An Economic Analysis of Localized Pollution: Rendering Emissions in a Residential Setting

The contingent value method is employed to estimate economic damages to households resulting from rendering plant emissions in a small town. Household willingness to accept (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) are estimated individually and in aggregate. The influence of household characteristics on WTP and WTA is examined via regression models. The perception of health risk is an important determinant of household valuation, while income appears insignificant. Both WTA and WTP results indicate that a potential Pareto-improvement is possible with the incorporation of current abatement technology La méthode des valeurs contingentes est utilisée pour évaluer les dommages économiques causés aux ménages par les émissions d'une usine d'équarrissage dans une petite localité. Les valeurs WTA et WTP des ménages sont estimées séparément puis sous formes agrégee. L'influence des caractères du ménage sur la WTP et la WTA est examinée au moyen de modèles de régression. La perception du risque pour la santé est un déterminant important de la valeur accordée par le ménage, alors que le niveau de revenu n'aurait qu'une influence négligeable. Les valeurs WTA et WTP obtenues laissent voir qu'un critère Pareto serait possible avec la mise en place des techniques modernes antipollution     

Economic Perspectives in Agricultural Systems Analysis

The paper highlights the great diversity of economic research on agricultural systems, through the presentation of selected approaches: modern farm management, farming systems research, agricultural household economics, French Africanist rural economics, and behavioral and multidisciplinary systems studies. Major differences among these studies are highlighted, in terms of research aims, organization and issues, type of 'systemic' approach followed, theoretical framework, use of formal modeling, and the role of fieldwork. Trends in popularity of the different research types are discussed. The authors recommend integrating an institutional perspective in economic research on agricultural systems and broadening the research agenda.     

An Analysis of the Linkage Between Agricultural Exports and Economic Growth in Pakistan

Summary

This article examines the relationship between agricultural exports and economic growth. Pakistan is used as a case study due to its large amounts of agricultural exports which have competed with industry for government support. This study estimates three simultaneous equations representing GDP, agricultural exports, and total imports while incorporating factors such as income remittances from abroad, investment, and manufactured exports as independent variables. The timing of this information is critical as Pakistan's policy makers now face major agricultural reforms in their quest for development. The estimation results show that a favorable relationship exists between agricultural exports and growth in GDP.     

安徽省农业生态系统经济损失估算与分析

安徽省农业生态系统面临着人口、自然灾害、生态破坏和环境污染的压力。本文构建了农业生态系统经济损失的指标体系和评估模型，估算出安徽省2002年农业生态系统经济总损失达22.05亿元，相当于当年农业总产值的1．67％，这一比例低于北京市和江苏省的比例。安徽省农业生态破坏损失值在空间分布上表现为丘陵区最为严重。     

我国农业保险业务萎缩的经济学分析

本文从公共经济学的角度，分析了农业保险的准公共物品性质，并分析了其正外部性，以及由于外部性存在最终导致供给不足、效率的损失。因此市场经济要求政府对市场失效进行调节，对农业保险给予补贴。     

我国长江三角洲地区无公害农产品生产的经济效益分析

对长江三角洲地区嘉兴市 2 0 0 2年 1 1家无公害农产品和常规农产品生产企业的调查与经济效益分析表明 ,无公害农产品生产投入更大 ,成本结构发生改变 ,比较收益率大于成本溢出率 ,生产经济效益更高 ,但也存在优质不优价等问题。各级政府应在市场建设、公益性宣传和生产者补贴等方面发挥作用。     

农地承包制下农业经营组织的演进与绩效分析——一个制度经济学的视角

本文从农产品与农资产品交易的角度,依据经营组织主体的差异提出了承包制下农业经营组织可分为自生型组织与外来型组织。以对经营组织的需求为基础、以组织结构和组织效率为逻辑分析了这两类组织的演变过程,认为自生型组织的形成虽受到组织资源缺乏的制约,但该类型组织协调成本低,农户能完全享有组织效率带来的收益,社会功能明显;外来型组织缓解了农户增收中资金、技术、市场的缺乏,但由于"利益分享,风险共担"的机制天生不完善,可持续发展能力弱;这两类组织互补性强,在一定程度上能推进农业投资和农地资源配置优化,减弱农地家庭承包经营的缺陷。     

农业经济分析模型的理论与方法

本文将分类介绍常用农业经济分析模型的理论与方法。如经济计量模型 ,线性规划模型及复合模型 ,并选择一些有特色的模型作重点介绍。构建了江苏省农业区域政策分析复合模型作实证分析。     

退耕还林工程对农业生产影响的经济分析——退耕农户生计外推分析

文章分析了退耕还林对黄河流域农业生产的影响。研究结果发现,在退耕地上产品产出和价格等高折现率情况下,参与工程农户家庭收入的净现值依旧为正值,这表明退耕还林工程对黄河流域农业生产产生积极的影响,也说明只要退耕农户权益得到保护,就不会出现大面积复耕反弹现象。     

An Empirical Analysis of the Relative Efficiency of Policy Instruments to Reduce Nitrate Water Pollution in the U.S. Southern High Plains

This paper develops a modeling framework for evaluating alternative water quality protection policies. The framework integrates the EPIC-PST crop growth/chemical transport model and a mathematical programming model. The framework is applied to the evaluation of four water quality policies in the southern high plains of the United States:
• restrictions on per-acre nitrogen use,
• taxes on nitrogen use,
• taxes on irrigation water use, and
• incentives to convert conventional irrigation systems to modem irrigation technology. The results indicate that producers would make a variety of adjustments in responding to these policies. Important responses might include reductions in nitrogen and water use, crop substitution, removal of land from crop production and conversion from irrigated to dryland production. These four policies are evaluated based on changes in farm income and social welfare. The irrigation system conversion incentive clearly outperforms other policies from both society's and producers points of view. Producers would prefer nitrogen use restrictions to nitrogen or water use taxes because farm income would be reduced less under the restrictions than under the taxes. Nitrogen use taxes, however, are more desirable than nitrogen use restrictions from society's point of view.     

中国农业波动周期与预警分析

保持农业稳定增长,避免大起大落是政府农业宏观调控的基本目标。要对农业实施有效的宏观调控,必须进行及时而准确的预警分析,而准确的预警分析又必须以正确认识和把握农业波动周期为前提。本文从测定农业波动周期入手,通过预警分析,在探讨周期性农业波动主导因素的基础上,提出政府农业宏观调控的基本思路和对策。     

广东农业经济增长效率分析:1993—2004

本文利用改进的农业经济增长DEA分解核算框架,对广东各地农业增长及效率进行分解测算,结果表明:1993-2004年广东农业GDP增长主要源于要素投入的产出效应,全省农业TFP累积增长54.70%,珠三角地区为105.28%,粤东地区为20.85%,粤西地区为66.35%,粤北地区为8.35%,珠三角地区的农业生产效率明显高于其他地区.而全省及各地区的农业TFP增长总体上主要依靠技术进步.     

广东现代农业产业经济分析与对策

广东现代农业产业发展势头迅猛,在有效促进本省农民增收致富的同时,为国内其他省份起到了良好的示范带动作用。本文对广东现代农业产业经济发展的综合效益、结构特征、区域布局、组织体系及生产能力进行全面分析,凝练存在问题,提出优化广东现代农业产业经济发展的对策建议,为加快广东发展区域优势经济与特色产业提供参考。     

苏南人口与经济协调发展评价与分析

文章从人口和经济两方面,选取了16个指标构建了人口与经济协调发展度评价指标体系.采用2008年数据,运用层次分析法及DPS软件,综合评价了苏南五个地级市的人口与经济发展水平,量化了人口与经济协调发展的关系,分析表明苏州,无锡人口与经济达到了优质协调;南京,常州达到了基本协调;镇江处于极不协调.在此基础上,提出了实现人口...     

A Methodology for Farm-Level Economic Analysis of Soil Erosion Effects Under Alternative Crop Rotational Systems in Ontario

Multiperiod linear programming techniques are used to evaluate comparative profitabilities and soil erosion rates for corn grown monoculturally and in rotation with a) soybeans, b) soybeans and oats, c) barley, and d) alfalfa on moderately sloping land with medium loam soils in southern Ontario. Attention is focussed on the case of a highly leveraged recent entrant to farming with heavy debt servicing needs and potential cash flow constraints. Monocultural corn was found to be more profitable than any of the rotational systems, with corn-soybeans rotations the next most profitable and corn-barley rotations the least profitable. Corn-soybeans caused the highest soil erosion, followed by continuous corn, with corn-alfalfa rotations causing the least. Les techniques de programmation linéaire multipériode sont utilisées pour évaluer et comparer les niveaux de profit et les taux d' érosion de sols agricoles moyennement argileux pour des systèmes de production de grandees cultyres localiées dans le sud de l' ontario et produisant, soit du mais en régime de monoculture, soit du mais en rotation avec: a) du soja, b) soja et avoine, c) orge. et d) de la luzerne plantée sur des terrains à pentes modérées. L' analyse developpée dans cet article met l' accent sur des agriculteurs récemment installés, disposant de beaucoup d' actifs, mais également, ayant des besoins énormes d' emprunts et, par conséquent, soumis à des contraintes potentielles sur leurs cash-flows. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le système de production, mais-monoculture, est le plus viable de tous les systèmes etudies. Parmi les systemes de production reposant sur une rotation culturale, il s' avère que celui combinant maïs et soja vienne en seconde position, tandis que un régime cultural fondé sur une rotation maïs et orge donne les pires resultats. Pour ce qui concerne des taux d' erosion des sols, la rotation maïs-soja cause les plus gros dommages. ensuite suivie par le système de production, maïs-monoculture. Finalement, les taux d' erosion les plus faibles ont été obtenus pour la rotation culturale, maïs-luzerne.     

储备花生油氧化稳定性及品质研究

研究了储备花生油的氧化稳定性及品质变化。结果表明,氮气体系中花生油最稳定,适于推广。氧化变质的花生油中脂肪酸组成总体变化很小,SFA和MUFA的含量稍有增大,PUFA逐渐减少。而添加抗氧化剂有利于提高花生油的稳定性。合成抗氧化剂效果优于天然抗氧化剂,复合抗氧化剂效果优于单一抗氧化剂。     

技术性贸易壁垒的经济学分析

本文主要从进口国的角度分别在小国假设和大国假设下对实施技术性贸易壁垒的不同经济效果从经济学的角度做出了分析。本文指出，以产业保护为目的的技术性贸易壁垒会降低一国的福利水平，而以保护消费者为目的的技术性贸易壁垒在技术标准选择适度的情况下可以提高一国的福利水平，在进口商品含有对国内生产不利的有害因素时，实施技术性贸易壁垒要优于禁止贸易的状况。     

An Economic Analysis of Wildlife Habitat Preservation in Alberta

This paper provides a twofold focus on wildlife habitat enhancement and development in Alberta: (1) from the user perspective based on measures of willingness to pay for an incremental increase in wildlife habitat; and (2) from the perspective of a private landowner, who possesses certain attitudes and characteristics conducive to providing an incremental increase in habitat under specified conditions that benefit the user