Understanding commonality in liquidity around the world

We examine how commonality in liquidity varies across countries and over time in ways related to supply determinants (funding liquidity of financial intermediaries) and demand determinants (correlated trading behavior of international and institutional investors, incentives to trade individual securities, and investor sentiment) of liquidity. Commonality in liquidity is greater in countries with and during times of high market volatility (especially, large market declines), greater presence of international investors, and more correlated trading activity. Our evidence is more reliably consistent with demand-side explanations and challenges the ability of the funding liquidity hypothesis to help us understand important aspects of financial market liquidity around the world, even during the recent financial crisis.     

Market liquidity in the financial crisis: The role of liquidity commonality and flight-to-quality

We examine the dynamics and the drivers of market liquidity during the financial crisis, using a unique volume-weighted spread measure. According to the literature we find that market liquidity is impaired when stock markets decline, implying a positive relation between market and liquidity risk. Moreover, this relationship is the stronger the deeper one digs into the order book. Even more interestingly, this paper sheds further light on so far puzzling features of market liquidity: liquidity commonality and flight-to-quality. We show that liquidity commonality varies over time, increases during market downturns, peaks at major crisis events and becomes weaker the deeper we look into the limit order book. Consistent with recent theoretical models that argue for a spiral effect between the financial sector’s funding liquidity and an asset’s market liquidity, we find that funding liquidity tightness induces an increase in liquidity commonality which then leads to market-wide liquidity dry-ups. Therefore our findings corroborate the view that market liquidity can be a driving force for financial contagion. Finally, we show that there is a positive relationship between credit risk and liquidity risk, i.e., there is a spread between liquidity costs of high and low credit quality stocks, and that in times of increased market uncertainty the impact of credit risk on liquidity risk intensifies. This corroborates the existence of a flight-to-quality or flight-to-liquidity phenomenon also on the stock markets.     

The divergence of liquidity commonality in the cross-section of stocks

This paper demonstrates that the cross-sectional variation of liquidity commonality has increased over the period 1963–2005. The divergence of systematic liquidity can be explained by patterns in institutional ownership over the sample period. We document that our findings are associated with similar patterns in systematic risk. Our analysis also indicates that the ability to diversify systematic risk and aggregate liquidity shocks by holding large-cap stocks has declined. The evidence suggests that the fragility of the US equity market to unanticipated events has increased over the past few decades.     

Pricing vulnerable options with jump risk and liquidity risk

Review of Derivatives Research - In this paper, we consider vulnerable options with jump risk and liquidity risk. In the proposed framework, we allow discontinuous changes in the information...     

流动性过剩与农信社流动性不足

2007年以来,为缓解流动性过剩,控制货币信贷过快增长,央行频繁运用公开市场操作和上调存款准备金率等手段,加大货币回收力度.这虽然抑制了银行体系的流动性过剩,但对于作为弱势金融群体的农村信用社来说,紧缩货币政策实施所产生的累积效应对一些经济欠发达山区农信社的流动性管理带来了不利的影响,隐含的支付性风险不容忽视.     

Liquidity commonality and the intervalling effect

Past studies of liquidity commonality have reported conflicting findings regarding the relationship between market liquidity and firm size. The present paper provides empirical evidence that underlying estimation problems might be responsible for these results. We develop a model of information and spreads that provides some insights into the firm size–liquidity relationship. Our empirical evidence confirms the main testable implications of the model and presents evidence that the presence and strength of common covariability in liquidity depends upon the interval over which liquidity movements are measured. These intervalling effects are caused by delays in information being incorporated into bid and ask spreads.     

中国股票市场流动性研究

股票市场的流动性是一个整体的概念，我们必须从不同的角度进行综合思考，才能得到对一个市场流动性的全面认识。从比较的视角考察中国股票市场，我们发现其流动性远远无法与发达国家相比。中国股票市场在提升流动性方面还任重而道远。     

Measuring the liquidity part of volume

Based on the concept that the presence of liquidity frictions can increase the daily traded volume, we develop an extended version of the mixture of distribution hypothesis model (MDH) along the lines of Tauchen and Pitts (1983) to measure the liquidity portion of volume. Our approach relies on a structural definition of liquidity frictions arising from the theoretical framework of Grossman and Miller (1988), which explains how liquidity shocks affect the way in which information is incorporated into daily trading characteristics. In addition, we propose an econometric setup exploiting the volatility–volume relationship to filter the liquidity portion of volume and infer the presence of liquidity frictions using daily data. Finally, based on FTSE 100 stocks, we show that the extended MDH model proposed here outperforms that of Andersen (1996) and that the liquidity frictions are priced in the cross-section of stock returns.     

Differential market valuations of board busyness across alternative banking models

Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting - This study comparatively assesses the influence of board busyness (i.e., multiple directorships of outside directors) on stock market valuations of...     

On the hidden side of liquidity

This article deals with the informativeness of iceberg orders, also known as hidden limit orders (HLOs). Namely, we analyze how the market reacts when the presence of hidden volume in the limit order book is revealed by the trading process. We use high-frequency book and transaction data from the Spanish Stock Exchange, including a large sample of executed HLOs. We show that just when hidden volume is detected, traders on the opposite side of the market become more aggressive, exploiting the opportunity to consume more than expected at the best quotes. However, neither illiquidity nor volatility increases in the short term. Furthermore, the detection of hidden volume has no relevant price impact. Overall, our results suggest that market participants do not attribute any relevant information content to the hidden side of liquidity.     

Funding liquidity and equity liquidity in the subprime crisis period: Evidence from the ETF market

Using index and financial exchange-traded funds (ETFs), this study explores the relation between funding liquidity and equity liquidity during the subprime crisis period. Our empirical results show that a higher degree of funding illiquidity leads to an increase in bid–ask spread and a reduction in both market depth and net buying imbalance. Such findings indicate that an increase in funding liquidity can improve equity liquidity, with a stronger effect for the financial ETFs than for the index ETFs. Our study provides a better overall understanding of the effect of the liquidity–supplier funding constraint during the subprime crisis period.     

高度警惕流动性陷阱

流动性陷阱是指央行不断采取宽松货币政策,市场主体仍然萎靡不振,经济增长乏力的现象.早在20世纪30年代,凯恩斯针对美国经济危机状况就提出了这个概念,指出当一个经济体一旦陷入流动性陷阱,货币需求就会无限增大,对经济社会造成负面影响.一般而言,增加流动性是件好事,但是流动性过大、过急、过长、过剩,则可能形成金融漩涡,产生严重的破坏性作用.     

Economic valuation of liquidity timing

This paper conducts a horse-race of different liquidity proxies using dynamic asset allocation strategies to evaluate the short-horizon predictive ability of liquidity on monthly stock returns. We assess the economic value of the out-of-sample power of empirical models based on different liquidity measures and find three key results: liquidity timing leads to tangible economic gains; a risk-averse investor will pay a high performance fee to switch from a dynamic portfolio strategy based on various liquidity measures to one that conditions on the Zeros measure (Lesmond et al., 1999); the Zeros measure outperforms other liquidity measures because of its robustness in extreme market conditions. These findings are stable over time and robust to controlling for existing market return predictors or considering risk-adjusted returns.     

Regulation of systemic liquidity risk

This paper provides a baseline model for regulatory analysis of systemic liquidity shocks. We show that banks may have an incentive to invest excessively in illiquid long-term projects. In the prevailing mixed-strategy equilibrium, the allocation is inferior from the investor’s point of view since some banks free ride on the liquidity provision due to their limited liability. The paper compares different regulatory mechanisms to cope with the externalities. We show that a combination of liquidity regulation ex ante and lender of last resort policy ex post can maximize investor payoff. In contrast, both “narrow banking” and imposing equity requirements as a buffer are inferior mechanisms for coping with systemic liquidity risk.     

用体制改革化解流动性过剩

对于流动性过剩问题的讨论,目前存在两种状况,一是有的观点只局限于金融领域,甚至将它只看成一种货币现象：二是有的观点过度夸大了流动性过剩的负面作用,甚至使人有恐惧心态。其实,对于流动性过剩问题,不仅不能只作为货币现象来讨论,而且也大可不必过分地恐惧它,而是应该从整个经济体制的角度全方位地分析它,科学地对待它。     

流动性紧缩趋势下的企业理财

2009年末,货币政策出现了拐点,年中一度飙升的银行贷款,终于在流动性泛滥的隐忧之下褪去狂热,回归平稳。2010年1月,中国人民银行工作会议提出“有保有控”的信贷政策,货币流动性趋紧的信号愈发明显。与此同时,融资融券、     

分析商业银行流动性过剩

流动性过剩的表现 存贷差持续背离.从全国金融机构的存贷款情况来看,根据央行所披露的数据显示,截止到2006年底,金融机构人民币各项存款余额同比增长17%,而同期金融机构人民各项贷款余额同比增长16%,两者增长差距达到1个百分点,存贷差已经超过11万亿元,存款增长速度明显大于贷款增长速度.     

Latent liquidity: A new measure of liquidity,with an application to corporate bonds

We present a new measure of liquidity known as “latent liquidity” and apply it to a unique corporate bond database. Latent liquidity is defined as the weighted average turnover of investors who hold a bond, in which the weights are the fractional investor holdings. It can be used to measure liquidity in markets with sparse transactions data. For bonds that trade frequently, our measure has predictive power for both transaction costs and the price impact of trading, over and above trading activity and bond-specific characteristics thought to be related to liquidity. Additionally, this measure exhibits relationships with bond characteristics similar to those of other trade-based measures.     

全球背景下我国的流动性过剩问题

我国流动性过剩是国内产业与贸易政策、汇率与结售汇政策等因素综合作用的结果。短期内国内流动性过剩问题很难单纯地依靠货币政策予以解决,应视全球流动性变化情况,从调整国内产业结构入手,加快制度创新,并加强国际货币合作,以实现对流动性过剩的标本兼治。     

Domestic liquidity and cross-listing in the United States

This study examines changes in domestic liquidity after cross-listing in the United States. Our liquidity measures are based on intraday data from domestic markets for a large sample of firms that cross-list in the United States and for a matched sample of firms that do not cross-list. We find that unadjusted liquidity significantly improves after cross-listing. However, after controlling for contemporaneous changes in liquidity for a matched sample of firms that do not cross-list, there is no evidence of improvements in domestic liquidity due to cross-listing. Our results offer no support for the bonding hypothesis, or for the hypothesis that cross-listing improves domestic liquidity because of increased intermarket competition and additional order flow.