对亚当·斯密“一只看不见的手”的解读

<正>亚当·斯密作为一个伟大的经济学家,是资产阶级古典政治经济学的开创者。他在《国民财富的性质与原因的研究》(简称《国富论》)中所提出的许多结论和观点在当今的市场经济中仍然发挥着积极的作用。同时,亚当.斯密也是一个伦理学家,以《道德情操论》为代表作。也正是这两部著作,留下了一个争论不断的问题,即"亚当·斯密问题"。     

关于"亚当·斯密问题"的认识与思考

"亚当·斯密问题"持续百年之久,其中折射出的人性在道德判断和利益追求的分离与偏颇让古今中外的学者为之困惑.本文在对"亚当·斯密问题"的产生与分歧中对该问题做出了整体的把握与认识,提出经济人与道德人统一的重要性,并指出探讨、深思"亚当·斯密问题"具有深刻的理论与现实意义.     

浅议我国现行增值税的中性原则

<正> 税收中性的思想源于十八世纪英国古典经济学家亚当·斯密的经济理论。他在《国富论》一书中阐述了“看不见的手”的原理。他认为在市场经济中分工能够发展,消费能够最有效地得到满足,生产效率能最快地得到提高。“市场会解决一切问题”,“人人想方设法使自己的资源产生最多的价值。……,这样他就被一只看不见的手牵引着,去促进原本不是他想促进的利益。”按照亚当·斯密的观点,政府对市场经济的任何干预势必破坏自发形成的市场规范和秩     

让经济逻辑回归文化自觉——亚当·斯密理论体系中两条主线关系的辨正

作为“市场经济之父”,亚当·斯密不仅是一个经济学家,更是一个道德伦理学家和哲学家。要真正理解亚当。斯密,我们必须跳出狭隘的经济逻辑,从更为深刻的文化视角进行解读。这不仅具有重要的理论价值,而具有重大的现实意义。     

效率理论述评

现代经济学的核心是效率理论。古典经济学,从亚当.斯密的鸿篇巨著《国富论》那里就阐述了经济学的精髓是分工效率理论和竞争效率理论。新古典经济学继承了亚当.斯密竞争效率思想,却抛弃了亚当.斯密的分工效率理论,用配置效率——帕累托效率,取代了效率概念,虽然树立了帕累托效率在经济学中的统治地位,却由于其狭隘性和静态性质多遭批评。此后,在对主流效率理论进行批判的时候,新奥地利学派和新制度经济学提出了动态效率理论。效率理论仍在不断创新。     

斯密问题及其对构建和谐社会的启示

《道德情操论》和《国富论》是亚当·斯密在伦理学和经济学领域中的经典名著,也正是源于这两部著作中对人性论述的不一致,才构成了＂斯密问题＂。     

简报

拯救经济学 现代经济学诞生时，亚当．斯密构想的经济学足对“国民财富的性质及生成原因”的研究。《国寓论》在商人之间被广为阅读，还激发并引导了政治家们对贸易及其它经济政策的辩论。     

亚当&#183;斯密国际分工贸易理论的重构与启示

“绝对优势”、“市场扩张“和“剩余外溢”三个理论分支一起构成了亚当&#183;斯密国际分工贸易理论的完整体系。长期以来,理论界对斯密国际分工贸易理论的理解不够全面准确,但斯密的理论对后世国际分工贸易和国际竞争力理论研究产生了深远影响。斯密及其发展者的理论对我国具有重大启示作用。     

市场使人向善

所有的宗教都假定人是自我为中心的，这与经济学的假设无异。于是，经济学鼻祖亚当·斯密不仅写出了《道德情操论》，也写出了《国富论》。     

浅谈“看得见的手”对我国企业管理的启示——读《看得见的手》有感

亚当？斯密提出了“看不见的手”的自由市场经济理论,而钱德勒则论证了企业的管理协调机制在组织内部替代市场机制配置资源的作用。本文在认真阅读《看得见的手》一书的基础上,简要探讨一下“看得见的手”对我国企业生存发展和企业管理的启示。     

论“学习人”的人性假设理论的形成及内涵

20世纪80年代学习型组织理论出现以后,人性假设的理论有了新的突破。学习型组织理论完整地提出了对人新的理解的问题,其全新的管理理念是以新的“学习人”的假设为中心。“学习人”假设认为,在现代组织中人应该不断地学习,提升自己的素质,以适应社会的发展与进步。自我超越、完善心智模式、系统思考、共同愿景、团队学习都是新人性的特点。     

中国五保养老的制度转型与科学发展

中国五保养老制度形成于上世纪50年代，经历了“集体供养”和“国家供养”两个阶段。五保供养制度建立和变革的过程体现了两组变化：一是国家与公民关系的“革命性”变化；二是国家与社会关系的“内卷化”变革。和谐社会建设的过程中，五保养老的制度要“以保障五保老人的自由发展为方向”、继续推进“创新性”与“内卷化”变革”，促使政府行为从部门行政走向综合治理。     

Business Should Be Its Own Therapist: Observing the "Governance Ethics" of Taiwanese Enterprises

Taiwanese enterprises generally display a tacit acceptance and practice of globally-recognized business ethics such as the respect of human rights. Yet some Taiwanese business supervisors subscribe instead to a philosophy of leadership, dubbed "pseudo-harmony", which actively seeks to evade responsibility and any conflict of interest with profitability. Meanwhile other Taiwanese entrepreneurs are even less enlightened, dictatorially upholding self-serving regimes which operate on a philosophy which is euphemistically referred to as "householder management".These attitudes result in the sub-optimal development of "organizational democratization" within Taiwanese enterprises and hi-light the fragility of "ethical leadership" in Taiwan. There is a strong argument, therefore, that Taiwanese business needs to become both its own analyst and therapist if it is to enhance its "governance ethics". Only this way can the nation's enterprises evolve their ethical responsibilities to stakeholders and sustain their competitiveness in a global market that increasingly demands an adherence to ethical standards.     

“斯密问题”的解读与启示——基于斯密人性观的再考察

亚当·斯密在《道德情操论》中认为人的主要动机是自利的,但他同时还承认存在次要的利他动机。因此,斯密实质上是人性二元论者。而在《国富论》中,其关于行为动机的自利设定只是出于构建理论体系的需要而对现实人性所作的必要抽象。综合考察《国富论》的研究主题和内容、斯密所处的历史发展阶段以及他关于自利设定的隐含预设,我们揭示这种抽象是合理的。因此,正是在上述意义上,＂斯密问题＂才是一个伪问题。澄清＂斯密问题＂的理论启示是：在构建经济理论时,需要基于现实情境合理地抽象出基本假设;实践启示是,构建适宜的道德基础对于我国市场经济的健康发展至关重要。     

The Natural Roots of Capitalism and Its Virtues and Values

When we think of theories that attempt to root capitalism in nature, the one that comes most readily to mind is Social Darwinism. In this theory, nature – driven by Darwinian natural selection (the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest) – is interpreted to imply, when applied to human activities, that extreme competition will allow the most "fit" competitors to rise to the top and to survive in this "struggle for existence," and this process of dog-eat-dog competition leads to both material and social progress. Not only has this theory been shown to be seriously flawed, the putative social implications of Darwinian natural selection do not accord with the findings of contemporary neoDarwinists who maintain, for example, that the behavior of monkeys and apes reveals a blend of competition and cooperation and, generally, a close connection to human moral behavior.Adam Smith provides a more helpful view of the connection between nature and capitalism. He maintains that nature's wisdom, as seen in its harmony and balance, is displayed in economics and human nature. Competitive free enterprise, as a vehicle for exchange, functions within a cooperative context and exhibits virtues and values such as mutual help and benefit, trust, harmony, and friendship. I shall show that neoDarwinists agree with Smith's view that nature supports a connection between competition and cooperation, and they maintain that moral activity, rather than destructive dog-eat-dog competition, is necessary to achieve the goals of natural selection.     

严复的富国策与亚当·斯密的《国富论》

亚当·斯密的《国富论》对现代经济学产生了极其深远的影响，而严复的译作《原富》也给当时的中国带来了西方最新的思潮，启发了国人的心智。通过比较亚当·斯密的《国富论》原文和严复的译作《原富》，从经济自由主义、反重商主义和最小政府三个方面，研究二者之间的异同点，在更深层次上把握严复对于亚当·斯密观点的传承和发展，从而探究严复的富国策。     

Adam Smith's concept of the social system

This essay will postulate that Adam Smith's view of society was formulated out of historical influences far broader than generally conceded by many commentators in economic thought. Smith's basic behavioral concepts of sympathy and self-interest are significant contributions to economic thought as are his philosophy of human nature being based on liberty and freedom and not simply the creation of wealth. The vectors of influence that converged on Adam Smith were of varied and even contradictory natures. Yet the result of this collision of philosophical forces was clearly an event of significance in the history of philosophical and economic thought.Edward W. Coker is presently an Assistant Professor of Business Administration at USM-Gulf Coast, teaching primarily in the area of economics and finance. Dr. Coker has appeared on the programs of the American Economic Association, the Southern Economic Association and the Financial Management Association, both as presenter and discussant of papers. His interest in business ethics is reflected in his doctoral dissertation on the writings of Adam Smith. He is also a member of the Association for Social Economics and has participated on several panels sponsored by that organization.     

饮食美的创造论(上)

饮食美的创造活动实际上是主体人在饮食生活、生产实践中按“美的规律”来构筑满足自己的“饮食审美化”的活动。因此,在餐饮生产劳动中饮食劳动主体美既是饮食美创造的出发点,也是饮食美创造的归宿点,贯穿于饮食美创造活动始末,为饮食造美的第一要素。具体对于饮食“造美”活动中的劳动主体美的内涵把握,依据社会主体人“生物人”与“社会人”的双重属性,将其划分为“劳动主体美的生理基础”和“劳动主体美的心理要求”两个层次。     

供应链视角下“农家乐”服务品质提升探讨

当前,我国"农家乐"发展存在的诸多局限性与没有完全摆脱"大而全"、追求"纵向一体化"的经营模式有一定关系,通过"横向一体化"构建产品供应链成为突破"农家乐"发展瓶颈的明智选择。以"农家乐"产品特征为基础,构建"农家乐"产品的供应链,分析其基本特征,从优化资源配置、实现专业分工等提高"农家乐"供应链运作效益角度,提出"农家乐"服务品质提升的途径以及相关的保障机制。     

农户“贮+销”经营行为影响因素分析

利用种植户实地调查数据和Logit模型,分析了苹果种植户参与"贮+销"模式的影响因素,研究结果表明:有贮藏设施,所在村有果农协会,交通便利地区的种植户参与"贮+销"模式的可能性较大;种植户所认定的贮藏后苹果质量等级与种植户参与"贮+销"模式存在正相关关系;而往期销售状况良好,认为贮藏成本高的种植户参与"贮+销"模式的可能性较小。此外,种植户参与"贮+销"模式存在明显的地区差异。