国家现代农业产业园建设与共同富裕

促进农村共同富裕是当前扎实推动共同富裕最艰巨最繁重的任务,2017年以来正式启动的国家现代农业产业园建设具有强农富农使命,但其对地区共同富裕的影响尚不明确。文章以“总体富裕”和“成果共享”两个维度构建地区共同富裕指标体系,使用2015—2020年中国地级市面板数据,利用国家现代农业产业园建设作为准自然实验,从农业生产效率和劳动力转移就业角度研究了国家现代农业产业园建设对农村共同富裕的影响。研究发现,国家现代农业产业园建设有助于推进地区共同富裕的实现,尤其是中西部地区和处于经济发展中间水平地区。同时,国家现代农业产业园建设的“成果共享”效应大于“总体富裕”效应。进一步地,在机制检验方面,文章发现,国家现代农业产业园建设提高了地区农业全要素生产率,促进了农民群体就业从第一产业向第三产业转移,提升了弱势群体收入,从而促进了发展包容性,切实推进了共同富裕。因此,文章提出：加快国家现代农业产业园总量扩容,扩大覆盖面,严格考核,切实发挥其包容性发展效应;加快形成省市区联动的现代农业产业园建设体系,为农村共同富裕注入持续动力;现代农业产业园建设应注重农业的高质量发展和外延式发展;各地区应因地制宜依托...     

Improving The Management of Indonesia's National Parks: Lessons from two Case Studies

Although Indonesia has placed a considerable percentage of its land and coastal areas under protection, It has to date failed to provide adequate management, particularly of its national parks. This is due to a number of factors, both organisational and financial. Using studies of recent attempts to introduce more effective management in two major Indonesian national parks, this article looks at what kinds of changes are needed to strengthen the present park management system.     

Community facilities in previously disadvantaged areas of South Africa

In South Africa, scholars and practitioners do not sufficiently appreciate the value of parks, libraries and sport and recreation facilities for uplifting lower-income areas, and are generally unaware of the subtle differences between providing these facilities in a northern country and providing them in a southern country. This paper addresses these concerns by demonstrating the importance of these facilities for developing social capital and empowering individuals and communities. It argues that the success of such facilities depends on sensitivity to the community’s need for safe spaces. The paper is based on a case study of the Mahwelereng Sports Node & Library in Mokopane, Limpopo Province, using document analysis and interviews and discussions with the facility’s developers, managers and users. It was found that the activities offered by the facility had boosted the local community’s social capital and improved the users’ health, learning and socialisation.     

Transfrontier parks and development in southern Africa: The case of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park

The interface between local communities and transfrontier parks has received considerable attention, yet the utility of the transfrontier concept in developing livelihoods and environmental sustainability in southern Africa remains questionable. This paper argues that the benefits of transfrontier parks at regional, national and community levels cannot be overstated; neither should the problems be underestimated. Transfrontier parks may be viable alternatives in achieving development that is sustainable by protecting southern Africa's fragile environments, generating more funds and bringing significant and major improvements to the lives of the rural poor. At the same time, transfrontier parks raise issues of sovereignty of national governments, create complexity in governance processes and can lead to the needs of rural communities being sacrificed. Therefore, there is a need to find ways to reconcile conflictual and sometimes controversial circumstances in the establishment of transfrontier parks and, inquire further into the programmatic blueprints for transfrontier initiatives.     

Tenure security and productivity in small‐scale agriculture in Zimbabwe: Implications for South Africa

This article tests empirically the interaction between land tenure security and agricultural productivity in small‐scale agriculture in Zimbabwe. Data for the analysis were gathered during April and August of 1995 by means of an interview survey of farmers in the small‐scale commercial sector, communal area and Model A resettlement area of Zimbabwe. Two‐stage least squares regression estimates reveal that land tenure security has a positive and significant influence on investment incentives and agricultural productivity in the sample. This result has two important implications for proposed land reforms in South .. Africa. Firstly, the result lends support to the notion that indigenous tenure institutions in communal areas of South Africa are a constraint on agricultural development. Secondly, it is clear that a national land redistribution policy must be accompanied by innovative tenure institutions which facilitate economic interaction and internalise externalities on land resettled by individuals and groups. This is particularly important in South Africa where groups of up to 300 families are being settled on commercial farms under a group ownership model.     

The need for more appropriate forms of urban management: The case of land use controls and home businesses

The problems which confront urban management in South Africa are likely to change significantly in the near future, as we are faced with cities here which compare far more closely to Third World cities elsewhere. This article focuses on one aspect of urban management, that of land use control and the management of home businesses, to demonstrate the nature of the problems emerging in our cities and the demands which these will place on the urban administrative systems. Drawing on a survey of home businesses in six residential areas in Cape Town, the article argues that present systems of land use control have broken down in both wealthier and poorer areas. However, the widespread (and unexpected) support for home businesses in these areas suggests that a more flexible approach to land use control, and a higher degree of use mix, will gain public acceptance. Some basic principles are put forward to inform a different approach to land use control.     

Non-income effect of land ownership and tenure on subjective wellbeing in South Africa

Aside from the very high inequality of land ownership, South Africa is characterised by a dual land tenure system comprising of private ownership and communal land ownership. Using waves 4 and 5 of the National Income Dynamics Study longitudinal data set, a set of econometric methodologies is employed to quantify the impact of ownership and tenure on an index of subjective wellbeing (SWB) constructed from eight self-reported responses covering general life satisfaction, contrast, social capital, mental health and hope for future. Controlling for the income effect and other pertinent drivers of SWB, the study highlights the non-income impact of land ownership and tenure on the subjective wellbeing of individuals. To account for possible endogeneity and self-selection, instrumental variable and matching method-based treatment effects are computed. This paper has two main findings in relation to land tenure in South Africa: (a) land owners have on average a higher index of SWB compared to those not owning land, and (b) owning land privately, compared to owning land communally, has a positive impact on subjective wellbeing within land owners. These results are consistent and statistically significant across the various estimation strategies and provide additional motivation for expediting land reforms in South Africa.     

浙江省农村社区（土地）股份合作制改革状况与态势分析

文章在广泛调查和数据处理的基础上，分析了浙江省农村社区（土地）股份合作制改革的基本情况和特点，探讨了社区（土地）股份合作制改革总体发展态势，认为将在发达地区快速推进、欠发达地区也会逐步展开；土地股份合作将促进高新技术农业及生态农业园区快速发展；经营性资产与资源性资产将一起量化；实施分区规划，提高土地利用效率；逐步向股份公司形式转变。     

THE EMERGENCE OF INSTITUTIONALISED SOCIAL DIALOGUE IN SOUTH AFRICA

This paper looks at the conceptual framework of social dialogue, investment in social capital and some international definitions of social dialogue as background to developments in this sphere in South Africa. Social dialogue is viewed as a mechanism for problem‐solving and reducing transaction costs. The paper considers the ramifications of the 1979 Wiehahn Report on labour relations, as well as the nature of social dialogue in the apartheid era and its workplace origins. Institutionally, the stepping stones to the emergence of the NEF and Nedlac are discussed, together with some of the issues involved in, and formal outcomes of, Nedlac over the past eleven years in public policy choices. It closes with an evaluation of institutionalised social dialogue in South Africa and its future. “With the transition to non‐racial democracy in 1994, it became the task of an ANC‐led government to attempt to resolve the economic contradictions that apartheid had created. To achieve this requires massive economic and social changes, great programmes of investment and structural change. It is necessary to create the vital human capital needed at every level, from rudimentary literacy to the highest ranks of science and technology; to overcome enormous deficiencies in all forms of social infrastructure, including housing, schools, health, and transport; to return land to the black population and restore ravaged rural areas; to expand black ownership of mining, industry, commerce, and finance; and to diminish enormous inequalities in income and wealth. The new regime has made a promising start, but South Africa's past will exert a powerful influence on its present and future for a long time to come, and these huge tasks will not be swiftly or easily accomplished.” Charles Feinstein (2005 )     

African Social Sciences and Development in the New Century: Challenges and Prospects

Abstract: This paper examines the travails of the social sciences in Africa since the post‐colonial era. It pinpoints the fact that the ability of the social sciences to be really meaningful to the delusive development quest by Africa has been undermined by a combination of structural and epistemological problems. These problems range from the dismal economic environment in the continent, the structural limitations imposed on research, poor conditions of service to laziness and epistemological inferiority among African social scientists. However, the paper posits that the current wind of change blowing across Africa, a re‐examination of the epistemology of the field and a conscientious self‐reappraisal will ultimately reposition the social sciences to play significant roles in the development of Africa.     

Can sacred cows be culled? A historical review of land policy in South Africa,with some questions about the future

This paper reviews the history of the development of land policy in South Africa, highlighting episodes occurring during the last hundred years, such as the Glen Grey Act, the British take‐over of the Transvaal, Union, the 1913 and 1936 Land Acts, Betterment Planning, the Tomlinson Commission, and the unfolding of the homelands policy. While the Land Acts are seen to have had a disastrous effect upon agriculture in South Africa, it is argued that in present circumstances it would be safer to seek to repeal the Group Areas Act and to open up white areas to all races, than to repeal the Land Acts in tote. This would increase black mobility, whereas without this proviso, black people in rural areas might find themselves displaced by land reforms, such as might follow from the abolition of the Land Acts.     

Targeting the poor using ROC curves

This paper compares the performance of targeting indicators to identify the poor. If the ROC curve of one indicator lies above that of another, the first indicator dominates the second for all social welfare functions based on the two types of errors involved in targeting. The method is applied to Bangladesh. Fifteen indicators are used, including location, land ownership, education, occupation, demographics, age, family structure, and housing. The analysis is applied at the national, urban, and rural levels with two poverty lines. Education dominates land ownership in urban areas. The ranking is reversed in most cases in rural areas.     

欠发达地区集群性工业园区生态化发展研究

本文从分析产业集群与工业园区的内在联系着手,探讨欠发达地区集群性工业园区出现生态化问题的原因,有针对性地提出欠发达地区集群性工业园区生态化发展的建议。     

People-centred environmental management and municipal commonage in the Nama Karoo

This paper examines the problem of managing municipal commonage land in the Nama Karoo, which is increasingly being used by black or coloured emergent farmers. Many of these live in the towns and have very little agricultural experience or knowledge, and some are unemployed farmworkers. The paper presents findings from a survey of emergent farmers who use municipal commonage in Philippolis in the southern Free State. It uses the sustainable livelihoods approach to suggest that environmental knowledge is a key asset for small farmers, and that suitable approaches to agricultural extension need to be adopted to promote ecological knowledge. It suggests that ecological knowledge needs to play a more prominent role in people-centred, participatory developmental approaches so as to strengthen municipal commonage management and prevent the rapid desertification of commonage land.     

Grazing into the future: Policy making for South African communal rangelands

This article reports on a symposium held at Fort Hare University in July 1998. Its objective was to assess the current state of knowledge on communal rangelands and identify issues important for policy making. This was done in the light of concerns about recent policy reform. Uncontrolled access to resources and the lack of services were identified as the main constraints on socio‐economic development in the communal rangelands, and inadequate forage during the dry season was recognised as a general constraint on livestock production, irrespective of mean annual rainfall. Government policies must recognise these issues and the social and ecological heterogeneity of communal rangelands in South Africa. The conclusion with the most far‐reaching implications, however, was that degradation has occurred in some, but not all, communal rangelands and is most likely to occur in arid areas. This finding is in direct contrast to the current base for agricultural policies in South Africa, which assumes that livestock have little impact on rangelands.     

国家级森林公园时空演变特征及其影响因素研究

选取2000年、2010年与2020年的国家级森林公园作为研究对象,通过地理信息系统（GIS）空间分析技术,研究国家级森林公园的时空演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明：国家级森林公园主要分布于我国的东部,数量逐年增加,且重心逐渐向西迁移,范围逐渐扩大,但仍呈现聚集分布的态势;同时,通过地理探测器与地理加权回归模型发现,国家级森林公园分布主要受到社会因素与森林资源的影响,且因子之间的交互作用共同影响其分布。     

基于系统基模的国家公园游憩可持续发展探析

针对中国国家公园游憩活动可持续发展过程中存在的游客数量增长上限、游憩活动的负面影响和社区参与3个较为突出的未解决问题，分别构建系统基模加以解释，并提出解决策略：一是通过加大政府的投入、适当发展特许经营和降低游憩活动的负面影响来提高国家公园的接待能力；二是通过强化对游客的教育来缓解国家公园游憩活动带来的生态环境问题和资源破坏问题；三是通过采取合理的社区参与方式来提高国家公园的接待能力和游客满意度。     

Economic incentives in the subsistence areas of South Africa and the need for reform

While land tenure reform within the subsistence areas of South Africa will not address fundamental black grievances about land inequality, it is essential that the land in these areas, as well as other agricultural land used for resettlement, be used in a productive and sustainable manner. This article examines the way in which discriminatory policies with respect to land distribution and public support, together with the high level of transaction costs under existing black tenure systems, have structured economic incentives within the subsistence areas, leading to the apparent under‐ and over‐utilization of arable and grazing land respectively. The potential for formal private tenure to reduce these constraints is then explored, while noting the necessity for property institutions to be both impartially administered and well adapted to the particular needs and resource constraints at the community level. Finally, a number of reforms which would increase the level of information provided by informal tenure are examined.     

Constraints to biofuel feedstock production expansion in Zambia

ABSTRACT

World biofuel production has been increasing to improve energy security and mitigate global warming. Southern Africa’s bioenergy demand could increase with South Africa’s planned fuel blending mandates, triggering increased demand for feedstocks and agricultural land. Ensuring sustained production will require a full understanding of the constraints to production expansion, considering the tradeoffs that may be generated in rural areas, as has been observed for large-scale land acquisitions. We analyse the social and biophysical constraints to biofuel production expansion in Zambia. Previously social constraints have received limited attention even though they may prove more problematic. Results indicate that Zambia is at least moderately suitable for bioenergy investments with biophysically suitable areas largely coinciding with the socially suitable areas. However, existing gaps in compensatory procedures may inhibit large-scale projects’ access to development finance if not aligned with internationally acceptable practices, and generate negative outcomes if safeguards are not in place.     

Impacts of Cultivated Land Conversion on Environmental Sustainability and Grain Self-sufficiency in China

Using provincial data, the present paper examines the impact of cultivated land conversion on agriculture and the environment. It is found that the grain production center is gradually moving towards more fragile and water scarce areas, putting more pressure on the environment. Land conversion caused large losses in ecosystem service values in the 1990s, but large scale ecological restoration programs have been implemented since 2000 to compensate for such losses. The ecological restoration programs are concentrated in regions with relatively low land productivity, whereas cultivated land conversion usually takes place in areas with relatively high land productivity. Newly-cultivated land, especially that in areas marginally suit for agricultural production, is likely to have much lower productivity levels than the original cultivated land. Because the stock of potentially cultivable land is almost exhausted, China＇s grain self-suffiency policy can only be maintained by preserving the available stock of arable land and increasing its productivity in a sustainable way.