.S. expansionary policies on inflation in the G7 countries under the latter years of the Bretton Woods system. Using quarterly data and structural vector autoregressions, this paper investigates the extent of inflation variability due to U.S. aggregate supply and aggregate demand impulses in major industrial countries. Empirical results show that a sizable proportion of inflation variability in these countries can be attributed to U.S. shocks. A brief discussion follows concerning the breakdown of Bretton Woods and implications for the design and functioning of international monetary arrangements.     

电子商务对税收影响之探讨

电子商务的迅猛发展为国际税收提出了新课题,一方面,由于电子商务代替传统的贸易方式,纳税环节、纳税地点、国际税收管辖权等遇到了新情况;另一方面,传统的税收理论、税收原则也受到了不同程度的冲击。1.导致国际税收管辖权产生冲突。来源地税收管辖权和居民(公民)税收管辖权的     

Comparing the welfare effects of income and excise taxes in the presence of the other taxation paradox

This paper implements numerically a general equilibrium model in which all private producers are price makers and the government utilizes tax revenues to provide a public good. After deriving the partial equilibrium condition for an excise tax to increase price by more than the tax (for a monopoly firm), numerical examples are given, demonstrating this phenomenon for both partial and general equilibrium. In the general equilibrium context, optimal excise taxation and optimal flat-rate income taxation are compared. In the excise tax regime, prices increase by more than the taxes. In the income tax regime, prices actually decline relative to the no-tax regime. In all of the examples given, flat-rate income taxation is superior to excise taxation in terms of welfare. The author has benefitted from exceptionally helpful comments received from J. Ronnie Davis, John D. Wilson, Ralph W. Pfouts, and Amy Crews. He has also benefitted from conversations with Franz Gehrels, David E. Wildasin, Herbert J. Kiesling, and Harold York. The usual disclaimer applies.     

浅议社会文化对税收文化产生的影响

在政治学的讨论中,常常把人看作是“政治动物”,社会学家把人看作是“阶级人”,而在经济学家的眼里,人们都是每一个体的“经济人”。“经济人”最显著的特征就是在市场竞争中任何时候都是自我利益的追求者,并以效益最大化为终极目标。在经济日益发达的社会中,在现代税收框架下,     

Treasury revenue and foreign trade taxation

Zusammenfassung Staatseinnahmen und die Besteuerung des Au\enhandels. — In diesem Aufsatz wird eine vergleichende L?nderstudie durchgeführt, um die fiskalische Bedeutung von Au\enhandelssteuern und deren Beziehung zum Pro-Kopf-Einkommen und zu der Au\enhandelsabh?ngigkeit des Landes zu zeigen. Der Test basiert auf Durchschnittsangaben der Jahre 1972–1978 für 93 L?nder und wird sowohl für die Exporte und Importe zusammen als auch für die Exporte und Importe getrennt durchgeführt. Es zeigt sich, da\ die Einfuhrbesteuerung eine erheblich gr?\ere fiskalische Bedeutung hat als die Ausfuhrbesteuerung. Das gilt sowohl für die Entwicklungsl?nder als auch für die Industriel?nder als Gruppe, obwohl die Exportsteuer für die einzelnen Entwicklungsl?nder ein sehr unterschiedliches Gewicht haben kann. Die fiskalische Bedeutung der Au\enhandelsbesteuerung nimmt ab, wenn das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen ansteigt, jedenfalls dann, wenn eine bestimmte Einkommensschwelle überschritten wird. Diese Hypothese konnte auch aufrechterhalten werden, als im Vergleich zu anderen Studien neuere Daten und eine andere Gruppe von L?ndern benutzt wurden. Die Ergebnisse best?tigen nicht die Behauptung, da\ die Au\enhandelssteuern st?rker als andere Steuern ansteigen, wenn der Au\enhandel an Bedeutung zunimmt.

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Résumé Les recettes publiques et la taxation du commerce extérieur. — Cet article analyse pour beaucoup de pays l’importance fiscale des taxes sur le commerce et sa relation au revenu per capita et à la dépendance d’un pays du commerce extérieur. Le test, basé sur les données moyennes des années 1972–1978 et des 93 pays, est fait pour les exportations et importations ensemble aussi bien que pour les exportations et importations séparément. Le résultat est que la taxation des importations a une considérablement plus importante fonction fiscale que la taxation des exportations. Ce résultat est valable pour les pays développants aussi bien que pour les pays développés, considérés comme groupe, bien que l’importance de la taxation des exportations puisse considérablement varier parmi des PVD individuels. L’importance fiscale des taxes sur le commerce extérieur se reduit si le revenu per capita accro?t, du moins après le revenu excède un certain seuil. Cette hypothèse est aussi approuvée en utilisant des données et des échantillons de pays beaucoup plus récentes que celles des autres études. Les résultats ne confirment pas l’assertion que les taxes sur le commerce extérieur dépassent des autres sortes de taxe si le commerce extérieur accroêt en importance.

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Resumen Ingresos del tresoro y tributación al comercio exterior. — Este es un análisis comparativo a traves de países de la importancia de los impuestos al comercio exterior y su relatión con los ingresos per cápita y la dependencia del país del comercio. El test, basado en promedios para los a?os 1972–1978 y cubriendo 93 países, se conduce tanto para el comercio global de importatión y exportatión como para las exportaciones e importaciones separadamente. El resultado es que la tributación a las importaciones tiene una función fiscal considerablemente más importante que la tributación a las exportaciones. Esto es válido tanto para los países en desarrollo como para los países desarrollados considerados como grupo, a pesar de que la importancia de la tributación a las exportaciones puede variar considerablemente entre países en desarrollo particulares. La importancia fiscal de los impuestos al comercio declina en la medida que el ingreso per cápita aumenta, al menos desde el momento en que éste último sobrepasa un cierto umbral. Esta hipótesis ha sido continuada, utilizando datos y muestras de países mucho más recientes que en otros estudios. Los resultados de este test no confirman la exigencia que los impuestos al comercio exterior aumentan por sobre otros tipos de impuestos en la medida que el comercio exterior crese en importancia.

     

以税收鼓励高新技术产业的国际借鉴

产业升级、高科技企业创新离不开资金的支持,但在政府财税政策上,现行的科技税收政策并不很适合其发展。在此领域,国外的一些经验值得借鉴     

影响FDI技术外溢效果的因素分析——基于吸收能力的研究

自MacDougall(1960)第一次明确提出FDI对东道国的技术外溢效应,理论界对此作了大量的实证研究,但是难以得到一致的结论。除了实证检验所用方法不同,许多学者认为,东道国的特征不同使得对FDI技术外溢的效果检验各异。本文在已有研究的基础上,从吸收能力角度入手,全面考虑微观、中观、宏观层面因素,系统地分析了技术能力、市场特征、开放度等对FDI技术溢出效果的影响,为我国在引资过程中如何提高FDI的溢出效果提供了参考。