高效节能疏水器

随着技术进步和国外先进工艺引入,高效节能、寿命长、适用广的疏水器诞生了,对于当今企业挖潜增效,减少能源浪费,提高经济效益,高效节能疏水器非常重要,文章探讨了国内外疏水器最新发展,分析不同类别节能疏水器特点,对正确选择疏水器有所帮助、启发。     

高效节能疏水器

随着技术进步和国外先进工艺引入，高效节能、寿命长、适用广的疏水器诞生了，对于当今企业挖潜增效，减少能源浪费，提高经济效益，高效节能疏水器非常重要，文章探讨了国内外疏水器最新发展，分析不同类别节能疏水器特点，对正确选择疏水器有所帮助、启发。     

Industrial energy efficiency: A look at the data

It is extremely difficult to make a precise, quantitative assessment of the impact of the myriad of factors affecting the improvement in industrial energy efficiency. It is certainly not correct to conclude that housekeeping measures alone have led to the observed improvement. Changing product mix among four digit SIC industries within the same two digit classification, variations in capacity utilization (returns to scale) and energy price increases as well as technological innovations have all contributed to part of the realized reduction in energy use per dollar value added over the period of investigation. Unfortunately, data limitations as well as modeling weaknesses prohibit an exact delineation of the impact of each of the factors on the increase in energy efficiency. The best that can be done—and quite convincingly so—is to qualitatively show that unequivocally these factors had an impact on the efficiency with which energy was used in the manufacturing process for the ten most energy intensive industries in the period 1971–1976.     

Measuring residential energy efficiency improvements with DEA

This paper measures energy efficiency improvements of US single-family homes between 1997 and 2001 using a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, an indicator of energy efficiency is derived by means of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), and the analogy between the DEA estimator and traditional measures of energy efficiency is demonstrated. The second stage employs a bootstrapped truncated regression technique to decompose the variation in the obtained efficiency estimates into a climatic component and factors attributed to efficiency improvements. Results indicate a small but significant improvement of energy efficiency over the studied time interval, mainly accounted for by fuel oil and natural gas users.     

Maritime businesses: volatile stock prices and market valuation inefficiencies

This paper examines 12 maritime equity price series for behavioral stability and efficient market pricing for the 1989–2002 period. Five self-affine fractal analysis techniques for estimating the Hurst exponent, Mandelbrot–Lévy characteristic exponent, and fractal dimension are employed to explore the price series fractal properties. Techniques employed are rescaled-range analysis, power-spectral density analysis, roughness–length analysis, the variogram or structure function method, and wavelet analysis. Formal hypothesis tests provide evidence of a change in market behavior between the 1989–1994 and 1995–2002 periods. Hypothesis tests also provide evidence against efficient valuation of the maritime businesses sampled, supporting the multifractal model of asset returns (MMAR), and disconfirming the weak form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Strong evidence is presented for antipersistence of some maritime equities in the sample, suggesting market participants habitually overreact to new information, and never learn not to. An important implication of this finding is that financial derivatives based on the sampled equities cannot be efficiently priced.     

山东省能源效率评价分析

为提高山东省能源效率,实现节能目标,需要把握当前的能源利用状况、能源效率变动的趋势以及能源效率变化的影响因素。本文基于能源效率的内涵,在分析借鉴国内外现有的能源效率指标体系的基础上,结合山东省的能源环境实际情况与特点,构建了山东省能源效率评价指标体系,运用因子分析方法,对山东省能源效率进行分析并做出综合评价。     

Allowing for uncertainty in exogenous shocks to CGE models: the case of a new renewable energy sector

The paper explores the importance of allowing for uncertainty in the magnitude of exogenous shocks in Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. The shock examined is the introduction of a new onshore wind sector in North East Scotland. A simple analytical model is developed to show how, a priori, the size of the new sector (the model shock) is uncertain and asymmetrically distributed as a result of spatial correlation in costs and returns across potential development locations. The importance of allowing for this uncertainty is tested by comparing the results from a CGE model where the sector size is assumed known with certainty to those from a model where the sector size is a random variable with an asymmetric distribution. The results show the extent to which allowing for uncertainty can influence the magnitude of estimated impacts with some variables more sensitive to the uncertainty than others.     

Privatization of businesses and flexible investment: a real option approach

In this article, we study the situation, where the opportunity is given to invest into a government-owned business by partial privatization to a private company. After payment of an initial installment cost, the private company’s investments are flexible within a range [0, k] until the business is completed. We model the problem in a real option framework, using geometric mean reversion to describe the dynamics of the business. We determine the optimal time for the private company to enter and pay the initial installment cost as well as the optimal dynamic investment strategy that it follows afterward. For the latter, analytic solution cannot be obtained. We use quadratic splines in order to solve the corresponding dynamic programming problem. Finally, we determine the optimal degree of privatization in our model from the government’s perspective.     

我国建筑节能发展刍议

我国的建筑能耗非常高,加剧了我国能源供需矛盾的紧张局面。文章在建筑中引入节能减排的基础上,对我国外墙外保温的现状进行了调查和梳理,并对其发展进行了展望。     

Family businesses and non-family equity: literature review and avenues for future research

Family firms commonly prefer internal funding and retention of control. Under certain circumstances, however, equity investments from outside the family can be a relevant alternative source of capital. To facilitate further knowledge about the interaction of family-owned businesses and external equity investors, the present work reviews 42 studies and suggests possible directions for future research. Results reveal that extant studies focus mainly on five key areas—corporate finance, contract design and collaboration, succession and exit route, strategy and performance, and corporate governance. Moreover, the paper discusses various gaps in the extant work and presents three opportunities for future research in a detailed manner. These include a comparison of different types of investors in the context of family-owned businesses, an investigation of minority investor exits from family firms, and an analysis of the impact of investors on family firm boards. All in all, the findings can guide the future development of this emerging field of research and have implications for theory and practice.     

Organisational culture and nonunion status of small businesses

It is frequently contended that the current non-union status of an organisation is a reflection of the values and preferences of the organisation's founder(s). This article develops and tests a set of hypotheses concerning the factors that lead an organisation founder to desire non-union status.     

It's a small world:managing human resources in small businesses

It has become widely acknowledged that, during the past decade or so, large mainstream companies in the UK have adopted a new agenda for managing people. Relatively little is known about the impact of this new agenda on small businesses. The small business sector has been long regarded as the natural home for ‘bleak house’ employment relations practices typified by direct management control, poor terms and conditions, high staff turnover and little training. In March 1993, however, a large survey of 560 companies in Leicestershire revealed a surprisingly high take-up and awareness of new management ideas among small business managers. These findings are at odds with a crude ‘bleak house’ scenario. This large-scale telephone survey was then followed up with detailed case study research. This article presents and reflects upon the evidence and reformulates ideas about people management in small businesses.     

Consultation and communication in family businesses in Great Britain

Nationally representative data on family businesses are available in the 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey, alongside comparable information for other types of firms. We use these data to compare differences in the use of different consultation and communication procedures. We cover such practices as the use of direct communication schemes (e.g. briefings; the provision of information on financial performance to the workforce) as opposed to indirect methods such as the use of joint consultative committees. There is an a priori expectation in the literature that family-owned businesses are either more likely to use direct forms of communication (vis-à-vis indirect forms) or that they will not be involved in direct communication or consultation with their employees, and we test this using multivariate techniques. Finally, we consider whether the type of consultation/communication structure matters in terms of establishment performance, and what differences exist with respect to family-owned businesses. In particular, this paper tests if those firms that consult directly with staff, as opposed to those that consult through joint consultative committees or trade unions, have higher productivity and/or other measures of performance. Concurrently we test whether there are separate ‘family business’ effects or whether it is generally establishment size that ‘matters’, by estimating a model for family-owned and non-family-owned establishments. In general, our results show that not only do family-owned establishments have lower levels of communication and consultation, but, when the latter is present, this does not generally translate into greater economic benefits (as is the case in non-family-owned firms).     

Uncertainty and markets for renewable resources

The market allocation of renewable resources is examined when growth rates are affected by random disturbances. Given free access to a renewable resource, environmental disturbances are shown to affect the biological survival of the resource. The optimal solution is then examined and it is shown to be achieved by a competitive allocation when property rights are clearly defined given rational expectations or a complete set of contingent futures markets. The stochastic dynamics are shown in each case to differ considerably from the deterministic model.     

城市锅炉能效管理中存在的问题及改进措施——以天津市为例

基于天津市2011年的调查数据及相关基础信息,围绕锅炉装备投入产出比,从地区分布、专职联系人、采暖面积、锅炉出力、投运年份、除尘脱硫等六个方面对天津市锅炉装备的能效现状进行分析,阐述了锅炉装备能效管理特点及相应的侧重点。提出了应搜集完整的、有针对性的城市锅炉装备基础数据,建立完善的城市锅炉装备能效评价体系,以提高城市锅炉装备能效水平。     

村镇银行与小微企业的协同发展

小微企业的持续发展面临融资困境。中小银行,尤其是村镇银行,是支持小微企业发展的重要力量;作为一种新的制度安排,村镇银行适应市场需求,能与小微企业协同发展;村镇银行基于软信息的贷款决策适合小微企业的融资需求;村镇银行面临资金来源有限、人才匮乏、创新不足、股权结构不合理、信用体系不健全、政策支持不力等问题,需要着力进行解决。     

分布式供能与循环经济的能源结构优化

认为分布式供能为城市循环经济发展过程中的能源结构优化提供了新的选择途径,是传统的集中式供能不可或缺的补充和替代,代表着新型绿色供能模式更新换代的发展趋向,成为许多城市发展循环经济的契入点.认为这一新型供能模式的启动与发展需要城市管理决策者的政策引导和社会力量参与的市场化运作.     

Using a dual system of reasoning in small businesses: Entrepreneurial decisions and subjective risk intelligence

This study aims at introducing subjective risk intelligence (SRI) in the context of small businesses to analyze how both rationality and intuition may influence the entrepreneurial decision-making process, particularly in affecting firms’ financial equilibrium.

SRI aggregates four dimensions: two positive attitudes (imaginative capability and problem-solving self-efficacy) and two detrimental ones (emotional stress vulnerability and negative attitude towards uncertainty). In particular, we argue that imaginative capability and emotional stress vulnerability refer to Kahneman’s System 1 (the intuitive), while problem-solving self-efficacy and negative attitude towards uncertainty appertain to System 2 (the rational).

We conducted an empirical investigation collecting data from an ad hoc survey administered to owners and managers of small businesses and their balance sheets over 2013–2017. After testing the proposed constructs’ reliability, we tested the influence that both Systems 1 and 2 have on SMEs’ financial structure through a pooled OLS regression estimator.

Results show that the intuitive and the rational components of risk intelligence affect entrepreneurs’ decision-making differently. The rational component seems to stimulate the entrepreneurial orientation to risk tolerance. The intuitive component limits the entrepreneurial propensity to take financial risks due to the desire for stability attached to this cognitive process. Accordingly, we highlight the importance of enhancing a balance between the two systems of thinking. Practical implications suggest that entrepreneurs with a dominant attitude towards problem-solving self-efficacy, or a positive attitude towards uncertainty, should invest in developing imaginative capabilities or emotional control, and vice versa.

     

Formal and informal networks in small businesses in the media industry

This paper examines the formal and informal networks in small businesses in the media industry. Networks are important to small firms and are an integral part of the structure of the media industry. Technological changes and the proliferation of new channels have changed the nature of the television industry and this paper examines the role of networks in meeting these challenges. The research was based on questionnaires followed up with interviews. This study found that the social and cultural factors were important in the establishment and maintenance of both formal and informal networks. Low barriers to entry in terms of investment in fixed assets and powerful customers have meant that formal and informal networks play an important role in the survival and profitability of small firms in the media industry.     

国内外有关电子电器产品能效WTO／TBT通报分析

提高产品能效水平成为全球应对能源危机和达到各国节能减排目标的重要手段。文章从发布数量、成员组成结构和产品类别等方面分析了2007～2010年国内外有关电子电器产品能效的WTO／TBT通报状况,研究此类通报的特点和趋势,为企业应对待机能效壁垒提供技术参考。