On the need for national land administration infrastructures

Many nations lack a coherent national approach to land administration. Instead, land information and processes are frequently disaggregated across states, provinces, cantons, counties, or municipalities. This is particularly the case in federated countries. The growing body of land administration theory often assumes or prescribes the need for national systems; however, the justification for this approach requires further explanation. Without justification, nations that maintain disaggregated systems lack the impetus to unlock the opportunities veiled within their disparate land administration systems. Moreover, a nation's ability to respond effectively to emerging national and global-scale issues such as climate-change is greatly impeded. This paper aims to explain the need for national land administration infrastructures. Qualitative case studies of the Australian context and the method of triangulation inform the justification. The research reveals most drivers can be classified into six overarching subsets: adherence to international standards by national governments, better federal or central governance, improved shared governance, scale of economies for lower levels of government, opportunities and savings for business, and social inclusion for citizens. Unfortunately, specific drivers are found to be complex and changeable, as political, scientific and environmental debates raise policy issues: there is no single solution. As an alternative, nations must seize on the specific drivers relevant to their context. They must employ them to transform disparate land administration systems into multi-purpose national land administration infrastructures that deliver benefits to all stakeholder groups.     

浅谈税收优惠政策的运用

税收优惠政策是有效实施宏观和微观调控的重要税收杠杆。当前的税收优惠政策在总体上应调整为坚持产业优惠为主、区域优惠为辅的目标,区分税种实行多种形式优惠,并根据我国目前税收优惠的具体情况,完善立法,尽快使税收优惠走向法治化轨道。同时要加大对“地方土政策”清理力度,保证税收优惠政策公正、公平、公开。从而使国家一定时期的税收优惠政策能真正起到促进经济和社会迅速发展的积极调控作用。     

Methods and tools for integrated assessment of land use policies on sustainable development in developing countries

For stimulating sustainable development in developing countries, land use patterns and land use changes are considered critical, and therefore effective and efficient land use policies are needed. In this paper we present a methodological framework that has been developed in a joint European and developing countries project (LUPIS – Land Use Policies and Sustainable Development in Developing Countries), to assess the impact of land use policies on sustainable development in developing countries. An illustrative application is presented for a case study in China, where water pollution due to agriculture in Taihu Basin is a major problem.     

论湿地生态经济系统优化

湿地与人类的经济活动构成湿地生态经济系统；通过对湿地生态经济系统的结构与功能的分析，针对我国湿地生态经济系统恶化的原因，提出了优化湿地生态经济系统的对策。     

海域征用中渔业补偿的制度经济学探讨

沿海工业化的进程中,征用海域非渔业使用的制度变迁成为一个新的事物,引致的渔业补偿和渔业稳定成为沿海社会一个热点问题。本文以制度经济学的视角,围绕海域征用中渔业补偿展开经济学探讨,用马克思主义的产权观确立渔业用海产权的历史渊源,分析了6种不同的海域转移制度和3条“失海”渔民的渔业补偿理想原则,并提出当前海域非渔业征用中可能的矛盾及其预防。     

风暴潮灾害经济损失评估指标体系研究

文章对风暴潮灾害经济损失评估从直接经济损失和间接经济损失两方面进行了界定,在综述国内外风暴潮灾害经济损失评估研究的基础上,遵循科学与整体性、全面性、可操作性、可比性原则,采用主客观综合分析法并结合解释结构模型方法,构建了风暴潮灾害经济损失评估指标体系,旨在为风暴潮灾害经济损失评估的具体实施和灾害补偿提供参考依据。     

太原市市辖区经济发展综合实力评价研究

太原市作为山西省的省会城市,在政治,经济,文化等功能方面对周围各市的经济发展具有辐射作用。本文在统计资料的基础上,构建城市综合实力评价研究的指标体系,采用主成分分析法,使用SPSS19.0统计软件对山西省太原市中心城区市辖区的经济综合实力(小店区、迎泽区、杏花岭区、万柏林区、尖草坪区、晋源区)进行评价分析。     

A typology of graziers to inform a more targeted approach for developing natural resource management policies and agricultural extension programs

The use of landholder typologies to assist in the development of natural resource management (NRM) policies and agricultural extension programs has increased considerably in the past decade. In this paper we explore the potential of developing a typology of graziers to more effectively tailor policies and programs with the aim of improving land management outcomes. This is of particular importance since growing public concern about the environmental performance of the beef industry has led to increasing pressures on graziers to change their land management practices to decrease off-property impacts. To gain a better understanding of graziers’ land management practices and the factors that inform their decisions on how they manage their land we first developed a conceptual model of the relationship between grazier and grazing land where both can, ideally, thrive through conscious and timely land management decisions made and implemented by the grazier. A successful grazier land relationship is likely to be consistent with value systems and social and economic factors, although the particulars of any individual approach may vary spatially and temporally. These factors, in particular graziers’ values and motivations to follow a particular management strategy, guided the development of our typology of graziers. Australia's Bowen-Broken basin, which has been identified as a major contributor of sediment and nutrients that enter the Great Barrier Reef lagoon, served as a case study for this research. Three broad types of graziers emerged: (1) traditionalists, (2) diversifiers, and (3) innovators. The authors argue that by understanding graziers’ values and motivations underlying each of the grazier types, government agencies and NRM organisations can more effectively tailor their policy and extension programs towards specific types of graziers and can work with specific groups to achieve reductions in sediment and nutrient runoff from grazing properties.     

An assessment of policies affecting Sustainable Soil Management in Europe and selected member states

This paper analyses soils-related policies in Europe and in selected member states and regions. Our approach breaks down policy packages at European, national and regional levels into strategic objectives, operational objectives, policy measures and expected impacts, and assesses the relationships between these elements and soil stakes. Four major policy packages, both at EU and national level (CAP-I, RDP, Environment, national initiatives) were analysed. A numerical scale was developed to quantify the level of “embeddedness” of soil stakes in these policy packages. We found that countries better embed soil stakes into their policies when they also put more efforts on environmental innovation. In turn, countries with a high embeddedness level, with high trust in European institutions and that make more efforts towards renewable energy, tend to propose a wider variety of management practices to farmers for dealing with soil stakes.     

An assessment of the economic and environmental potential of biomass production in an agricultural region

The establishment of deep-rooted perennial species and their processing for biomass-based products such as renewable energy can have benefits for both local and global scale environmental objectives. In this study, we assess the potential economic viability of biomass production in the South Australian River Murray Corridor and quantify the resultant benefits for local and global scale environmental objectives. We model the spatial distribution of economically viable biomass production in a Geographic Information System and quantify the model sensitivity and uncertainty using Monte Carlo analysis. The total potentially viable area for biomass production under the Most Likely Scenario is 360,728 ha (57.7% of the dryland agricultural area), producing over 3 million tonnes of green biomass per annum, with a total Net Present Value over 100 years of A$ 88 million. The salinity in the River Murray could be reduced by 2.65 EC (μS/cm) over a 100-year timeframe, and over 96,000 ha of land with high wind erosion potential could be stabilised over a much shorter period. With sufficient generating capacity, our Most Likely Scenario suggests that economically viable biomass production could reduce carbon emissions by over 1.7 million tonnes per annum through the production of renewable energy and a reduced reliance on coal-based electricity generation. Our analyses suggest that biomass production is a potentially viable alternative agricultural system that can have substantial local scale environmental benefits with complimentary global scale benefits for climate change mitigation.     

水利与经济社会发展问题

针对人们对水的认识不足,不注意节制自己的行为,不注意有效保护、节约水资源的问题,指出：水资源为万物生存发展之必需,水资源是稀缺性资源,水资源具有不可替代性。强调：水利不仅是农业的命脉,而且是国民经济的基础设施和基础产业;水利不仅是经济,也关系到政治。提出：必须用科学的发展观指导水利发展,坚持人与自然和谐相处,正确处理水与生态的关系;经济社会发展要“量水而行”、“量水发展”;在注重水资源治理、开发和利用的同时,更加重视水资源的配置、节约和保护。     

大连新港“7.16溢油事故”直接经济损失评估

2010年7月16日大连新港发生特大输油管线爆炸事故,1500余吨原油流入海湾,大连湾、大窑湾、小窑湾、金石滩等多地受损,影响多项海洋产业,直接经济损失数额庞大.本文基于研究项目前期海洋溢油损失评估方法建立及调研的基础上,运用相关货币化评估模型评估大连溢油事故直接经济损失.结果表明:直接经济损失共近44.80亿元,其中海洋渔业经济损失6.3亿元,沿海食品加工企业经济损失465万元,海盐业经济损失1.70亿元,滨海旅游业经济损失34.95亿元,清污费用1.81亿元.     

海冰灾害损失链构建与间接经济损失评估

本文基于灾害链的定义,结合历年我国海冰灾害灾情特征,提取了海冰灾害链。基于产业关联效应,从海洋产业本身与关联产业两个层面,按照主要海洋产业经济损失、相关海洋产业间接经济损失和国民经济各产业间接经济损失三个层次构建海冰灾害致灾损失链。在此基础上,结合投入产出法,对于海冰灾害对国民经济各产业部门造成的间接经济损失进行测算。     

Eastern enlargement of the EU and its implications for agriculture and agricultural policies

In 2004 ten Eastern and Southern European countries will join the EU. Agriculture and agricultural policy is an important issue in this EU enlargement process, for several reasons. This paper assesses the implications of the enlargement process for agriculture and agricultural policies.     

淮海经济区区域经济联系研究

通过节点分析、线路分析以及联系作用量分析对淮海经济区经济联系进行测度,在此基础上提出淮海经济区整合发展的基本策略.     

海洋酸化及其相关经济学研究国际动态

自工业革命以来,人类使用化石燃料排放了大量的二氧化碳等温室气体,引起了日益严重的全球气候变化,而二氧化碳溶于海水产生了海洋酸化现象。海洋酸化不仅会导致生态系统的恶化,而且也会引起一系列经济上的损失。本文首先分别就海洋酸化的概念、历史原因以及它对生态系统和海洋经济产生的影响进行了介绍,并且就目前国际上刚刚起步的海洋酸化经济学研究进行了介绍,以便全面了解从经济学视角研究海洋酸化的国际前沿动态。     

环首都经济圈土地资源经济评价

选择环首都经济圈为研究对象,基于土地生产率、土地利用程度、土地投入强度和土地集约效率四个子系统选取构建经济评价指标体系,借助SPSS软件,采用因子分析法分别计算了土地生产率、土地利用程度、土地投入强度和土地集约效率。根据评价结果,从四个方面分别阐述土地经济评价的区域差异及原因,以期能更好的为区域土地资源可持续利用提供参考。