A comparison of shareholder identity and governance mechanisms in the monitoring of CEOs of listed companies in China

This paper compares the relative effectiveness of two measures by which the Chinese government attempted to improve the monitoring of listed companies: shifting the ownership of state shares from government agencies (GAs) to the corporate form of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and strengthening corporate governance through statutory regulations and guidelines. The results show that SOEs are better able than GAs to monitor top executives, as indicated by a higher sensitivity of top executive turnover to firm performance. However, corporate governance mechanisms have no significant impact on the sensitivity of top executive turnover to firm performance. This study suggests that incentives for controlling shareholders are more important than governance mechanisms in replacing executives due to poor performance in a transitional economy such as China's, where institutions that support governance mechanisms are still being developed.     

出版企业管理层激励效应与保障机制研究

有效的管理层激励机制能够鼓励企业管理者努力工作,促使管理者与股东的利益趋于一致,是企业解决委托代理问题、吸引和留住优秀管理型人才的关键。以2008—2017年24家出版业上市公司为研究样本,分析出版企业管理层薪酬契约激励现状,针对管理层薪酬与业绩关联较弱、薪酬激励水平不足及管理层持股比例低等问题,从业绩考核评价体系的完善、薪酬激励力度的确定与股权激励机制的构建等角度,提出改善出版企业管理层薪酬契约的保障机制,以期对企业公司治理机制的完善有所裨益。     

高管薪酬、股权激励与公司绩效的相关性检验

国内外理论界对于高管薪酬激励与公司绩效关系的研究尚未得出较为一致的结论,尤其是在高管薪酬与其自身持股比例、高管薪酬与公司股权集中度上,在实证结果中存在较大分歧。因此,如何把影响高管薪酬激励水平和公司绩效的种种因素合理的纳入模型中就显得尤为关键。在综述前人研究成果的基础上,将上证180和深证100指数中的成分股作为样本,通过多元回归分析检验我国大型上市公司高管薪酬、股权激励与公司绩效的相关性,从而在理论上为我国高管薪酬制度改革提供一定的理论依据和实证支持。     

上市银行公司治理结构对高管薪酬影响研究

合理的薪酬方案能实现有效地激励上市银行高管,其薪酬方案由银行董事会制定,与上市银行治理结构息息相关。上市银行高管薪酬与国家股的比例、股权集中度、独立董事人数以及董事会、监事会会议成正比;而与法人股的比重成反比;至于监管代理机构的规模则基本没影响。上市银行公司治理结构中的一些约束与控制性因素需要进一步完善,从而促进银行业的健康发展。     

Executive pay in Japan: the role of bank-appointed monitors and the Main Bank relationship

A feature of tournament models is that executive compensation is not independent of the wages paid at lower levels of the corporate hierarchy. Agency models show that compensation based on firm performance is a means by which incentives can be provided to executives once a promotion tournament has been resolved. In this paper, we combine elements of both models and show that the existence of an outsider who monitors the firm’s activities will lower the sensitivity of pay to firm performance for top executives and reduce the importance of tournament-based incentives. Using panel data for 55 Japanese electronics firms, we find support for the notion that bank-appointed Board members help monitor top executives and that tournament considerations are a particularly important feature of executive compensation in Japan.     

加强信托投资公司治理的探讨

现行法律环境和监管政策对信托公司加强公司治理提出了客观要求;信托公司存在股权结构不合理、激励机制不健全、内部控制不完备等治理问题;信托公司加强治理应将股权改革和加强信息披露、建立问责制结合起来;当前的首要任务是加强公司董事会建设,维护各方利益均衡.     

社会地位、在职消费与激励绩效

对企业高管进行有效激励，降低企业的激励成本，有利于企业的平稳运行和经济的繁荣发展。文章以2003-2014年所有A股上市公司为样本，对在职消费通过彰显"地位"、"威望"等而对企业高管产生的激励作用进行检验。研究发现，"地位"、"威望"等精神层面的非物质因素对企业高管具有激励作用，并在激励效果上对货币薪酬具有替代作用：国有企业中，在职消费更可能作为货币薪酬的替代性补偿而产生激励作用；民营企业中，在职消费更可能发挥精神层面的激励替代作用。而在货币薪酬等物质激励得到相对满足的情况下，考虑了"地位"、"威望"等精神因素的激励契约具有更高的激励相容性，能够有效地为企业节约激励成本，提高内部资源配置效率，进而提升股东价值。     

完善上市公司高管人员薪酬激励机制——基于安徽省上市公司的实证研究

上市公司高管人员激励机制问题，是当前我国上市公司治理改革实践中的一个重点问题。文章以安徽省上市公司为基础对我国上市公司高管人员薪酬激励机制进行研究，发现在高管薪酬水平、高管人员持股、高管薪酬结构、高管薪酬制度规范化等方面存在许多问题，文章对这些问题分别进行了分析，并提出了相应的政策建议。     

Are stronger executive incentives associated with cross-listing? Evidence from China

This study examines whether firms incorporated in mainland China benefit from cross-listing in Hong Kong, China. The Hong Kong Stock Market has more stringent rules regarding corporate governance and a better system of investor protection than the mainland market. Hong Kong companies generally provide strong incentives to executives via equity-based compensation. Have cross-listed companies learned from Hong Kong firms about adopting these strong executive incentives? The evidence from this study suggests that changes in top executive compensation are more sensitive to sales growth in cross-listed firms than they are in mainland firms without cross-listing. However, compared to Hong Kong firms, cross-listed firms are less sensitive to stock returns. Further, this study shows that it is necessary to differentiate between state-owned companies and private companies, as cross-listing may have a greater impact on executive incentives in state-owned companies than it does in private companies.     

薪酬政策、经营业绩与国有上市公司高管薪酬——基于国有上市公司分类的实证研究

国有企业员工薪酬体系优化与员工激励机制建设一直是国企改革的重点。为此,对高管薪酬制度现状以及国有企业高管薪酬政策等相关文献进行系统分析,梳理影响国有上市公司高管薪酬的因素,建立面板数据分析模型,选取2010—2020年中国国有上市公司样本,探究不同类型的国有上市公司高管薪酬与经营业绩、薪酬政策的关系。研究发现,高管薪酬政策与经营业绩对两种类型的国有上市公司的高管薪酬具有显著的正向影响。基于研究结论,从政府薪酬管制、公司治理、增强高管薪酬的业绩敏感性、改进薪酬激励的方式等角度,分别对两类国有上市公司提出管理建议。     

CEO还是TMT——民营上市公司高管薪酬差距对于企业研发的影响

本文以手工收集的2012年中国民营上市公司高管薪酬数据为例,以行为理论、锦标赛理论以及堑壕理论为基础,以高管团队规模和控股股东为调节变量,实证分析了公司高管团队（TMT）薪酬差距对于企业研发的影响。本文研究发现,薪酬差距能够提升高管团队对于风险的接受水平,民营上市公司高管薪酬差距与公司的研发支出显著正相关,。此外,本文进一步的研究发现,高管薪酬差距对于企业研发的正向影响会受到高管团队规模以及控股股东持股比例的抑制,表明了锦标赛激励实施的局限性。本文的研究为理解民营企业高管薪酬差距与企业研发的关系提供了新的经验证据。     

Corporate Governance Reform and Executive Incentives: Implications for Investments and Risk Taking

We investigate the mechanism through which the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) was associated with changes in corporate investment strategies. We document that the passage of the governance regulations in SOX was followed by a significant decline in pay‐performance sensitivity (Delta) and incentives to take risk (Vega) in CEOs' compensation contracts. These changes in compensation contracts are related to a decline in investments, including research and development expenditures, capital investments and acquisitions. Moreover, consistent with the rules in SOX directly affecting CEOs' incentives to take risk, we document that the decline in investments exceeds the amount that would be expected from changes in compensation packages alone. Finally, we also find evidence that the changes in investments are related to lower operating performances of firms, suggesting that these changes were costly to investors. Our evidence speaks to the debate on how corporate governance regulation interacts with firms' and managers' incentives, and ultimately affects corporate operating and investment strategies. Our study suggests that one indirect cost of such regulations in SOX is the significant reductions in corporate risk‐taking activities in the post‐SOX period. The changes in investments were in part due to changes in executive compensation contracts and in part related to increased executives' personal costs of engaging in risky activities.     

股权激励视角的管理层自利性财务重述研究

文章从股权激励视角出发,选取了2008年深沪两市发布更正公告的上市公司为研究样本,实证检验股权激励与财务重述的关系。研究结果表明,股权激励与财务重述有着显著的正相关关系。这为我国上市公司财务重述的报酬契约动因提供了进一步的证据。即在实施股权激励的情况下,由于会计业绩指标的固有局限性、股票市场的弱有效性、上市公司治理结构缺位等,股权激励很有可能引发更正类的、坏消息类的财务重述。关键词：财务重述;年报补丁：股权激励     

CEO与CFO股权激励的治理效应之比较:基于盈余管理的实证研究

在西方发达国家,CFO与CEO拥有相同的法律地位,负有监督CEO的责任,在公司治理结构中拥有重要的地位。本文从盈余管理角度研究我国CFO股权激励的公司治理效应,并比较CFO与CEO股权激励的公司治理效应,发现:尚未实施股权激励计划的公司,其CFO股权和期权占总薪酬比率与盈余管理呈负相关关系,而实施股权激励计划的公司,其CFO股权和期权占总薪酬比率与盈余管理的负相关关系显著变弱;尚未实施股权激励计划的公司,其CFO股权和期权占总薪酬比率对盈余管理抑制的程度显著小于CEO。这表明,正式实施股权激励会诱发盈余管理行为,其它类型的CFO持股则会抑制盈余管理行为,并且CFO股权激励的积极治理效应显著小于CEO。     

股权集中度的适宜性与股权分置改革的对价

本文在考察股权集中度与公司绩效之间区间效应的基础上,检验了股改前股权集中度的适宜程度在股改对价确定中的作用。研究结果发现,股权集中度越是有利于公司绩效的提升,流通股股东获送的对价水平就越低。进一步分析后发现,第一大股东持股的趋同效应越强或壕沟效应越弱,流通股股东获送的对价水平就越低。这表明适宜的股权集中度能产生“公司治理溢价”,同时也说明流通股股东至少能在一定程度上识别大股东支持和掏空公司的潜在可能。     

Executives' Legal Records and the Deterrent Effect of Corporate Governance

We study whether the effectiveness of corporate governance mechanisms varies depending on the characteristics of the executives subject to these mechanisms, namely their “psychological type,” as proxied by their history of legal infractions. In particular, we examine insider trading, where we can compare the trading behavior of different types of executives in the same firm. We find that “recordholder” executives, that is, those with prior legal infractions, earn significantly higher profits from purchases and sales than nonrecordholder executives. Furthermore, the profitability of both purchases and sales is significantly increasing in the severity of the infraction. Governance mechanisms, such as blackout policies, lower profits of executives with only traffic infractions; however, profits for executives with serious infractions appear insensitive to blackout policies. Insiders with serious infractions are also more likely to trade during blackout periods and before large information events and are more likely to report their trades to the SEC after the filing deadline. Collectively, our evidence suggests that while governance mechanisms can discipline executives with minor offenses, they appear largely ineffective for those with more serious infractions.     

高管激励与企业过度金融化：路径机制与实证考察

近年来,我国企业为获取超额收益而过度配置金融资产,导致金融投资规模不断增加,出现企业过度金融化现象。高管激励作为一种中长期激励机制,能够弱化股东与高管的利益冲突,影响企业过度金融化水平。为此,以2011—2021年我国A股上市公司作为样本,研究高管激励对企业过度金融化的路径机制并进行实证考察。研究发现,高管激励能显著抑制企业过度金融化的行为,股权集中度会弱化上述负相关关系,同时非国有企业的抑制效果比国有企业更显著。     

Discretion in Financial Reporting: The Voluntary Disclosure of Compensation Peer Groups in Proxy Statement Performance Graphs*

We examine the 49 Standard & Poor's (S&P) 500 firms that voluntarily disclosed in their 1993 proxy statements, the composition of the comparison group used by each board's compensation committee to set executive compensation policies. We hypothesize that the net benefits of this disclosure are largest when (1) there is a high degree of stakeholder concern about compensation, (2) compensation policies are defensible, and (3) corporate governance is strong. Consistent with our stakeholder concern prediction, disclosing firms have higher compensation levels and are more apt to have received prior shareholder proposals about executive compensation. Contrary to this prediction, we find a negative association between financial press coverage of compensation policies and the probability of disclosure. Additionally, the disclosure decision is unrelated to the defensibility of compensation policies and the firm's corporate governance profile. Industry-adjusted firm performance, managerial entrenchment, CEO tenure, institutional holdings, and compensation committee independence variables are insignificant. We also compare the financial performance and compensation practices of compensation peers to two yardsticks — performance and pay practices at the sample firms and the corresponding S&P industry index firms. The compensation levels of compensation peers exceed those of the firms in the corresponding S&P industry indexes. Because (1) compensation levels and performance sensitivities at sample firms are more similar to those at compensation peers than to those at S&P industry index firms, and (2) the superior financial performance and higher performance sensitivities of disclosing firms justify high pay, this evidence suggests that the compensation peers of disclosing firms are an appropriate comparison group.     

我国上市公司控制权市场公司治理效率——基于股权分置改革的研究

股权分置改革后,对股权分置问题的研究,从应否改革、如何改革等问题,转到改革后我国控制权市场能否走上健康发展的轨道,控制权市场外部治理机制能否有效约束公司管理层和大股东的行为等问题上来。本文就我国上市公司控制权市场的公司治理效率进行了实证研究,得出了股权分置改革前后我国上市公司控制权市场低效率的研究结论。     

企业高管的企业家行为与创新利润

文章以我国企业转型升级和R&D价值创造为基础,通过问卷调查研究了企业高管的企业家行为与创新利润的关系。分析表明:现阶段企业管理层对创新重视不够,企业高管的企业家行为不足;当前企业获取创新利润的主要创新形式是开发新产品和开拓新市场,但是缺少在原材料的控制、组织创新两个方面的企业家行为;年薪+业绩挂钩、年薪+股权激励是当前企业高管愿意接受的两种创新激励方式。