我国商业银行中小企业信用评级模型研究

本文在对各种信用评级方法进行简要分析的基础上，提出基于层次分析法构建我国商业银行中小企业信用评级模型。其包括两个模块：一是中小企业信用评级指标体系优化模块，包括财务报表分析、中小企业法人和高级管理层的信用状况、企业发展趋势、员工素质以及市场前景等指标；二是基于层次分析法的指标权重确定模块。通过对可量化的“硬指标”的分析，以及对不可量化的“软指标”权重的确定，保证对中小企业评级的客观、公正和有效。最后本文还提出了各商业银行应建立健全能够支持中小企业贷款的信息系统，各中小企业应提高信息披露的真实性等相应的配套措施。     

我国商业银行中小企业信用评级模型研究

本文在对各种信用评级方法进行简要分析的基础上,提出基于层次分析法构建我国商业银行中小企业信用评级模型。其包括两个模块:一是中小企业信用评级指标体系优化模块,包括财务报表分析、中小企业法人和高级管理层的信用状况、企业发展趋势、员工素质以及市场前景等指标;二是基于层次分析法的指标权重确定模块。通过对可量化的“硬指标”的分析,以及对不可量化的“软指标”权重的确定,保证对中小企业评级的客观、公正和有效。最后本文还提出了各商业银行应建立健全能够支持中小企业贷款的信息系统,各中小企业应提高信息披露的真实性等相应的配套措施。     

基于企业规模的信贷决策支持：运用外部信用评级的一个试验

中小企业作为一个整体,需要根据企业的风险度来确定对它的信贷规模,风险度以企业信用级别来表示,信用级别通过外部评级来确定。为此本文介绍了一个外部评级体系,利用一个地区的评级样本——59家中小企业,反映外部评级体系对中小企业风险度的独特揭示,在此基础上建立了一个对中小企业的、基于信用级别的最高授信额度测算模型。     

基于主观违约性的银行客户信用评级改善

商业银行信用评级是银行风险防范的基础,但是目前的客户信用评级体系中缺乏主观违约指标,不能全面反映客户的信用等级.主观还款意愿应作为信用评级不可忽略的要素,为此,本文在充分考虑影响客户违约的客观指标基础上,纳入主观违约这一刚性指标,以反映客户还款意愿,并基于模糊综合评判方法,某银行对运用该指标前后的违约客户进行信用评级,评级结果的假设检验显示,纳入该指标前后,存在着显著性差异,表明主观违约指标纳入信用评级体系具有合理性,有利于推进国内评级的改善.     

国有商业银行信贷评级模型的构建及实证检验

信贷评级是信贷风险管理的前提,目前我国国有商业银行都采用这一方式管理信贷风险.本文在对国有商业银行当前信用评级方法存在问题和国内外相关研究成果进行分析的基础上,提出了构建国有商业银行内部信用评级模型,提高信贷风险管理水平的建议.作者利用贷款历史数据,通过因子分析和聚类分析等方法构建内部信用评级模型;通过因子分析方法构建的模型使评级指标体系更加科学、合理,避免了反映风险信息的冗余与遗漏;聚类分析使评级模型直接与违约概率挂钩,度量风险的准确性进一步提高.论文最后对模型进行了实证分析,使其有效性得到了检验.     

美国评级业监管发展动向及述评

在过去近百年的时间里,美国的资信评级业扩张明显,在资本市场的作用日益重要,评级业的监管也日益完善。本文回顾了美国评级业的监管历史,对2006年新发布的资信评级机构改革法案进行了介绍,并总结和评论了美国证监会2007年发布的“注册为全国认可统计评级组织的评级机构监管”规则提案征求意见稿的相关内容,以期为我国的评级业发展提供借鉴。     

Deferred Taxes and Bond Ratings: A Canadian Case

This paper explores the usefulness of the current Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants standard on accounting for income taxes in bond rating decisions by credit analysts. Bond rating prediction models using accounting variables generated with alternate treatment of income taxes, have been developed. The analysis indicates that additional information presented by the above standard has not contributed significantly to the bond raters' decision making process.     

中美监管机构对商业银行风险评级的比较研究

2004年2月，中国银监会颁布了《股份制商业银行风险评级体系（暂行）》，要求逐步开展对商业银行风险状况的评级。由于这一体系是在美国骆驼群评级法的基础上建立起来的，因此，本文集中研究了中美两国监管机构的这两个评级体系。本文在评价指标、评级分类方式、评级结果的运用政策等方面对中国银监会的《体系》与骆驼群评级法进行了比较研究，希望其不但能对中国银监会的评级体系有一个系统的透视，而且能为该体系的进一步改进提供一些参考。     

中美监管机构对商业银行风险评级的比较研究

2004年2月,中国银监会颁布了《股份制商业银行风险评级体系(暂行)》,要求逐步开展对商业银行风险状况的评级。由于这一体系是在美国骆驼群评级法的基础上建立起来的,因此,本文集中研究了中美两国监管机构的这两个评级体系。本文在评价指标、评级分类方式、评级结果的运用政策等方面对中国银监会的《体系》与骆驼群评级法进行了比较研究,希望其不但能对中国银监会的评级体系有一个系统的透视,而且能为该体系的进一步改进提供一些参考。     

Financial Rating of European Technology Companies: An International Comparison

The purpose of this study is to investigate possibilities to uniform financial rating of technology companies in Europe from the perspective of a potential investor. The data consist of financial statements of 6,370 companies from seventeen European countries and the US in 1993–1996. The data from 1994–1996 are used to measure three–year success and the data from 1993 to predict this success. Success is measured by the principal factor of six performance measures. Country risk, percentage change in GDB, size, and eight financial ratios calculated for 1993 are used as predictors of success in the binary logistic analysis.     

Rating Migrations: The Effect of History and Time

We examine the effect of rating history and the passage of time on the rating migration hazard for corporate debt issuers. Controlling for industry effects and the evolution of business and political cycles, the results consistently show that the next change of rating depends more strongly on rating history than it does on the current rating. However, there are significant interactions between the main effects of rating history and the duration of the current rating. The result is substantial decay in the effects of rating history the longer a rating remains unchanged. This decay effect is stronger for downgrades and for ratings in the speculative category.     

Financial Reporting and Credit Ratings: On the Effects of Competition in the Rating Industry and Rating Agencies' Gatekeeper Role

This paper studies firms' financial reporting incentives in the presence of strategic credit rating agencies and how these incentives are affected by the level of competition in the rating industry and by rating agencies' role as gatekeepers to debt markets. We develop a model featuring an entrepreneur who seeks project financing from a perfectly competitive debt market. After publicly disclosing a financial report, the entrepreneur can purchase credit ratings from rating agencies that strategically choose their rating fees and rating inflation. We derive the following core results: (1) More rating industry competition leads to stronger corporate misreporting incentives if ratings are sufficiently precise or if rating agencies assume a gatekeeper role. Under imperfect rating industry competition, (2) agencies' gatekeeper role primarily weakens firms' misreporting incentives, which then influences rating agencies' strategies, and (3) firms' misreporting and rating agencies' rating inflation can be strategic complements when agencies assume a gatekeeper role. (4) Regulatory initiatives aimed at increasing rating industry competition or at weakening rating agencies' gatekeeper role improve investment efficiency as long as corporate misreporting incentives are not significantly strengthened.     

资产证券化信用评级制度与系统性风险分析

资产证券化的复杂性和高度杠杆化加剧了投资者与发行人之间的信息不对称问题,信用评级制度作为信息披露手段,在减轻信息不对称、促进风险资产定价和保护投资者利益等方面发挥着重要作用.但若缺乏有效的制度保障,资产证券化信用评级过程中隐含的对系统性风险的累积和传导危险则会对金融系统稳定产生负面作用.我国信用评级制度缺乏良好的法律监管环境和充分的市场竞争,难以支持资产证券化产品的多样化发展和规模的快速扩大趋势.对此,需从宏观审慎监管框架的确立、信用评级监管权力的统一和制度完善以及评级行业的市场化推进等方面完善信用评级制度.     

中美信用评级市场发展比较与启示

本文结合中美信用评级市场发展脉络,从评级机构、收费模式、监管模式等方面分析两国信用评级市场发展过程中的不同特征,认为美国信用评级市场健康发展的原因在于评级机构重视市场声誉以及监管机构注重加强引导与监管。借鉴美国经验,我国的信用评级机构应该注重加强信用评级机构的内部治理,提高信用评级机构的国内外影响力;同时加强外部环境建设和信息披露制度建设,建立科学统一的外部评级机构管理制度。     

日韩信用评级行业发展及对我国的借鉴

比较日韩评级行业在债券市场发展程度、行业监管、市场对外部信用评级结果需求以及双评级模式实施等特点,提出我国评级行业适当开放国内评级市场、降低评级结果在监管法规中的依赖作用、拓展评级结果应用领域等五个方面的建议. 力图寻求发展我国评级行业的新途径,推动评级行业进一步健康发展.     

内部评级体系定量验证模型及在中国银行业的应用

定量验证是运用一定的统计方法来检验商业银行已运行内部客户评级体系的准确性、审慎性及稳定性。准确性验证主要检验商业银行的内部评级模型对授信客户信用状况好坏的风险识别能力;审慎性验证主要检验银行所采用的政策与标准在辨别其内部评级和风险参数量化上的保守程度;稳定性验证则主要检验在风险不变的情况下,银行所采用政策和标准能够保持评级与估值总体上不发生变化。本文介绍了常用的定量验证模型及流程,并以中国某商业银行进行定量验证的实践为例,介绍了如何进行银行内部评级体系的定量验证及在具体实践中可能遇到的问题及解决方案。     

The Influence of a Credit Rating Change on Dividend and Investment Policy Interactions

We examine firms’ alterations in dividend and investment activities following credit rating changes. We find that downgraded firms reduce both dividends and investments more than no‐rating‐change firms. However, a silver lining of this doubly negative impact for shareholders is an increase in investment efficiency in firms that are most likely to overinvest. For upgraded firms, investments increase, but dividend outlays do not, compared to firms without rating changes. Our findings of asymmetric dividend stickiness and symmetric investment changes on a credit shock suggest that dividends and investments should not always be considered competing uses of funds.     

开放条件下信用评级市场发展及监管问题研究

自2017年起,我国信用评级市场开始加速对外开放,我国信用评级市场间机构竞争格局必将产生新变化,信用评级水平必将得到有效提升.在开放条件下,我国信用评级监管可以借鉴美国经验,重点关注监管法治建设层级不足、金融安全风险、利益冲突等问题.因此,应加快各地《信用评级业管理暂行办法》等配套制度建设;完善市场退出机制,加强信用评...     

A Theoretical and Empirical Review of the EU Regulation on Credit Rating Agencies: In Search of Truth,Not Scapegoats

The undergoing financial turbulence has raised significant concerns over the role that credit rating agencies (CRAs) played in the inception, magnification and expansion of the crisis. In response, the EU legislature has adopted Regulation 1060/2009, which, for the first time, set out a legally binding pan‐European authorization regime for CRAs, which issue ratings that have been used by EU‐based financial institutions. As the turmoil turned into an unprecedented Eurozone debt crisis, EU politicians have been calling for tighter regulation of the credit rating industry. Drawing on the relevant empirical and theoretical research and building upon a comparative study of the corresponding US framework, the paper discusses critically the principles underlying EU Regulation 1060/2009 and the most recent suggestions for its reform. The paper argues that although, overall, the EU Regulation seems to be a well‐balanced instrument in the sense that it introduces the essential checks upon CRAs’ behavior while avoiding excessive regulatory intervention, more fine‐tuning is needed in certain fields, including, rating shopping, financial ties with rated entities, abuse of inside information, transparency and CRAs’ accountability.     

关系型借贷与中小企业融资的实证分析

本文通过一个计量经济学模型来检验企业贷款是否存在关系型借贷，结果发现：大型企业的确存在关系型借贷行为，且对企业的贷款量有显著性影响；中小企业关系型借贷对于贷款量的影响较小，且并不明显。原因可能是商业银行在审批中小企业贷款时，注重对“硬”信息的考察，同时中小企业并没有同某一家或几家商业银行保持长期关系。为改善中小企业融资状况，商业银行应建立起一套完整的信用记录体系，并实现信息共享，在贷款过程中增强对“软”信息的考察，积极培育一批资质较好的中小企业客户并建立密切的联系；中小企业则应该规范财务制度并增强财务信息的透明度，同银行建立长期关系。