Incentive Regulation of Prices When Costs are Sunk

We present a model featuring irreversible investment, economies of scale, uncertain future demand and capital prices, and a regulator who sets the firm’s output price according to the cost structure of a hypothetical replacement firm. We show that a replacement firm has a fundamental cost advantage over the regulated firm: it can better exploit the economies of scale because it has not had to confront the historical uncertainties faced by the regulated firm. We show that setting prices so low that a replacement firm is just willing to participate is insufficient to allow the regulated firm to expect to break even whenever it has to invest. Thus, unless the regulator is willing to incur costly monitoring to ensure the firm invests, revenue must be allowed in excess of that required for a replacement firm to participate. This contrasts with much of the existing literature, which argues that the market value of a regulated firm should equal the cost of replacing its existing assets. We also obtain a closed-form solution for the regulated firm’s output price when this price is set at discrete intervals. In contrast to rate of return regulation, we find that resetting the regulated price more frequently can increase the risk faced by the firm’s owners, and that this is reflected in a higher output price and a higher weighted-average cost of capital.     

论国内金融市场在“外商直接投资和经济增长”中的传导渠道

21世纪以来有关外商直接投资(FDI)文献着重论述了国内金融市场在“FDI和经济增长”中的作用,弥补了以往FDI文献的空白。在此基础上,文章认为,国内金融市场是通过资本形成、就业增加、技术实现和投资效率提高等渠道诱使FDI促进经济增长的。     

Domestic Jobs and Foreign Wages

It is plausible that the labour demand decisions of multinational corporations (MNCs) depend not only on domestic, but also on foreign labour costs. This hypothesis is tested by estimating labour demand equations for a sample of Swedish MNCs. Indeed, higher foreign costs increase an MNC's Swedish employment and reduce its foreign employment. As MNCs become more important in many OECD countries, the responsiveness of domestic output and employment to foreign labour costs is likely to increase.     

对外贸易与国内地理布局

在这本书(指《空间经济:城市、区域和国际贸易》一书)中,我们将建立三种模型:一是区域模型,在此模型中工业制成品是可流动的而农产品是不可流动的;二是城市模型,在此模型中除了土地以外,其它要素都是可流动的;三是国际模型,在此模型中要素不可流动,但中间产品创造了前向联系和后向联系。当然,在本质上,它们可以混在一起。例如,借助中间产品在区域分割1中起作用。毫无疑问,在现实世界里我们的人为分类不起作用。     

关税传导、国内运输成本与零售价格——基于高铁建设的理论与实证研究

本文基于商品进口关税与国内消费市场价格信息,从关税传导角度分析高铁建设对贸易开放的促进作用。本文先从理论上构建高铁建设能够加强进口关税下降对国内零售市场商品价格影响的模型,以及这种机制对不同性质商品价格在不同城市影响的差异。然后通过匹配中国进口商品关税与国内对应商品零售价格,获取了139个地级城市和75种零售商品的有关数据,运用差分法(DID)进行实证检验,首次从最终零售价格角度直接衡量了高铁的释放效应,深入探讨了高铁建设对关税传导的影响,以及这种影响在不同城市和不同性质商品之间的差异性。实证研究首先确定了关税传导过程和机制,证明了进口关税下降有助于降低进口商品价格,提高进口商品种类和数量,加强国内市场竞争,降低国内消费品零售价格。高铁建设对这种关税传导不仅存在显著的正向效应,而且对不同地区和不同产品的价格影响也存在明显的差异,相对易腐商品和内陆城市而言,高铁建设对关税传导的促进作用对不易腐商品和沿海港口城市表现得更加突出。     

Equilibrium in Auction and Bargaining Markets When Agents Can Wait and Search

The paper studies two market structures and two modes of trade. The agents, buyers and sellers, can choose whether to stay or search. The meetings take place randomly, and trades are consummated by auction or by bargaining. There are altogether four possible markets but in equilibrium at most two markets are active simultaneously. There is almost always a unique evolutionary stable equilibrium which consists of an auction market when the numbers of buyers and sellers differ greatly, and two simultaneous auction markets when the numbers are relatively close.     

Incomplete Markets, Allocative Efficiency, and the Information Revealed by Prices

We compare rational expectations equilibria with different degrees of information revelation through prices. These equilibria arise in a two-period exchange economy with finitely many states and signals, multiple commodities and incomplete financial markets for nominal assets. We show that there are always equilibria where information is redundant in the sense of being of no value to the uninformed traders. We give conditions under which for a generic set of economies, parametrized by endowments and utilities, there exist open sets of equilibria for which allocative and informational efficiency are independent, with implications for monetary policy. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D52, D60, D82, E52.     

国内外工业化理论:回顾及评价

本文通过对国内外有关工业化理论的回顾和评价,印证了任何一个大国的发展都不离开工业化的事实,并结合我国的发展实际,进一步探究内生性新型工业化的理论依据和现实意义.     

Foreign Aid, Domestic Investment and Welfare

This paper examines the welfare implications of temporary foreign aid in a simple two-period, two-country model of trade. Domestic investment is endogenous, providing an important link between aid in period one and the terms of trade in periods one and two. Transfer-induced changes in the terms of trade redistribute present and future income between the donor and the recipient. In the presence of barriers to international borrowing and lending, such redistribution gives rise to the possibility of temporary aid being both potentially and strictly Pareto improving.     

对外直接投资与国内产业空心化

本文针对一些西方学者关于美国、日本对外直接投资导致国内产业“空心化”的观点,提出了不同的见解。首先, 第一、第二产业比重下降, 第三产业比重上升是一国产业结构演进的一般规律, 与对外直接投资无关; 其次, 一国的对外直接投资规模巨大与贸易逆差并无直接联系; 第三, 对外直接投资增强了投资者的国际竞争力; 第四, 对外直接投资对一国的就业机会影响甚微。总之, 对外直接投资为投资国和对外直接投资者带来巨大利益, 而不会导致国内产业“空心化     

网上销售的影响因素:利基与热门市场的对比研究

长尾理论表明,互联网更利于利基市场的发展。然而,近期有研究认为热门市场在网上更有优势。为了验证在线商家在这两类市场的不同表现,我们对淘宝网上的791家店铺的64万余种产品的销售数据进行了分析。结果表明,网上销售受到信誉、产品多样性、价格、口碑以及被推荐机会等因素的影响,并且这些影响在利基和热门市场上表现出显著的差异。其中,信誉、产品多样性、价格和口碑对利基产品销售的影响更大。基于历史数据的被推荐机会对热门产品的销售有正向影响,而对利基产品的销售有负向影响。此外,我们还发现了网上销售的后发优势。     

国外一些国家国有股权出售做法及启示

本文通过对国外国有股权出售的措施进行剖析 ,意在说明我国国有股权出售应从中汲取的经验教训。     

证券市场国际化中的外国发行人待遇研究

我国早已允许外国投资者到我国证券市场投资,但一直未允许外国企业在我国证券市场融资。在建设上海国际金融中心背景下,吸纳外国公司来我国证券市场上市融资是一种历史必然趋势。考察美国证券法律和监管制度,美国在监管海外公司在美上市的政策上走了一个圆周,从《证券法》和《证券交易法》中的一视同仁到实践中产生对外国发行人的豁免和通融,后又在《萨班斯法案》中回到了一视同仁。我国证券市场国际化中应该在法律和监管政策上从严,对内外发行人一视同仁,不提供优惠待遇。     

Abatement and Permits when Pollution is Uncertain and Violations are Fined

This paper considers a firm’s choice of abatement and of the number of permits if actual pollution is stochastic such that full compliance cannot be ensured. This straightforward extension induces non-trivial and unexpected comparative static properties, such as: permits and abatement can be either substitutes or complements, higher fines can lower the number of acquired permits (or abatement), and higher permit prices can reduce abatement. Yet integrating these reactions into a (competitive) permit market eliminates puzzling features. This is an additional justification of tradable permits over standards, where regulators must cope with potentially counterproductive firm reactions. A first version of the paper was written at the School of Finance and Economics, University of Technology, Sydney and I am grateful for the enjoyed hospitality. I am also grateful for the valuable comments from an anonymous referee.     

统一内外资企业所得税的探讨

本文首先分析了我国现行内外资企业所得税制的差别以及存在的主要问题,提出了我国统一企业所得税法应遵循的若干原则和统一内外资企业所得税的构思.     

全球金融危机前后境内外股票市场联动性实证分析

在梳理国际主要股票市场间联动性研究成果的基础上,本文采用1991-2011年数据,通过对各个时间区间的分析尤其是次贷危机引发的全球金融危机的前后比照,按照由表及里、由特征属性到变化趋势与影响机制的系统与动态分析的思想方法,对国内A股与美国、英国、德国、日本、香港股市之间的联动性进行了实证检验。结论表明：（1）2000年特别是2007年次贷危机以来,境内外主要股市联动性显著增强;（2）境内外股市相互冲击效果不断增大,传导速度加快;（3）在股市资金联动性不断加强的同时,波动幅度也随之扩大;（4）这种市场联动性内在机制是宏观经济（宏观）、资本市场政策和机制（中观）、行为金融情绪（微观）三位一体的互动。本文最后提出了相关政策建议和投资策略建议。