Responsive pricing

We study the efficiency property of responsive pricing, a scheme that proposes to increase prices as a function of the level of capacity utilization in environments where traditional allocation schemes (e.g. competitive markets, non-linear pricing) cannot be implemented in practice. We show that although responsive pricing implements allocations that are arbitrarily close to full capacity utilization (no wasted capacity and no excess demand), these allocations are not always efficient. We identify conditions under which efficiency occurs and discuss implications for the use of responsive pricing. We would like to thank seminar participants at the LSE, Venezia, Toulouse, and Copenhagen as well as Piero Gottardi, Karel Mertens, Marco Ottaviani, Markus Poschke, Karl Schlag, and Sanne Zwart for useful comments.     

日本药品价格政策研究及对我国的启示

本文采用文献研究法对日本的药品价格政策进行了分析。研究表明,日本的药品价格政策,尤其在新药价格管理、医疗保险制度、仿制药定价、药价调整及政府定价范围等方面有较为科学的定价流程及依据,非常值得我国借鉴。     

Free entry into telecommunications?

The two leading principles of pricing for public enterprises are outlined: Value based and cost based pricing. It is shown that optimal pricing à la Ramsey-Boiteux is closely related to value based pricing which itself is connected with Lindahl pricing of public goods. Cost based pricing is related to the pricing in competitive markets. Opening up of telecommunication to competition implies a change from value based (public good) pricing to cost based (pritate good) pricing. It is shown why specific developments in telecommunication technology make a switch to cost based pricing and a competitive environment appropriate. At the end a proposal is developed for a gradual change towards competition which would meet less political resistance.     

基于SaaS的在线软件服务定价模式研究

SaaS是一种通过互联网提供软件的应用模式,对于许多中小企业来说,SaaS是一种可以降低信息化成本的较好途径,它避免了企业硬件购买、平台搭建、基础设施和应用软件维护的投入。而SaaS的成功运作,关键在于正确定价模式的选择。基于SaaS服务的价格形成机制分别探讨了四种不同的定价模式:按需定价模式、基于成本的定价模式、基于价值的定价模式和面向竞争的定价模式,并讨论了不同定价策略在SaaS服务模式中的适用性。     

When does tiered wholesale pricing create an incentive to reduce retail prices?

Wholesale ‘ladder pricing’ involves setting the wholesale price retailers face as a nonlinear (generally increasing) function of price chosen by retailers. This form of wholesale pricing occurred recently in UK Telecoms, and the issue became extensively debated in the law courts. A major concern in deciding the merits of the case lay with the question of whether or not the introduction of tiered wholesale pricing created incentives for retailers to actually reduce their prices. This paper examines the incentive for the case where the wholesale tariff is a non-linear continuous differentiable function. It is shown that so long as the tariff is strictly increasing, convex, and positive only for retail prices greater than the maximum retailer marginal cost, then there is indeed an incentive to reduce price, whatever the actual gradient of the tariff schedule.     

Shock size, asymmetries, and state dependent pricing

State dependent pricing models predict different real responses to shocks than time dependent pricing models. For sufficiently large shocks, the real effects of shocks are independent of their sign.     

论转让定价与税收问题

转让定价问题是随着世界经济的发展、全球经济一体化的趋势逐渐增强、跨国公司逐步增多的情况下而日益突出的重要经济行为。转让定价行为引起国际收入、费用分配的变化,从而影响有关国家或地区的经济刺益。因此,受到各国政府及经济专家的格外关注,成为经济领域的热门话题。转让定价对税收影响很大,如果在税制上不加以严格规定,会造成税收大量流失。     

Third decimal place odd prices trigger competition: evidence from the Italian retail gasoline market

Recent literature shows that in the US gasoline prices are higher in locations using more odd prices (particularly those ending in five and nine digits), since they coarse the pricing grid and act as a focal collusive point. We replicate this analysis for the Italian market, obtaining the opposite result. Since the rightmost digit of the retail gasoline prices in Italy is the third and not the second decimal place, coarsening the pricing grid is not sufficient to support a collusive behaviour.     

职位定价中的决策困境与策略选择

职位定价的两种方法——职位评估与市场定价之间经常地存在不一致和冲突,因而企业薪酬决策中面临着两难选择的决策困境和潜在风险。分析了市场定价与职位评估这两种方法的理论基础和冲突的根源,比较了两种方法对不同职位定价所产生的薪酬效应,在此基础上提出了解决职位定价决策困境的基本思路,认为应该在薪酬决策之前进行战略分析和价值链分析,并针对不同的职位采取不同的策略。     

不同控股比例下的国际转移定价模型

转移价格在跨国企业的国际经营活动中起着重要的作用。本文从企业税负驱动机制的微观层面上,扩展国际转移定价的理论模型,深入分析在不同控股比例和红利分配率情况下转移价格的理性选择;并且运用模拟方法,揭示不同变量条件下的最优转移价格策略。     

Generic medicine pricing in Europe: current issues and future perspective

Abstract

This editorial discusses a number of trends affecting the pricing of generic medicines in Europe. With respect to pricing, recent evidence has emerged that European generic medicine manufacturers face competition from Indian manufacturers; that the price level of generic medicines varies substantially between European countries; and that generic medicine manufacturers engage in competition by discount rather than price competition in France, The Netherlands and the UK. These trends suggest that there may be scope for further reducing the prices of generic medicines in several countries.

In relation to reference pricing, most European countries have incorporated market incentives within reference pricing systems with a view to promoting price competition. The European experience indicates that the generic medicines industry delivers competitive prices under a reference pricing system if demand-side policies are in place that stimulate physicians, pharmacists and patients to use generic medicines.

Finally, caution needs to be exercised when focusing on the drivers of generic medicine pricing as these drivers not only vary between countries, but may also vary within a country. Manufacturers of originator and generic medicines do not take a single pricing approach following patent expiry, but vary their pricing strategy from molecule to molecule.     

数字产品定价中传统经济学方法失灵原因及定价策略

数字产品的高固定成本、低边际成本的成本结构导致了传统的供求曲线和均衡分析的失灵,使得传统的边际成本定价不适用于数字产品。数字产品定价中传统定价方法失灵的原因主要有：数字产品的网络外部性、成本结构的特殊性、需求曲线及供给曲线的变化、市场供求均衡的打破,研究表明采用产品差异化和差别定价、免费,捆绑销售、两段收费的定价策略有一定的积极意义。     

Efficiency versus social optimality: The case of telecommunications pricing

Standard arguments for efficiency-based pricing policies break down once it is admitted that no lump-sum transfers and taxes are available. In this paper, it is argued that the appropriate solution is to equate the marginal welfare cost of redistributing income through pricing policies that deviate from marginal cost with the marginal cost of redistribution through the tax and welfare systems. For telecommunications pricing, this solution may be implemented by charging usage prices for long-distance services in excess of marginal cost and making corresponding reductions in fixed access charges. An illustrative example, based on data for Australia, is presented.     

排污权有偿使用阶梯式定价研究——以化学需氧量排放为例

依据河南省2010年污染源普查数据,分析了不同行业化学需氧量排放的公平性问题,基于不同行业经济贡献与排污量之间的差异性的基础上,参考阶梯水价和电价的制定思路,提出了排污权阶梯式定价,并对其内涵与经济学特征进行了分析,最后,在恢复成本法定价的基础上制定了河南省化学需氧量有偿使用阶梯式价格。     

旅游景点定价问题探析——以甘肃张掖大佛寺与马蹄寺为例

从旅游景点定价问题着手,本文分析了常见的各种定价策略、特点与适用范围,通过建模提出了一种新的定价策略:两部门搭售式定价。以甘肃张掖大佛寺和马蹄寺为个案进一步阐述了我国旅游景区改善定价策略的必要性与应用两部门搭售式定价的实际效果。     

中国出口厂商依市定价行为研究*

本文从总体、行业以及地域三个层面对我国出口厂商的依市定价行为进行实证研究。结果表明,就总体层面而言,我国出口厂商确实存在依市定价行为。而从行业层面的实证结果看,不同行业出口厂商依市定价行为之间差异较大。其中资源密集型行业,如矿产品业、木制品行业的出口厂商依市定价程度最弱,定价能力较强;技术及资本密集型且加工程度较高的行业,如机电制造业、运输设备制造业的依市定价程度次之;劳动密集型且加工程度较低的行业,如橡胶、塑料制造业的出口厂商依市定价程度最高,定价能力最弱。地域层面的实证结果表明,我国出口厂商在对不同贸易伙伴出口时的依市定价行为同样存在差异,且对主要贸易伙伴的依市定价程度相对其他非主要贸易伙伴较弱。     

资产定价理论:逻辑悖论与展望

资产定价理论是现代金融经济学的核心内容,但由于资产定价理论存在的局限性,所以它们在不断接受着各种实践检验的挑战.这些问题的根源在于没有认识到经典资产定价理论存在着认识论和方法论上的悖论,这些悖论突显了资产定价基本思想在未来资产定价理论发展上的重要意义.     

行为公设与资产定价理论

资产定价理论的核心是行为公设,行为公设是对人的行为的公理化概括,资产定价理论是行为公设在资产选择问题上的具体应用。资产定价理论的正确性在现实中经受检验,当资产定价理论被现实证明存在缺陷时,最终必然追溯到行为公设上。资产定价理论与行为公设之间存在着因果和反馈关系,行为公设为因,资产定价理论为果,同时资产定价理论对行为公设作出反馈。要消除资产定价理论对实际结果的偏离,最终必然落实到行为公设上,因此必须加强对行为公设的研究。     

异质信念资产定价研究

从随机游走、行为金融到混沌,从现代资产定价理论、行为资产定价理论到异质信念资产定价理论,3种学说和3种定价理论同时存在干当今资本市场的研究中,它们分别从不同方面、不同视角解释了资产价格的波动。本文的研究理清了3种重要定价理论之间的关系：理性与有限理性,线性与非线性,价格波动的外在机制与内在机制,为人们进一步研究资产定价理论提供了清晰的脉络。     

Water pricing reform analysis: alternative scenarios

This paper compares alternative transition paths to efficient water pricing. The analysis is based on representative agent model, where two sources of water supply exist: exhaustible groundwater stock and a renewable substitute. Two alternative water pricing reforms are considered: gradual tariff increase and multipart pricing with first block sold at the initial pre-reform tariff and additional water sold at higher prices (block pricing reform). Under block pricing reform, the amount of water offered at low price gradually diminishes. The results of comparative analysis prove that under the same reform time horizon block pricing is preferred to the gradual tariff increase.