城市边缘区的住环境

从城市环境、居住需求、旧城保护、可持续发展等几个方面入手,分析城市边缘区住宅建设在实际运作中的若干弊端,并提出体现城市发展的城市边缘区住宅可持续性设计观念.     

基于网络分析法的条烟分拣时序快速算法模型

立足于条烟分拣系统的方案设计,根据条烟分拣设备的实际运行参数,借鉴工程管理中的网络时间分析计算方法,依托EM_Plant仿真平台建立仿真模型,通过理论分析和仿真模型验证,建立了条烟分拣关键时问参数的快速算法模型,为条烟分拣系统仿真及现场控制提供了一种实用方便的计算方法。     

Regression Discontinuity Applications with Rounding Errors in the Running Variable

Many empirical applications of regression discontinuity (RD) models use a running variable that is rounded and hence discrete, e.g. age in years, or birth weight in ounces. This paper shows that standard RD estimation using a rounded discrete running variable leads to inconsistent estimates of treatment effects, even when the true functional form relating the outcome and the running variable is known and is correctly specified. This paper provides simple formulas to correct for this discretization bias. The proposed approach does not require instrumental variables, but instead uses information regarding the distribution of rounding errors, which is easily obtained and often close to uniform. Bounds can be obtained without knowing the distribution of the rounding error. The proposed approach is applied to estimate the effect of Medicare on insurance coverage in the USA, and to investigate the retirement‐consumption puzzle in China, utilizing the Chinese mandatory retirement policy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The UK housing market and the monetary policy transmission mechanism: An SVAR approach

I estimate an eight variable structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model of the UK economy based upon that of Kim and Roubini [Kim, S., Roubini, N., 2000. Exchange rate anomalies in the industrial countries: a solution with a structural VAR approach. J. Monet. Econ. 45(3), 561–586] for the purpose of investigating the role of the housing market in the transmission of monetary policy. Retail sales fall by just under 0.4% following a temporary positive 100 basis points shock to short-term domestic interest rates; inflation is also lowered. House prices fall by 0.75%. House price shocks increase consumption, the price level and interest rates. Combining the central estimates for interest rate and house price shocks suggests that house price movements can explain about one-seventh of the fall in consumption following an interest rate shock. A counterfactual simulation comes to a similar figure.     

Hedonic markets and sorting equilibria: Bid-function envelopes for public services and neighborhood amenities

Hedonic regressions with house value as the dependent variable are widely used to study public services and neighborhood amenities. This paper builds on the theory of household bidding and sorting across communities to derive bid-function envelopes, which provide a form for these regressions. This approach allows for household heterogeneity and multiple amenities, yields estimates of the price elasticity of amenity demand directly from the hedonic without a Rosen two-step procedure, and provides tests of hypotheses about sorting. An application to Cleveland area data from 2000 yields price elasticities for school quality and neighborhood ethnic composition and supports the sorting hypotheses.     

Probability and quantile estimation from individually micro-aggregated data

Micro-aggregation is a frequently used strategy to anonymize data before they are released to the scientific public. A sample of a continuous random variable is individually micro-aggregated by first sorting and grouping the data into groups of equal size and then replacing the values of the variable in each group by their group mean. In a similar way, data with more than one variable can be anonymized by individual micro-aggregation. Data thus distorted may still be used for statistical analysis. We show that if probabilities and quantiles are estimated in the usual way by computing relative frequencies and sample quantiles, respectively, these estimates are consistent and asymptotically normal under mild conditions.     

Urbanization effects on survey nonresponse: a test within and across cities

This paper addresses differences in survey response across city size by applying an explanation from House and Wolf to areas within cities. The data are from Toronto, Hamilton and Kitchener, in Canada. Consistent with other literature, response falls sharply from largest to smallest place, but variation in response rates within the cities is negligible. The intra-city analysis is accomplished by factor analyzing variables such as population density, crime rate and ethnic structure, mostly computed for census tracts, into a variable labelled social disorganization. What House and Wolf termed compositional variation in response is handled by record linking with municipal assessment information. The analysis is based on micro data taking the people listed for the sample as unit of observation.     

Types of motions as proposed in the Dutch House of Representatives

This exploratory study provides an answer to the question what a coalition agreement means for negotiation by political parties in the House and what consequences this has for the motions submitted. Motions on environmental and immigration policy are compared at the time of two different governments. Based on the coalition agreements we estimate how much space for negotiation with regard to both issues and both periods is available. On that basis predictions are made regarding the numbers of submitted and passed motions. Moreover, a new classification is introduced in order to be able to group motions based on the intended purpose. Also predictions are made about this. The results show that, in line with expectations, fewer motions are proposed on issues where the negotiation space is limited, but this effect is not significant. However, there are significant findings with regard to motions that have passed. Where negotiation space is smaller, fewer motions pass than with respect to topics where the negotiation space is greater. As regards the different types of motions, the research gives unexpected, but interesting, results.     

Stackelberg problems with followers in the grand coalition of a Tu-game

In this article, a case of partial cooperation in a game theory framework is studied. The interest is on a bi-level Stackelberg problem where one of the players is the leader and the rest are the followers, involved in a TU-game. The continuity, with respect to the leader’s choice, of the Shapley value function and the core correspondence of the TU-game is investigated.     

Matching, search and intermediation with two-sided heterogeneity

This paper analyzes the role played by intermediation in a decentralized market, where trade is carried out through bilateral bargaining, and where the bargaining outcome depends on the process of search for suitable trading partners. To this purpose, a monopolistic intermediary is embedded in a dynamic model of random-matching and two-sided search with heterogeneous agents. It is shown that intermediation might speed up the matching process and might induce separation of the agents’ types, thus enhancing sorting efficiency with respect to a pure search market, where sorting externalities cause multiplicity of equilibria to arise and determine inefficient matching outcomes. Nonetheless, intermediation might also introduce frictions that do not exist in a decentralized market operating in isolation, and this impairs efficiency.      

Whose wages do unions raise? A dynamic model of unionism and wage rate determination for young men

We estimate the union premium for young men over a period of declining unionization (1980–87) through a procedure which identifies the alternative sources of the endogeneity of union status. While we estimate the average increase in wages resulting from union employment to be in excess of 20% we find that the return to unobserved heterogeneity operating through union status is substantial and that the union premium is highly variable. We also find that the premium is sensitive to the form of sorting allowed in estimation. Moreover, the data are consistent with comparative advantage sorting. Our results suggest that the unobserved heterogeneity which positively contributes to the likelihood of union membership is associated with higher wages. We are unable, however, to determine whether this is due to the ability of these workers to extract monopoly rents or whether it reflects the more demanding hiring standards of employers faced by union wages. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maximum entropy measurement error estimates of singular covariance matrices in undersized samples

Theil and Laitinen (1980) proposed a maximum entropy (ME) technique to estimate singular moment matrices arising from undersized samples. They fitted a continuous ME distribution to the values of a variable arranged in an ascending order of magnitude. In this paper we relax their continuity assumption and simplify matters from a practical viewpoint. Our continuity is restricted to a range around each observation arising from measurement errors. We propose measurement error maximum entropy (MEME or ME2) distribution yielding a positive definite estimate of the dispersion matrix for undersized samples. Some desirable properties of ME2 distribution are mentioned. An example illustrates the simplicity of our ME2 estimation and shows that our estimates can be closer to the true values.     

顾客价值屋模型:一种分析顾客价值要素的新方法

顾客价值对于产生顾客满意、顾客忠诚,帮助企业获得竞争优势具有重要意义。Woodruff提出顾客价值确定(CVD)模型用于对顾客价值进行探察和分析。本文通过借鉴质量功能展开中的质量屋的构建思想,提出了一种顾客价值屋模型,用于对CVD模型中的现有的顾客价值分析方法进行改进。     

DCS系统现场控制站的可靠性措施

现场控制站是集散控制系统(DCS)组成中的核心部分。现场控制站的安全可靠运行直接关系到整个DCS系统的可靠性、关系到工业生产的连续性、关系到生产装置的安全和工艺人员的人身安全。针对如何提高现场控制站的可靠性问题,从硬件选取、软件设计、施工安装、日常维护等角度提出了具体的措施与方法。     

Wage and Nonwage Discrimination in Professional Basketball: Do Fans Affect It?

A bstract . Recent research suggests there is substantial wage discrimination against blacks in professional basketball , and that fans are the source of this discrimination. The use of multiple regression analysis does indicate a salary shortfall for black players of fourteen to sixteen percent compared with salaries of white players with comparable on-court performance. To see whether this shortfall is likely to be due to fan discrimination as the relatively scarce white talent is bid into cities with many white fans, the racial composition of teams is related to the proportion of black residents among the populations of franchise cities. There is statistically significant evidence of geographical sorting by race. Evidence of racial bias is less obvious in contexts where a team's performance would be jeopardized, however. Thus, no evidence is found that fan attendance moves inversely with the percentage of playing time accorded black players, and only weak evidence is found that black players have to be better than white players to enter the National Basketball Association (NBA).     

Role model influences on entrepreneurial intentions: A comparison between USA and Mexico

Most research and popular writing includes entrepreneurial role models as an important factor in the decision to start a business. Few, if any, studies compare the influence of business owner role models between two different countries. Further, studies cite the importance of role models for potential entrepreneurs but ignore how the role model process actually works. This study looks at activities that role models might engage in and compares their influence on respondents in the US and Mexico. This is the first study that examines differences in role model influence between two countries. Ten of the variables are significantly different between respondents in the two countries. Nine of the differences were rated as being significantly more influential among Mexican students than US students while only one variable was rated as being significantly less influential. Results of the study, especially as related to the specific influence of role models on career intentions, may be relevant in designing entrepreneurship programs. The results may also be appropriate in courses that discuss entrepreneurship in different countries (e.g., international entrepreneurship). The results may also be relevant in family businesses where eventual continuity of family ownership through succession is desired.     

Determinants of variable pay for top managers of foreign subsidiaries in Finland

There is a large body of research dealing with top management compensation from an agency theory perspective. Difficulties in monitoring top management (the agent) are exacerbated in the multinational corporation, where there are significant information asymmetries between headquarters and foreign subsidiaries. Headquarters may use variable pay for subsidiary top managers to reduce the agency problems. By studying 110 foreign-owned subsidiaries located in Finland, this paper attempts to identify determinants of variable pay to the subsidiary general manager. In line with agency theory, the results suggest that the roles played by the subsidiary influence the compensation strategy used for the subsidiary general manager. However, while agency theory predicts that the cultural distance beween the home country of the multinational corporation and the location of the foreign subsidiary would have an effect on the compensation system, no such effect was found. Instead, in accordance with the institutionalization perspective, we found a significant 'nationality effect' on the use of variable pay.     

语言差异、城市信度与省际贸易间关系的实证研究

本文利用铁路货运量作为省际贸易的代理变量,考察语言差异对中国省际贸易的影响作用,并引入城市信度这一变量,考察其对语言差异与省际贸易之间关系的调节作用。实证研究结果表明,语言差异对省际贸易有着显著的负向作用,即语言差异越大,地区间贸易量越小。本文进一步按南北划分地区,结果发现相较于语言较为统一的北方地区,南方地区之间、南方与北方地区之间的语言差异较大,因而贸易量也相应减少。城市信度则能够减弱两者之间的负相关关系,也就是说,城市信度能够削弱语言差异对省际间贸易往来的阻碍作用。     

On properties of division rules lifted by bilateral consistency

We consider the problem of adjudicating conflicting claims in the context of a variable population. A property of rules is “lifted” if whenever a rule satisfies it in the two-claimant case, and the rule is bilaterally consistent, it satisfies it for any number of claimants. We identify a number of properties that are lifted, such as equal treatment of equals, resource monotonicity, composition down and composition up, and show that continuity, anonymity and self-duality are not lifted. However, each of these three properties is lifted if the rule is resource monotonic.     

Duality and continuity

This paper fills the one remaining lacuna in (multiple-output) duality theory by provingjoint continuity (in input and output vectors) of cost, benefit, and (input and output) distance functions. Continuity is an important property where measurement error exists, for it provides assurance that small errors of measurement (of quantities or prices) result only in small errors in concepts like minimal cost. We consider continuity not only in prices and quantities, but also in technologies. Continuity in technologies might be more important than continjity in prices or quantities, because production technologies are almost certainly measured (or estimated) with error.