Venture capital investors and foreign listing choices of Chinese companies

We investigate the listing choice of Chinese VC-backed companies between a domestic market and foreign stock markets. Using a comprehensive sample of 2249 IPOs of Chinese companies that went public during the 1994–2013 period, we find that companies backed by Chinese domestic VCs are significantly less likely to list abroad while those backed by foreign VCs or co-invested by foreign and domestic VCs are significantly more likely to do so. We further find that the introduction of a domestic stock market for high-tech start-ups (the ChiNext Board) significantly reduces the likelihood to list abroad. However, the effect of VC participation largely disappears after the introduction of the ChiNext Board, in that the companies backed by foreign or co-invested VCs are more likely to list domestically. Moreover, we find that VC-backed IPOs have larger issuance sizes, but we find no impact on IPO underpricing of these Chinese companies. These results on IPO outcome hold for both the full sample and a matched sample using propensity score matching.     

中小企业融资:现状、争议与共识

世界许多国家融资模式的横比表明,内部融资是企业资金的最重要的来源,融资的瓶颈在于外部融资;而外部融资中最重要的是以银行贷款为主的间接融资。这种特点在中小企业融资中更为突出。各种中小企业融资理论从多种方面分析了融资收益和风险的匹配关系对中小企业资金供求的影响,并给出了争议与共识并存的政策建议。     

Angel Financing and the Performance of High‐Tech Start‐Ups

In this paper, we investigate what drives the performance of high‐tech start‐ups receiving angel financing, while taking a closer look at the capabilities (i.e., experience) and investment behavior of business angels (BAs). We exploit a new data set (extracted from Crunchbase), which consists of 1,933 high‐tech start‐ups that received at least one financing round from a BA. The results indicate that the experience of BAs in early stage investments is positively associated with additional receipt of follow‐on rounds of financing and sequential capital injections from venture capitalists (VCs). Later‐stage experience is positively associated with the start‐up's success (i.e., probability to be listed or acquired), but reduces the need for new VCs to invest in the start‐up. Furthermore, we find consistent evidence that start‐ups that combine BA and VC financing experience higher levels of funding amounts, additional VC financing, and an improved likelihood of success. Finally, we find that the co‐localization of BA investors and start‐ups in the same area facilitates the attraction of VC financing.     

The Relaxation of Financing Constraints by the Initial Public Offering of Small Manufacturing Firms

Capital market imperfections, such as information asymmetry, increase the cost of external funds compared to that of internal funds. This phenomenon creates financing constraints limiting the availability of external funds and making corporate investment excessively sensitive to cash flow. This study analyzes the effect of financing constraints on the investment by comparing the financial behavior of Korean firms before and after their stocks are newly listed on a stock exchange. The results show that the sensitivity of investment to cash flow will be higher during the period before initial public offering (IPO) than after IPO. In particular, the effect of financing constraints relaxation by IPO is more prominent in small than in large manufacturing firms.     

以制度创新解决中小企业融资“麦克米伦缺口”--基于韩国中小企业银行的研究

我国在政策性融资支持中小企业方面由较多部门掌握资源,各自为政,难以形成合力。政策性金融在中小企业融资领域长期缺位,企业过度依赖商业银行间接融资,是当前中小企业“融资难、融资贵”的一个重要原因。韩国政府从中小企业职能机构设置、机制完善、制度保障、金融支持、产业联动等方面大力扶持中小企业发展,尤其是韩国的政策性金融对中小企业的支持对我国具有借鉴作用。结合中小企业发展面临的融资困境,我国应当通过制度创新,建立两大政策性机构解决中小企业融资难、融资贵问题。     

信贷资金融资服务效率与融资服务功能--基于中小企业的问卷调查

以6地区339家企业的问卷调查数据为基础对政策性银行贷款、商业性银行贷款、民间信贷三种资金为中小企业融资服务的效率进行实证考察,结果显示：三种资金对中小企业发展起正向促进作用,政策性资金和民间信贷资金融资服务效率高于商业性银行资金;三种资金投向具有规模企业偏好,与扶持小微企业发展的实践相矛盾;三种信贷资金行业服务效率差异明显,政策性资金对高新技术类企业融资服务效率高;民间信贷资金融资服务对象定位不明确,影响了其为中小企业服务的综合效率,亟需政策的规范和引导;在中小企业融资服务体系中三种资金具有联动效应。这些结论为合理界定三种信贷资金在中小企业融资服务体系中的服务功能和服务区间提供了依据。     

中小房地产企业资金链断裂问题分析及其对策研究

近年来,房地产企业作为一个热门行业,一直保持着高速发展状态。但由于受政府宏观政策调整、金融机构无序行为、宏观经济周期变动、担保连带责任的建立以及高负债率、融资途径狭窄和企业内部资本安排不合理等内外部原因的影响,导致中小房地产企业的资金链断裂问题频发。我国应立足于企业自身特点,充分发挥政府"看得见的手"的作用,加快构建科学的管理体制,积极拓宽融资渠道,合理调整融资结构,加紧资金筹措及资金规划,以有效促进我国房地产事业的持续健康发展。     

Firm-Level Determinants of the Financing Decisions of Small and Medium Enterprises: Evidence from Argentina

This article studies the determinants of the financing decisions of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which we characterize through three cases: trade-off behavior, pecking order, and extreme aversion to debt. We test our hypotheses using a dataset of firms from Bahía Blanca (Argentina) for two years: 2006 and 2010. We find that firm characteristics related to information asymmetries, such as firm age, size, and legal form; and personal factors, such as owner’s age and education; and perception of emotional bankruptcy costs, are relevant variables in SME financing behavior. The recognition of extreme aversion to debt motivates reconsideration of the underleverage problem of SMEs.     

创新型城市基础设施建设融资体系构建——以景德镇市为例

景德镇市作为一个创新型城市,其基础设施建设需要大量的资金,仅仅政府财政拨款是远远不够的,对城市基础设施建设进行融资非常必要。景德镇市应从BOT融资、债券融资、IPO融资、ABS融资四个方面构建城市基础设施建设融资体系,以加快创新型城市建设。     

Incremental impact of venture capital financing

This paper investigates the differences in the return generating process of venture capital (VC)-backed firms and their peers that operate without VC financing. Using a unique hand-picked database of 990 VC-backed Belgian firms and a complete population of Belgian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we focus on the extent to which the presence of a VC investor affects the sensitivity of a firm’s returns to the changes in the capital structure, in the operating cycle, and in the industry dynamics. The differences may stem from the (self-) selection of better companies into VC portfolios, from the venture capitalists’ (VCs) value-adding activities, and/or from both. We examine these factors in the context of a complex simulation procedure which allows separating selection from value-adding when traditional approaches are difficult to implement. Our results indicate that VC-backed firms are able to extract more rent from the changing industry conditions and from the optimizations in their capital structure. The presence of VCs in the firm’s equity seems to have only a marginal effect on the operating cycle efficiency. Overall, the results are suggestive of the value-adding being the main driver of the VC-backed firm’s performance.     

供应链金融视角下企业网络与企业能力对中小企业融资绩效的影响——一个链式中介模型

研究以供应链金融为研究视角,结合商业生态系统和网络理论,并基于企业动态能力的能量转化机制,探索了中小企业利用企业网络和企业能力来提高自身融资绩效的有效途径。研究指出,中小企业利用健康的企业网络来提高融资绩效需要经过两个过程,即加入健康的企业网络有助于中小企业提高双元能力,进而提高企业在网络中的地位,最终有助于企业融资绩效的提升。基于295个制造行业的中小企业样本数据,研究证明了双元能力和网络嵌入性在网络健康性与中小企业融资绩效中的链式中介作用。     

How firms finance innovation. Further empirics from European SMEs

This paper aims to evaluate the role played by different sources of financing when analyzing firms' attitudes towards innovating. The empirical investigation is based on a large sample of European small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) observed over the period 2012–2017. Different measures of finance and several robustness checks are used to select a well-behaved probit model. The results show that the probability to innovate increases when firms use internal financing and grants. The same applies when funds come from family and friends, while no conclusive evidence is found for bank loans. Recommendations for public policy to encourage firm-tailored policies to promote investment in intangibles allow firms to benefit from innovation activities. European SMEs will also benefit from capital market developments and the advancement of new financial tools devoted to supporting innovation.     

How useful is venture capital prestige? Evidence from IPO survivability

This study examines the effect of venture capitalist (VC) prestige on the post-issue survivability of IPOs and how VC characteristics influence the effect. We find that IPOs backed by prestigious VCs are less likely to delist for performance failure and have longer listing duration relative to those without VC backing; however, IPOs backed by ordinary VCs are as likely to delist as IPOs without VC backing. The finding is robust for Internet and high-tech firms. We further examine heterogeneous VC characteristics and find that the ability of prestigious VCs to improve IPO survival is a function of their investment experience and managerial ability. VC prestige characterized by industry specialization and syndication networks is not related to IPO survival. Overall, the results suggest that the VC characteristics that produce prestige, rather than the prestige itself, drive the long-term survival of IPOs.     

中小企业商业信用需求与供给影响因素分析——以江苏省制造业为例

中小企业商业信用融资问题,特别是中小企业商业信用需求与供给的影响因素问题是当前理论界和实际企业管理工作者关注的一个热点问题。中小企业很难从银行中获得经营所需要的资金,商业信用便成为中小企业外源融资中另一个重要途径。中小企业在获得商业信用的同时还要对外提供商业信用。商业信用需求和供给的影响因素很多,本文利用中小板上市公司中2007-2012年江苏省制造业公司的数据信息,探寻影响商业信用需求和供给的因素。研究发现,商业信用需求和供给的影响因素不相同,影响的方向及程度都有很大差异。通过进一步分析发现商业信用需求和供给之间也存在显著的关系。     

我国中小企业融资现状及对策分析

目前,我国中小企业的融资存在融资成本高、信用体系不健全、融资渠道不规范、在资本市场受到融资歧视等问题。为促进中小企业的良性经营与稳定发展,我国通过增强中小企业内源融资能力、规范民间借贷、完善银企征信体系、利率市场化等方式解决这些问题。此外,政府还应该对目前市场进行补充和修正,如向金融机构提供贷款风险补偿资金,成立服务于中小企业的政策性银行等措施,以达到全面解决中小企业融资困难的目的。     

The impact of institutional sources of capital upon the minority-oriented venture capital industry

Venture capital (VC) funds specializing in investing equity capital in minority-owned businesses have grown rapidly over the past decade, fueled by the willingness of major institutional investors to support this traditionally neglected niche. We investigate impacts of public pension funds upon the minority VC sector. These funds, providing over half of all capital invested in minority VCs, selectively invest, seeking to fund only those VCs likely to generate high returns. Although they attempt to pick the winners, our findings indicate that they have failed to do so. The influence of public pension funds upon the minority VCs is nonetheless real, skewing investing away from traditional practices and toward those of the venture capital mainstream. In the process, minority VCs funded by pension fund money invest in high-tech fields more than other minority-oriented VC funds do. Further, they are less likely to fund minority-owned small firms, focusing increasingly upon firms owned by nonminority Whites. Neither of these trends has resulted in increased returns. Rather, diverting minority-oriented VCs away from their traditional mission of investing in minority firms operating in a broad range of industries has resulted in lower returns over the years studied.     

An Empirical Study of the Impact of CEO Characteristics on New Firms' Time to IPO*

An initial public offering (IPO) is one of the most critical events in the life of a firm. As the IPO market continues to attract attention from both entrepreneurs and investors, research examining the relationship between the firm's characteristics and its IPO performance is growing. In this paper, we use the upper echelon perspective to empirically examine the relationship between the firm's chief executive officer (CEO) and the firm's time to IPO, a relationship that has so far received little attention. Using data obtained from 237 IPOs in the U.S. software industry, we found that the CEO's prior executive experience, network, and age are significantly related to the new firm's time to IPO. This study extends the understanding of the important role of the CEO in the IPO and provides investors greater insight into those variables that influence the speed with which firms go public.     

Internationally leading SMEs vs. internationalized SMEs: Evidence of success factors from South Korea

Previous studies on the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have typically compared the performance of internationalized SMEs (I-SMEs) with that of non-internationalized SMEs. However, not all I-SMEs can successfully lead the international market either unless they should consistently strive to attain and maintain competitive advantages. Thus, this study aims at identifying success factors which influence efforts of I-SMEs to lead international markets as internationally leading SMEs (IL-SMEs). To examine the success factors of the IL-SMEs, in this paper, IL-SMEs are specifically defined as I-SMEs which occupy dominant positions in the international market, i.e., ranking among the top three worldwide. The results based on a sample of 88 South Korean SMEs including 18 IL-SMEs and 70 I-SMEs indicate that 18 factors (out of 47 factors) show significant differences between IL-SEMs and I-SMEs in terms of customer relations/service, technological innovation, and corporate strategies. Also, by factor analysis and logistic regression analysis, three factors influencing the success of IL-SMEs are identified in the perspectives of technological innovation (R&D) and international marketing (customer satisfaction and demand quality/scope). Surprisingly, internationalization strategies and external markets have no relationship with performance of IL-SMEs. These results provide important implications to policy-makers interested in the sustainably international competitiveness of SMEs.     

供应链金融中网络连接对中小企业融资质量的影响研究

近年来,基于供应链网络开展的供应链金融成为中小企业解决融资难的有效途径。文章基于网络视角,构建了中小企业在供应链网络中的强连接与桥连接通过信息分享影响其融资质量的理论模型,通过对255个调研数据进行统计分析发现：中小企业在供应链网络中的强连接和桥连接均对其供应链融资质量具有正向影响;信息分享是中小企业供应链网络连接影响其融资质量的重要内在机制;环境竞争性对中小企业信息分享与其供应链融资质量之间的关系具有正向的调节作用。     

The US bankruptcy law and private equity financing: empirical evidence

The generous personal bankruptcy law in the United States is important to entrepreneurs because failed entrepreneurs can resort to this system to shelter part of their wealth against negative consequences of business failure. Fan and White (Journal of Law and Economics XLVI:543–567, 2003) documented that high bankruptcy exemptions provide incentives for entrepreneurs to start/own new businesses. The partial wealth insurance effect provided by the bankruptcy exemptions also has a significant and negative impact on the entrepreneurs’ access to bank credits (Berkowitz and White, The Rand Journal of Economics 35(1):69–84, 2004; Gropp Scholz and White, The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(1):217-251, 1997). In this article, we investigate whether and to what extent the US bankruptcy law has any effect on venture capital (VC) investment. Making use of company level information, we document that the amount of venture financing received is negatively related to the bankruptcy exemption levels, and the number of rounds of financing as well as the number of VC funds involved is negatively associated with bankruptcy exemptions. Further, we report consistent evidences based on state level data with regard to the effects of the US personal bankruptcy law.