A comparison of parent and child perspectives about barriers to and facilitators of bicycle helmet and booster seat use

Abstract

To date, little work has compared similarities and differences between parent and young people’s perceptions of barriers to and facilitators of bicycle helmet and booster seat usage. Our goal was to conduct such a comparison in order to inform future safety campaigns. Eleven focus groups with a total of 68 parents and 11 focus groups with a total of 76 young people were conducted. Recruitment was conducted and focus groups were held in diverse neighbourhoods to facilitate participation by families from a variety of cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Overall, parents and their children agreed on 50% of the barriers identified for bicycle helmet use and approximately 40% of the barriers for booster seats. Barriers common to both types of equipment for parents and children included comfort, style and design, and fear of teasing. Common facilitators included perceived safety, and comfort. While there was considerable overlap between the perspectives of parents and young people, there were also differences, underscoring the importance of addressing both perspectives. The barriers and facilitators identified were modifiable to a large extent; based on these, recommendations for future injury prevention campaigns were outlined.     

Hospitalisation costs and duration of elderly motorcyclists’ non-fatality crashes in Taiwan

This paper investigates the relationship between medical treatment costs and the length of hospital stays resulting from motorcycle crashes involving the elderly. The World Health Organization defines ‘elderly’ as people more than 65 years old. The sample for this study consisted of data for the year 2007 collected by the Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taiwan. We develop models for predicting medical costs and the length of hospital stays based on diagnosis, hospital and user types. The seemingly unrelated regression equation (SURE) model was applied first to investigate the relationship between medical costs and the length of hospital stays. The SURE model shows that the type of injury (e.g. head injury) is statistically significant and has positive effects on medical costs for motorcycle crashes involving the elderly in Taiwan. Due to the statistical insignificance of the dependency between medical costs and length of hospital stays, two separate simple linear regression models were subsequently estimated. For motorcycle crashes, patients over 80 years old had the highest medical costs. The findings reinforce the need for transportation authorities to focus on preventing certain types of injuries that are particularly serious and costly for the elderly in Taiwan.     

失独父母的社会支持体系现状及优化策略

基于社会支持理论,探讨失独父母的社会支持现状及其影响因素。2018年3-4月以多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,在我国西部某地级市抽取失独父母样本量108,分析失独父母的社会人口学特征、欧洲五维健康量表(EQ-5D)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)等。失独父母的主观支持分、客观支持分、对支持的利用度和社会支持总分的中位得分低于国内常模及普通老年人的分数,线性回归分析结果显示,是否有第三代,是失独父母主观支持分、对支持的利用度和社会支持总分的影响因素;婚姻状况和月收入是失独父母客观支持分的影响因素。对失独父母须建立长期、固定的帮扶机制;政府应加大对患有大病、有第三代、退休金较少甚或没有的失独父母的经济帮扶力度;应夯实家庭医生重点签约对象的服务内容;须构建多种形式的特殊养老政策,引导失独父母自励互勉,构建多元化的社会支持体系,帮助失独群体早日融入社会。     

城乡老年人医疗消费行为及其影响因素分析——以泰州市海陵区为例

论文为了了解影响老年人医疗消费行为的多层次原因,并据此对老年人医疗消费改善提供针对性的建议,随机抽取泰州市海陵区416名常住老年人,进行医疗消费行为及影响因素的调查,同时采用SPSS软件进行描述分析、卡方检验等分析。结果显示,泰州市海陵区老年人去医疗机构就诊占60.6%,去药店买药占34.4%,先不治疗占5%。卡方检验结果显示影响因素主要有户籍、年龄、收入以及受教育水平、市场环境。因此,泰州市海陵区老年人医疗消费行为以去医疗机构就诊为主,医疗消费行为主要受户籍、年龄、收入、受教育水平等因素的影响。老年人的身体健康状况较差,患慢性病的老年人较多,对医疗保健的需求较大,应大力发展老年医疗服务行业,提高老年医疗资源的有效供给。     

Accidental injuries among the elderly within the Vienna community: Epidemiology,risk factors and preventive measures

Abstract

Unintentional injuries ('accidents’) among elderly people are a significant burden in public health because such accidents happen frequently and because the proportion of older age groups in the population will continue to rise during the coming decades. One aim of this study, which was done in Vienna, the capital of Austria, was to broaden the preventive concept, adding lifestyle and living conditions to already well-known risk factors following the health promotion approach. Furthermore, characteristics that predispose older residents to accidents should be identified in order to design preventive measures for reducing injuries in this age group.

809 interviews with people 60 years of age and over were conducted, concerning accidents, outcomes of accidents, physical fitness, drug intake, type of house or dwelling, equipment in the household incorporating safety features, psychological well-being and social relations. The information collected was used to draw cross-sectional comparisons between participants who reported having experienced at least one accident in the previous 12 months and those who did not. Furthermore, the accident incidents were classified into 2 groups: incidents without injuries and injurious accidents. The latter served as a base for the epidemiology of injuries for people 60 years of age and over within the Vienna community.

20% of all senior citizens suffer at least one unintentional injury every year, in addition to which 8% experience critical incidents (mostly falls) without injury. Most accidents occur at home or involve pedestrians in public traffic areas. Over 90% of all accidents are falls, and 20% result in fractures. The most important risk factors for accidents in the elderly are gender, increasing age, poor physical fitness and low physical activity, the type of household and household equipment, poor psychological well-being, low income and loneliness.

The findings regarding falls suggest some possible opportunities for reducing the risk of falls by improving buildings and dwellings of the elderly. A promising attempt at practical implementation of these findings is being conducted by the Vienna-based Austrian Institute for Home and Leisure Safety in cooperation with the Vienna City Council. These two organizations are implementing a long-term program that aims at mobilizing institutions and organizations involved in working with the elderly.     

Behavioural factors in young people's fruit consumption

This study aims to find out the determinant factors affecting fruit consumption behaviour in Portuguese young people, based on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model, and determine if this model explains differences according to gender, age and rural/urban environments. This research is innovative because it tests the HAPA model with young people, and because it adds social support to the HAPA model as an extra predictor of young people's behaviour. To gather the data, a questionnaire survey was applied in two public schools, one in a rural area and the other in a city. The survey was answered by 266 Portuguese young people, aged 15–21 years, from the 10th to the 12th grades. Authorization for the survey was given in advance, from the Ministry of Education, schools and parents, after which the survey was performed. Before applying the questionnaire, two pre‐tests were carried out, each with ten participants and with similar characteristics to the population studied. This study analyses action self‐efficacy, outcome expectancies, action planning, risk perception, intention, maintenance self‐efficacy and social support variables. The result was obtained through a two‐step process, by determining the measurement and structural model, using Smart PLS 2.0. The results show that young females have more factors determining fruit consumption, with greater social support for action self‐efficacy, greater maintenance self‐efficacy through action self‐efficacy, and greater perception of risk regarding fruit consumption. In terms of age, young people over 16 years present greater outcome expectations for the intention, greater perception of risk and action self‐efficacy for fruit consumption. The multi‐group analysis referring to differences between young people living in rural or urban environments did not show proof of the model giving a better explanation of one situation or the other. It can be concluded that the HAPA model is appropriate to the investigation of behaviour factors that influence young people's fruit consumption. The results also indicate that in the scope of the behaviour analysed the proposed model gives a better explanation for females and for those over 16 years.     

规模与稳定性:私人转移支付如何影响农村老人健康?

首次结合流动性约束原理和持久收入假说,从理论上剖析了子女转移支付规模和稳定性两个维度的特征对农村老人健康的影响及作用机制,在此基础上,利用中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)三期数据对上述理论假设进行了实证检验。实证分析结果显示,子女转移支付规模和稳定性均可显著改善农村老人的身体健康状况,且子女转移支付的规模越大、稳定性越高,对老人健康的改善作用越明显,子女转移支付的规模和稳定性对农村老人的消费支出有显著的促进作用,证实了子女转移支付通过促进老人消费,进而改善老人健康状况的作用机制。     

The relationship between organisational context and novice workers’ learning

This article reports on findings from a longitudinal study, carried out during 1998–9, of the learning and training experiences of 11 Australian teenagers in their first year of fulltime work. Interviews with the young people over the course of the year were supplemented by interviews with parents, employers, and college teachers where appropriate. The working and training environments, and the learning experiences of the young people are described. The relationship between performance and learning is discussed. The article provides an insight into the lived experiences of young people attempting to learn about work within an organisational context.     

中国老年人视力功能、听力功能与认知功能的关系 ——基于抑郁状况和社交活动的中介作用分析

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)2015年追访数据,利用阶层回归模型研究全国和分城乡老年人视力功能、听力功能与认知功能的关系,同时引入抑郁状况和社交活动作为中介变量,形成多重中介模型,通过该模型探究视力功能和听力功能对认知功能的影响大小和方向。结果表明,听力功能和社交活动与中国老年人认知功能呈现显著正向影响,抑郁状况与中国老年人认知功能呈现显著负向影响,且关联作用呈现城乡差异,城镇老年人的听力功能、抑郁状况与认知功能关联强度高于农村,农村老年人的社交活动与认知功能关联高于城镇。抑郁状况和社交活动在中国老年人"听力功能-认知功能"中起部分中介作用。视力状况对老年人认知功能的影响统计不显著。     

Do Target Groups Appreciate Being Targeted? An Exploration of Healthy Eating Policy Acceptance

The impact of healthy eating policies falls behind policy maker’s expectations. Better targeting and stakeholder support should improve their effectiveness. The research aims to identify whether a target group (the group impacted by the policy measure) is characterised by higher acceptance levels or not. Acceptance among citizens from the target was compared to a matching non-target group, based on data from an online survey on citizens’ support of healthy eating policies conducted among 3003 adult respondents from five European countries (Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Poland, UK). The policies explored were bans of advertising to children or school vending machines, school meal regulations, education campaigns at schools and workplaces, menu nutrition information and food labelling, price subsidies for healthy food, and accessibility measures for the elderly. It was found that target groups showed more support than others for four policies: parents were more supportive of vending machine bans in schools and workers eating out at lunch of education campaigns at workplaces, food labelling was more supported by those considering nutrition content in food purchase, and price subsidies for healthy food more supported by respondents in financial difficulties. However, parents were less supportive of school education campaigns, and the pattern of support through the target group differed by country. It is concluded that members of the target group tend to, but are not per se especially supportive of healthy eating policy measures concerning themselves or their children, and there are great country differences. Acceptance of policies should be surveyed per target group and country in advance of implementation. In the case of lack in acceptance, further exploration of the barriers should be conducted so that the benefit of the policy can be more effectively communicated, assuming that this increases stakeholder cooperation and favourable peer influence.     

PURPOSE-BUILT RETIREMENT HOUSING FOR SALE

Sheltered housing for the elderly has traditionally been provided by local authorities and charitable organizations but it seems that they can no longer meet the housing needs of this group. In the last few decades, there has been a significant rise in home-ownership amongst retired people. Two features of this are important. First, those retired people who have been used to owning their own homes may be unwilling to consider somewhat institutional types of housing. Second, as a group, although eligible for specialist retirement housing provided by local authorities and charitable agencies, elderly owner-occupiers find it nearly impossible to qualify for such accommodation as they are not considered to be in need. Recently there has been a move by the private sector to provide purpose-built accommodation for sale to the elderly. How far the needs of the elderly can be met by this type of housing was investigated in two related studies. The first involved interviewing a sample of residents living in sheltered accommodation, while the second study surveyed respondents of retirement age at present living in ordinary housing. The investigation has shown that a considerable demand exists for purpose-built housing for sale to the elderly.     

Life Events as Windows of Opportunity for Changing Towards Sustainable Consumption Patterns?

Strategies for motivating households towards sustainable consumption are confronted with the challenge of addressing seldom-reflected-upon routines, which cannot easily be changed. We investigate whether life-course transitions can serve as starting point for sustainable consumption interventions, assuming that during such transitions people already need to adapt their behavioural routines and are thus more receptive to interventions. The effects of two different campaigns (information mailing and personal consultation) were evaluated for people experiencing two different kinds of life events (childbirth and relocation). The experimental study found that the consultation campaign had significant effects on sustainable consumption concerning some of the focussed on behaviours, but did not have greater effects on the life-events groups. Mailing of information did not result in significant behavioural changes. To get a clearer picture about the impact of life-course transitions on everyday routines and susceptibility to interventions, additional qualitative interviews were carried out. The results indicate that everyday routines and consumption patterns change during life-course transitions, but with heterogeneous results regarding sustainability. The interviews revealed that the preparation phase preceding life events and a rather short period after them are decisive for changes in routine. Tentative explanations for the low impact of the consultation campaign on the persons in life-course transition are that the campaign addressed the target groups too late and that its design was not specifically adapted to these target groups.     

我国老年旅游市场分析

目前,老年旅游的发展已经有了相当规模。开发老年旅游市场、振兴老年旅游产业将成为促进旅游经济持续增长不可或缺的内容,不仅具有经济意义j还具有社会意义。发展老年人旅游市场,必须充分考虑老年人的身体状态、经济能力、闲暇时间的多少、文化程度的高低、个人意愿以及家庭等因素。同时,要注意解决好老年旅游产品“风险大、利润薄”,旅行社对开发这类产品心存顾虑,产品不能真正满足老年人需求的问题。应系统性构筑老年旅游市场的框架,对老年旅游市场进行细分,并根据老年人特殊的心理和生理特点推出差别化、专业化的旅游产品和服务。旅行社要运用合理的促销手段。树立良好的品牌形象,注重售后服务,培养忠诚顾客。     

Parental perceptions of toddler water safety, swimming ability and swimming lessons

The primary objective of the study was to examine parental perceptions on the role of toddler swimming ability and pre-school swimming lessons in drowning prevention. A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on toddler water safety from parents (n = 882) whose 2 - 4-year-old toddlers were either attending early childhood centres (n = 327) or who were enrolled in swim schools (n = 555). Differences in attitudes between two groups of parents were measured by frequency, with Mann-Whitney U tests used to discern significant differences between groups. More swim school parents believed that: swimming was best taught at 2 years of age or less (42% vs. 29%); swimming lessons were the best way to prevent toddler drowning (57% vs. 47%); toddlers could learn to save themselves if they fell into water (43% vs. 33%); and that it was better to develop swimming ability rather than rely on adult supervision (35% vs. 30%). Many parents have an overly optimistic view of the role of swimming ability and pre-school swimming lessons in drowning prevention. This was especially so for parents with toddlers enrolled in lessons. Swim schools in particular need to counter parental misconceptions of the protective role of swimming and reiterate the importance of close adult supervision of toddlers around water.     

Outside directors, board interlocks and firm performance: Empirical evidence from Colombian business groups

We investigate the relation of board structure through the appointments of outside directors and the role of busy directors on firm return on assets within an environment of no regulation for privately held firms and voluntary adoption of corporate best practices for security issuers with family controlling blockholders. This study relies on a sample of an average of 335 firms per year for the 1996-2006 period, where 244 are private firms and 285 are affiliated to one of the seven largest non-financial business groups in the country. Five of these groups were, in 2006, still family-controlled. We find a positive relation between both the ratio of outside directors, and the degree of board interlocks, with firm return-on-assets. Outside busy directors turned out to be key drivers of improved firm performance. Appointments of outsiders are endogenous to firm ownership structure. Blockholder activism as well as contestability becomes an internal mechanism that improves director monitoring and ex-post firm valuation.     

论消费信贷与国内需求

本文通过对消费信贷的理论与实证分析,提出了关于消费信贷与国内需求内在关系的两个定理,即长期消费需求等效定理与短期国内需求不等效定理.根据这两个定理,作者认为,消费信贷既不能拉动长期消费需求,也不能拉动短期国内需求;因此,消费信贷不应成为刺激消费的首选之策,而不断提高城乡居民的收入,才是扩大国内需求的根本举措.     

中国老年人口受教育程度发展趋势前瞻

针对中国教育事业的发展如何影响未来30年老年人口的受教育结构、2050年中国建成现代化强国时老年人口的平均受教育年限是多少等问题进行分析,在运用人口普查以及1%人口抽样调查等数据对中国老年人口教育水平历史演进做出回顾的基础上着重预测未来趋势。结果显示:老年人口在改革开放以来实现了从八成不识字到八成受教育的历史性转变,且男女两性老年人口在受教育程度上的差距趋于缩小;到本世纪中叶,老年人口的平均受教育年限预计可达10年,基本具备高中教育水平,且男女两性老年人口教育不平等的状况将会显著改变,受过高等教育比例快速上升。中国老年人口规模大增长的时代同时也是老年教育水平大提升的时代,这可以为健康老龄化和积极老龄化等创造更有利的发展环境。     

社区丰富环境对城市老年人认知变动轨迹的影响

采用中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查项目,收集2005、2008、2011、2014年各4531、1766、1384、1074名65~104岁城市老年人追踪数据,运用增长曲线模型,考察了城市老年人的认知能力随年龄的变化趋势以及社区丰富环境(社区组织社会活动、社区提供精神慰藉服务、社区提供医疗保健服务)对认知变动轨迹的影响。结果显示,随着年龄的增加,认知能力的下降速度越来越快。所在社区组织社会活动、提供精神慰藉服务的老人认知水平更高,认知能力的下降速度更慢,而社区医疗服务并未对城市老年人的认知变动轨迹造成显著影响。建议把握老年人认知功能的变化规律,在认知功能迅速下降之前及时干预,加强丰富环境的刺激,防止或减缓认知能力的进一步退化。     

子女迁移背景下代际支持对农村老人生理健康的影响

利用相关跟踪调查数据,采用个体增长模型,结合农村实际状况,考察代际支持对农村老人生理健康的纵向影响。获得经济支持和日常照料对老人生理健康的发展有显著影响,提供经济支持和日常照料对老人生理健康的发展也有一定的显著影响,体现了代际支持对健康的选择效应和用进废退理论。在经济和健康的允许下,利他行为有利于老人生理健康的发展。"享清福"的观念有待思考。生活满意度和抑郁能够直接或通过代际支持间接地影响老人生理健康的发展。     

试论如何做好老年人的信访工作

老年人是社会的弱势群体,自身权益容易受到社会及家庭等方面的侵害,做好老年信访工作是维护老年人合法权益的一个重要手段.老年信访工作作为信访工作的重要内容,是维护老年人根本利益的重要平台,也是各级老龄工作部门的重要职责,做好这项工作意义十分重大.