An Endogenous Growth Model of a Financially Repressed Small Open Economy

The paper develops a monetary endogenous growth model of a financially repressed small open economy, characterized by curb markets, capital mobility, transaction costs in domestic and foreign capital markets, and a flexible exchange rate system, to analyze the impact of financial liberalization – interest rate deregulation and lower multiple reserve requirements – on growth and inflation. When the model is calibrated to match world figures, we find that interest rate deregulation enhances growth and reduces inflation in steady-state. For relatively smaller transaction costs in the curb market, the above result is, however, reversed. Under such circumstances, lowering the transaction costs in the foreign capital market tends to restore the growth-enhancing (inflation-reducing) capabilities of interest rate deregulation. Lower reserve requirements, though, always ensures lower (higher) steady-state inflation (growth).     

Corruption: what are the effects on government effectiveness? Empirical evidence considering developed and developing countries

This study analyses the impact of corruption on government effectiveness for a sample of 130 countries. The findings suggest that less-corrupt countries have better quality of public service, better quality in the formulation and adoption of policies and greater credibility and government's commitment to such policies. The findings also suggest that the effect of corruption on government effectiveness is higher in developed countries. Moreover, the estimates also reveal that countries with the most indebted governments and with higher inflation rates have less-efficient governments, and an increase in rule of law represents a good strategy to improve government effectiveness. In turn, regarding developing countries, the findings show that countries with more democratic regimes have a higher degree of government effectiveness.     

农产品价格上涨和通货膨胀的互动机制及共同原因

本文从金融市场的实际汇率、真实利率水平和劳动力市场的农业劳动力成本等角度分析二者之间的互动机制,认为通货膨胀通过农民的存粮行为、投资的促进、汇率传导三种机制影响农产品价格水平;而在刘易斯转折点出现的条件下,农产品价格通过劳动力成本的上升这一渠道导致一般物价水平上升,并且影响程度持续上升。本文对这些假说进行了理论分析后使用VAR模型进行经验研究,提出需求面的因素是价格水平变化的主要原因,供给面的因素是农产品价格变化的主要原因。应减少金融市场的扭曲程度,提升真实利率和人民币币值以抑制通货膨胀;在供给方面应改进农业的投入和生产模式,把劳动力成本上升和技术进步结合在一起,同时利用国际农产品市场稳定国内价格水平。     

地方政府性债务治理与上市企业投融资*——基于我国247座城市的初步证据

本文利用中国社科院披露的我国247座城市地方政府性债务对金融稳定影响的评价指数,分析了地方政府性债务治理对上市企业债务融资与资本性投资效率的影响及其传导机理。研究发现,与地方政府性债务治理较好地区相比,处于地方政府性债务治理较差地区的地方政府控股国企,其杠杆率均显著较高,但企业资本性投资效率却显著较低,企业产能过剩的财务特征十分明显。这表明,地方政府性债务治理会显著影响微观企业的投融资,并且地方政府性债务治理越差,透过政府对经济活动的控制或干预,通过预算外举债,政府“杠杆”有转化为企业“杠杆”的风险。本文明确了“去杠杆”究竟应去谁的“杠杆”问题,对理解地方政府性债务治理转变为“内涵型”经济增长的微观基础具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Theorizing the Financial Statecraft of Emerging Powers

‘Financial statecraft’, or the intentional use of credit, investment and currency levers by the incumbent governments of creditor – and sometimes debtor – states for both international economic and political advantage, has a long history, ranging from money doctors to currency wars. A neorealist, zero-sum framing of international monetary relations is not inevitable, yet casts a persistent shadow especially during periods of prospective interstate power transitions when previously peripheral countries find themselves with unexpected new capabilities. This article seeks to understand and theorise the financial statecraft of emerging economies, moving beyond the traditional understanding that closely identifies the concept with financial sanctions imposed by a strong state on a weaker state. We propose that the aims of financial statecraft may be either ‘defensive' or ‘offensive’. Financial statecraft may be targeted either ‘bilaterally' or ‘systemically’. Finally such statecraft may employ instruments that are either ‘financial' or ‘monetary’. As emerging market economies have moved up in the ranks in the interstate distribution of capabilities, they have also expanded their financial statecraft strategies from narrowly defensive and bilateral to those involving offensive tactics and targeted at the global and systemic level. Historical and contemporary examples illustrate the analysis.     

Revisiting the finance–growth nexus: the Turkish case, 1980–2010

In Turkey, the empirical results on the link between financial development and economic growth are mixed. The existing studies do not take into account the fact that Turkey has experienced endemic political and economic instabilities over extended periods. This study aims to analyse the role of macroeconomic instability and public borrowing on the finance–growth nexus in Turkey by using time series econometric techniques over the 1980–2010 period. In doing so, we attempt to extend the existing literature by taking into account the role of macroeconomic instability as well as public borrowing. Our results reveal that there are additional – albeit indirect – channels between finance and growth via the effects of macro instability and public borrowing on financial development and economic growth. After taking into account the effects of overall instability and public borrowing, we found that growth–financial development relationship is bidirectional and permanent. In other words, in Turkish case, economic growth and financial development are jointly determined. Thus, our results shed some light on the ambiguity of the evidence on the link between financial development and economic growth for Turkey.     

基于供需角度的农村金融抑制及农村金融深化的路径选择

中国长期以来实行轻农村,重城市的发展战略使得城乡经济发展不均衡,农村金融的发展也落后于城市金融,农村地区普遍存在着金融抑制现象,呈现需求抑制和供给抑制并存的特征,严重阻碍了中国农村经济的发展。只有改变传统的信贷供给逻辑,通过打造农村资金供给的回流机制,引入竞争机制,发展金融机构,在竞争中形成多层次的农村金融机构,进一步推进利率市场化改革的进程,完善农村金融法规、审核监管以及风险保障措施,才能提高农村金融市场的效率,加强金融对新农村建设的支持力度。     

金融发展与经济增长:国外研究综述

本文较为详细地介绍了近年来国外金融发展与经济增长关系的研究文献,并对有关研究进行了评述.主要内容包括金融发展与经济增长的关系,金融结构主义和金融抑制主义的主要观点的产生、发展(演变路径)和研究现状.     

美国金融危机成因分析及对中国的警示

美国金融危机引发全球金融市场动荡。这场金融危机从美国的房地产市场开始,以惊人的速度蔓延,波及至信贷市场、资本市场,封全球尤其是西方金融机构和金融市场造成重大冲击,短期内升级为全球金融风暴。中国目前正处于资产价格上涨、信贷投放过度的经济环境之中,美国的金融危机给中国敲响了警钟。本文通过描述此次危机的发展脉络,在分析美国金融危机背景的基础上,从强化房地产按揭贷款业务风险管理,审慎推进资产证券化等六个方面得出了对中国的警示。     

公共财政框架下我国政府或有债务风险管理

目前我国公共财政部门存在着一定的财政风险,特别是隐性风险和或有风险更是不容忽视。在考察我国政府或有负债风险构成的基础上,从公共财政的角度,对财政风险产生的制度原因予以宏观分析,进一步指出我国政府或有负债形成的深层原因。研究表明,我国必须加强对政府或有债务的管理,建立面向全球经济的财政风险预算管理体制,从而减少或有债务风险对财政稳定性的冲击。     

Dual Financial Systems and Inequalities in Economic Development

This paper analyzes the emergence and the evolution of a modern banking system, in a developing economy where banks coexist with informal credit institutions. Banks have a superior ability in mobilizing savings while informal lenders enjoy a superior information on borrowers. More specifically, banks cannot observe perfectly the behavior of borrowers; therefore the latter need to provide collateral assets in order to obtain bank loans. Physical collateral is not needed to borrow in the informal credit market: informal lenders can rely on social networks to obtain information on borrowers' behavior and invoke social sanctions to enforce repayment. The sustained growth path is associated with the successful development of the banking system that gathers savings on a large scale. However, informal lenders and other traditional credit institutions are necessary in the first stage of development when collateral is scarce. In this economy, the development of modern financial intermediaries is closely associated with the accumulation of collateral assets by entrepreneurs. This implies that the initial level of development as well as the initial distribution of wealth will determine the joint evolution of the real side of the economy and the financial system. Under certain conditions, two long-run steady-state equilibria exist: in the first one the economy stops growing and the banking system never successfully develops; in the second one the economy reaches a sustained growth rate and the informal sector asymptotically vanishes. The impact of the following policies is discussed: financial repression, micro-credit institutions and redistribution of assets.     

Is social expenditure responsible for recent rise in public debt in OECD countries?

In developed economies, social expenditure is alleged to cause the rise in public debt over the last three decades. With dynamic panel data of 34 OECD countries from 1980 to 2014, we find robust evidence that the rise in public debt is not attributable to social expenditure.     

What determines outstanding corporate debt mix? Evidence from fractional multinomial logit estimation

This study employs the fractional multinomial logit setting proposed by Papke and Wooldridge (1996) to examine factors driving the choice among nonbank private (144A) debt, bank loans and public debt made by 988 nonfinancial firms during 1993–2007. We document that the majority of firm-level factors have persistent effects on corporate outstanding debt mix across economic conditions. We also highlight the importance of macroeconomic variables on firms’ borrowing decisions as predicted by Diamond (1991). Finally, we document a substitution effect among debt financing sources due to credit rating downgrades, which is inconsistent with Rauh and Sufi (2010).     

民营企业融资约束的成因分析——金融发展视角

金融发展滞后于经济发展水平,对企业会产生诸多不良影响,其中最为突出的是融资约束问题。在现有金融制度下,民营企业融资困难,与国有企业相比融资成本高昂,企业面临超常的财务风险,易于陷入破产的境地;由于高额的利息支出不能记入成本,不得不采取偷税漏税来抵补损失的税收挡板,进一步加大经营风险,民营企业发展必然受到严重桎梏。     

中国的金融发展与经济增长:基于微观数据的实证研究

通过对1993—2001年中国金融发展与经济增长关系的实证研究可以发现,即使对于上市公司,银行贷款仍然构成其最重要的外部融资渠道,并且支撑着企业活跃的投资活动。然而,企业获得贷款的结构不合理,对贷款的利用效率日益下降,除了贷款以外,金融体系所提供的其他金融工具的种类和数量都明显不足。这说明银行业从提供融资支持上推动了整体经济的发展,但在优化资本流向、提高资源配置效率方面的功能尚不完善。     

How is the Debt Managed? Learning from Fiscal Stabilizations

This paper examines public debt management during episodes of fiscal stabilization when long–term interest rates are generally higher than governments' expectations of future rates. We find that governments increase the share of fixed–rate long–term debt denominated in the domestic currency, the higher is the conditional volatility of short–term interest rates, the lower are long–term interest rates, and the stronger is the fall in long–term rates that follows the announcement of the stabilization program. This evidence suggests that governments tend to prefer long to short maturity debt because they are concerned about refinancing risk. However, when long–term rates are high relative to their expectations, they issue short maturity debt to minimize borrowing costs.
JEL classification : E 63; H 63