Growth Beyond National Borders

Abstract

Among OPEC (Organization of Oil Producing Countries) members, Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) possesses the largest FDIs in refineries. The high degree of internationalization achieved by PDVSA has placed it among the most important oil multinationals. By analyzing PDVSA's internationalization strategy, this paper attempts to fill the gaps in the specialized literature on multinationals from developing countries. It argues that corporate decision-making processes are different in a developing country context and, as such, require specific attention. The analysis of the decision-making process set in motion to implement the internationalization of PDVSA offers a fertile ground for gaining key insight into the balance between government decision-making processes and corporate strategy.

RESUMEN

Entre los miembros de OPEP (Organización de Países Productores de Petróleo), Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) es la empresa que posee las mayores refinerías IED. El alto grado de internacionalización alcanzado por PDVSA, ha posicionado a la empresa entre las mayores multinacionales petroleras del mundo. A través del análisis de la estrategia de internacionalización de PDVSA, este estudio pretende llenar las brechas existentes en la literatura especializada sobre las multinacionales de los países en desarrollo. El artículo aboga que los procesos de toma de decisiones corporativas son distintos en el contexto de un país en desarrollo y, por ende, exigen mayor atención. El análisis del proceso de toma de decisiones puesto en marcha para implementar la internacionalización de PDVSA, ofrece un suelo fértil para adquirir una percepción mayor del equilibrio que existe entre los procesos de toma de decisiones gubernamentales y la estrategia corporativa.

RESUMO

Entre os membros da OPEP (Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo), a Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) possui o maior Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (FDI) emrefinarias. O alto grau de internacionalização atingido pela PDVSA, colocou-a entre as mais importantes multinacionais do petróleo. Este estudo, através da análise da estratégia de internacionalização da PDVSA, busca preencher as lacunas da literatura especializada em multinacionais de países em desenvolvimento. Argumenta-se que os processos de tomada de decisão corporativa são diferentes no contexto de um país desenvolvido e, portanto, exigem uma atenção especial. A análise do processo de tomada de decisão, utilizado para implementar a internacionalização da PDVSA, oferece um solo fértil para se obter uma percepção fundamental do equilíbrio entre os processos governamentais de tomada de decisão e a estratégia corporativa.     

波兰:跨越边界的国家

尽管国内腐败问题严重,环境问题成堆,但作为新签约的十个准成员国之一的波兰,仍将在明年加入欧盟. 波兰位于东欧和西欧边界,战略地位十分重要.它的西面是德意志共和国,东面是独联体国家,南面是捷克和斯洛伐克,其东面和东北面还有乌克兰、立陶宛和俄罗斯.东德和西德合并后,波兰成为欧洲第九大欧洲国,面积达32.25万平方公里.让我们看看这个共和国在2004年加入欧盟后会给另外9个东欧国带来怎样的影响吧.     

宝洁:创新没有边界

<正>"假若你拥有一项美白面膜的专利配方,你既想让这款面膜投入市场,让更多的人享受美白带来的快乐,但苦于没有资金,并且不愿花太多精力在经营品牌或生意上,     

Situational Ethics Across Borders: A Multicultural Examination

Managers throughout the world regularly face ethical dilemmas that have important, and perhaps complex, professional and personal implications. Further, societal consequences of decisions made can be far-reaching. In this study, 210 financial services managers from Australia, Chile, Ecuador and the United States were queried about their ethical beliefs when faced with four diverse dilemmas. In addition, the situational context was altered so the respondent viewed each dilemma from a top management position and from a position of economic hardship. Results suggest a complex interaction of situation, culture and issue when individuals make ethical judgments. Specifically, Chileans were found to have different beliefs about sex discrimination and child labor dilemmas when compared to their colleagues from the other three nations. Chileans and Australians also disagreed on the bribery dilemma. Anglo managers were more likely than Latin American managers to change their ethical responses when the situation was altered. For multinational firms interested in maintaining healthy ethical climates, the findings suggest that culturally contingent ethical guidelines, or policies adapted to the local customs, must be considered. Further, managers must remain aware of issues related to specific situations, both internal and external, that would cause subordinates to alter their moral judgment.     

Crossing Industry Borders: German Manufacturers as Services Exporters

Manufacturing firms increasingly engage in service trade activities. Microlevel data show that German manufacturers accounted for nearly 30 billion euros of service exports in 2005. I have found that particular construction, engineering and R&D services are exported. The machinery industries, motor vehicles and chemicals producers dominate the overall pattern. The types of services exported vary strongly across industries. Service exports of advertising, data processing, management and R&D services are found to likely support foreign affiliates of firms. However, these headquarter services are only infrequently observable. Much more important are construction and engineering services exported by machinery firms. These might represent installation and maintenance services complementing exported machinery. R&D services exports generally represent the transfer of knowledge and technology, which is found to be particularly relevant for motor vehicle producers. Beyond the support of foreign production of firms, R&D services might be relevant also in R&D cooperations of firms or when firms have partnerships with foreign suppliers or buyers of intermediate products.     

Profit Without Copyright

An elite consensus appears to have formed around the strengthening of IPR regimes. At the same time, many people, particularly in developing countries, are questioning the idea of paying for what they intuitively sense might possibly be free. In view of the potential for global dissensus on this issue, businesses that produce and distribute explicit knowledge, or digital sequences, would be quite prudent to start making contingency plans for a new form of global capitalism: one characterised by much weaker IPR regimes. Competitive business strategies based upon rival-complementarity (i.e. physical goods and human services that complement digital products) indicate the feasibility of a global economy-of-things, resting upon a freely accessible ecology of knowledge. This might be built in the future, in much the same way that an industrial economy was built, historically, upon a natural ecology of available land and biosystems. Such an arrangement conforms to several rather fundamental political intuitions.     

论中国企业跨国经营的跨越式发展模式

关于中国企业跨国经营的发展模式,较流行的观点是渐进式发展模式。采用渐进式发展模式的企业一般都会部分或全部经历跨国经营的五个阶段,即不规律地间接出口、规律地间接出口、直接出口、建立海外销售机构、建立海外生产机构。然而,中国目前特定的环境条件决定了企业开展跨国经营还可以采取另外一种模式,即跨越式发展模式。     

Borders Redrawn: Measuring the Statistical Creation of International Trade

In this note, we quantify how much of the increase in the volume of international trade that took place since 1945 is attributed to the reclassification of within‐country trade to international trade owing to changes in national boundaries. We do so by imposing the territorial delimitations corresponding to 1946 to the current trade flow data, thus quantifying the volume of international trade that would not have been labelled international given national boundaries right after the end of World War II. Our results show that the effect of ‘boundary redrawing’ corresponds roughly to 1 per cent of the total volume of international trade. If colonial trade had been statistically considered to be within‐country (within‐empire) trade instead of international trade, the independence of colonies would have raised this effect to approximately 3 per cent of total trade.     

四集电视专题片边关第一集界碑叙说

1.(广西山区外景) 在广西大兴县硕龙镇中国与越南的边境线上,两棵野生的木棉树格外瞩目.     

日照:没有围墙的城市

中国还有一个叫日照的地方,因日出初光先照得美名,因地处南北气候过渡带,四季气候温和,并且是江北最大的绿茶产区、野生杜鹃分布区和毛竹生长带,被称为北方的南方,南方的北方。     

区域经济合作优于多边经济合作

WTO的屡遭挫折和FTA、RTA的蓬勃兴起使FTA和RTA成为各国政策的一个普遍选择,也使WTO正在遭遇边缘化的危险.作为一种非合作博弈,FTA和RTA的稳定性要大于WTO,在实践的可行性上,FTA 和 RTA要优子WTO.WTO成员正在陷入"囚徒的困境"之中.     

四集电视专题片边关第二集走向雪域

1、解说: 这里是云南省德宏傣族景坡族自治州陇川县章凤镇.在这里篱笆墙就是国界线了.篱笆墙的外面是缅甸.     

The Individual Aspect of Interorganizational Cooperation: Favor-Based Cooperation

ABSTRACT

Purpose

Interorganizational (IO) cooperation has been examined primarily as a role-based concept. This research seeks to extend this concept by examining a distinct mode of IO cooperation: favor-based cooperation. This concept refers to voluntary exchanges of preferential treatments between boundary personnel across organizations that are perceived as going beyond the requirements of their role relationships.     

上海合作组织海关合作工作组

上海合作组织即ShangHai Cooperation Organization,是哈萨克斯坦、中国、吉尔吉斯斯坦、俄罗斯、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹男《克斯坦于2001年6月15日在上海宣布成立的永久性政府问国际组织。2003年9月,SCO六国总理在北京举行第二次会议,通过了Ⅸ上海合作组织成员国多边经贸合作纲要》。同年底在SCO经贸部长会议机制下成立了“电子商务”、“海关合作”、“检验检疫和标准一致化”、“投资促进”四个联合工作组。     

有度无量等于零

一个产品或者一个品牌的访问量、含金量、销售量是决定一个品牌，一个产品是否有价值的有效方法，这就是产品力营销的重要法则之一。     

竞争与合作

企业成败的关键 中国对外承包工程商会迟长海副会长曾说过一段颇为精彩的话:正确处理好竞争与合作的关系,是企业实现发展的重要条件.竞争发展到一定程度,必然会出现合作的需求;通过合作,可走向更高层次的竞争.没有竞争能力的企业不能在市场中生存;同样,没有合作能力的企业也不能在市场中生存.在经济全球化、市场国际化的今天,这一点尤为重要.合作带来经验,不仅能实现优势互补,还能提高优势的利用率.     

Periphery capitalism — Without question mark

This article is a rejoinder to Professor Marion Mushkat’s contribution “Pheripheric Capitalism?” which was published in INTERECONOMICS, No. 5, May 1975.     

Saving for Retirement Without Harming Others

This article discusses moral issues raised by defined contribution retirement plans, specifically 401(k) plans in the United States. The primary aim is to defend the claim that the federal government ought to require 401(k) plans to include a range of socially responsible investment (SRI) options. The analysis begins with the minimal assumption that corporations engage in behavior that imposes morally impermissible harms on others with sufficient regularity to warrant attention. After motivating this assumption, I argue that individual investors typically share in the responsibility for the harms imposed by corporations in which they invest, and that they therefore have a moral obligation to incorporate considerations of social responsibility into their investment decisions, when possible, to avoid being complicit in morally impermissible corporate behavior. I further argue that individuals are subject to substantial institutional and structural pressures that create a powerful incentive to invest in 401(k) plans, even though such plans typically lack any SRI options. To eliminate this pressure to commit indirect harm in the process of saving for retirement, I recommend that the federal government requires 401(k) plans to incorporate a range of SRI options, and I defend this proposal from several possible objections.     

网秦:凭空造出大市场

读者大人的思考题!我网真秦创诚业地过建程议中亲遇爱到的的读三者个大难人题们。在如阅果读换本作文是之你前,花会五如分何钟决思断考?三个问题,这是