权利观的资产定义述评——基于IASB概念框架征求意见稿

国际会计准则理事会(IASB)在2015年5月发布的《财务报告概念框架征求意见稿》(以下简称《征求意见稿》)中提出了基于经济资源的权利观的资产本质。本文主要对资产概念的发展演化进行了简要介绍,对新的资产定义进行了具体分析,并在此基础上得出了结论。     

财务报告概念框架:变革与挑战

本文主要梳理了国际会计准则理事会(IASB)近30年来制定财务报告概念框架的历程,分析了财务报告概念框架在财务报告目标和质量特征、财务报表要素定义和确认标准、计量基础,以及列报和披露方面所做的主要变革,以及在未来仍将面临的挑战。最后阐述了我们在财务报告概念框架上的一些基本观点,提出了我国基本准则修订完善的建议。     

审慎概念:是否仍能存续

2012年9月18日,国际会计准则理事会(IASB)主席Hans Hoogervorst在欧洲会计师联合会(Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens,FEE)有关未来的公司报告会议上发表了"审慎概念:是否仍能存续?"的演讲。2010年9月,IASB修订概念框架第一章时,用"中立"(Neutrality)取代了"审慎"(Prudence)的概念。Hoogervorst认为,旧概念框架中有关审慎的定义没有错,但应防止过度运用审慎会计原则建立秘密储备或平滑收益。Hoogervorst同时认为,在新的概念框架和IASB准则中诸多方面运用了审慎会计原则,这也是今后新准则制定过程中的一个重要原则。中国人民银行会计司组织翻译了该演讲,现将译文编发如下。     

财务会计概念框架研究:比较与思考

财务会计概念框架(CF)是会计界理论研究的产物,是制定会计准则的需要,也是社会环境综合作用的结果。FASB及IASB都非常重视财务会计概念框架的研究,正在联合研究国际通用的概念框架。本文对FASB和IASB概念框架的主要内容作了比较研究,在此基础上提出构建我国财务会计概念框架的若干思考,以期对我国会计理论研究和会计准则建设与完善提供一定参考。     

借鉴IASB概念框架,完善我国企业会计基本准则

我国基本准则虽然在地位、结构、内容上与IASB概念框架有所区别,但是,二者都要为具体准则的制定和理解提供依据,基于我国企业会计准则与国际准则实质性趋同的方向,我们有必要借鉴IASB概念框架文件,完善我国基本准则。本文介绍并简要评论2018版概念框架的主要内容及其特点;进而对其做出总体评价;在此基础上,借鉴IASB概念框架,在整体上及其各章具体内容上如何完善基本准则,分别提出建议。     

财务报告概念框架修订热点问题综述

国际会计准则理事会(IASB)最近发布多份修订财务报告概念框架的文件,在会计界引起极大关注。本文综述概念框架修订过程中五大热点问题的不同观点,试图通过对这些观点的梳理和探索,纵观利弊,为未来修订和完善我国的财务报告概念框架提供参考。     

资产、负债定义的理论辨析和初步结论——《财务报告概念框架》最新国际动态之一

资产和负债的定义,既是定义其他会计要素的基础,也是会计确认、计量的基点。国际会计准则理事会建议,将资产定义修订为"因过去事项形成并由主体控制的现时经济资源",将负债定义修订为"因过去事项导致并需交付经济资源的现时义务"。同时,要全面正确地理解这两个概念,还需要一系列具体指引。     

IASB与FASB《通用目的财务报告的目标》述评

IASB与FASB2010年9月发布的《通用目的财务报告的目标》,指出了通用目的财务报告的目标、用途,分析了其局限性,并对其所披露的具体内容即主体的经济资源、要求权及其变动信息进行了概略性阐释,对财务业绩确认、现金流量信息进行了说明。这个新的财务报告概念框架,在目标上强调提供"通用"财务信息、在使用者定位上强调针对主要使用者、在报告内容上通过逻辑推导强调提供经济资源、要求权及其变动信息、在计价上坚持现行市价基础、在收益确定方面坚持资产负债观,相对于旧概念框架发生了一些变化与创新;但仍然存在形式目标与实质目标背离、否认现代会计是价值计量、过度强调提供信息这个外在形式而忽略信息的实质内容等诸多问题与弊端。从总体上看,这个概念框架沿袭了旧概念框架的基本观点,依然是对旧概念框架的修修补补,难以走出旧概念框架的窠臼,不会是成功的。     

再论公司财务概念框架

有效率的企业是经济增长的关键。为指导财务实践,提升公司价值,有效保护利益相关者的财产权益,助推经济发展,有必要在不同流派财务理论体系中抽象出高度认可的基本概念,形成公司财务概念框架。财务概念框架就是财务理论体系中认可度高的一系列基本概念的凝结,旨在为财务活动开展提供逻辑一致的理论指导,为发展高质量的财务规范奠定坚实基础。企业财务行为具有的内部私密性、自主性、创造性等个性化特征,并不是否定建立统一、一致认可的"公司财务概念框架"的充分条件。在新兴市场经济国家,构建"公司财务概念框架"具有必要性和可行性。     

试评IASB/FASB联合概念框架的某些改进——截至2008年10月16日的进展

本文试图讨论IASB与FASB联合概念框架项目若干改进(截至2008年10月16日的进展)。现在,两个理事会已经颁发了三份讨论稿(初步观点),一是关于《财务报告的目标与财务报告对决策有用的信息质量特征》,二是关于《报告主体》,三是关于《财务报表列报》。还有《财务报告目标与决策有用信息质量特征》的一份征求意见稿(ED),此外还有一些两个理事会工作人员关于财务报表要素如资产及其定义、计量的基础等新闻公告。虽然上述文献是不完整且是初步的,但我们已能发现若干新的观点,例如在两个基本的质量特征中,"可靠性"已被"如实反映"所取代,理事会的工作人员还给出新的资产定义,而且在现有的概念框架中,第一次提出有关《报告主体》的讨论稿(初步观点)。本文主要介绍上述文稿的基本观点,同时也试图提出若干意见。     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.