Option Pricing under Stochastic Interest Rates: An Empirical Investigation

Using daily data of the Nikkei 225 index, call option prices and call money rates of the Japanese financial market,a comparison is made of the pricing performance of stock option pricing modelsunder several stochastic interest rate processes proposedby the existing term structure literature.The results show that (1) one option pricing modelunder a specific stochastic interest ratedoes not significantly outperformanother option pricing model under an alternative stochasticinterest rate, and (2) incorporating stochastic interest ratesinto stock option pricing does not contribute to the performanceimprovement of the original Black–Scholes pricing formula.     

On the Robustness of Least-Squares Monte Carlo (LSM) for Pricing American Derivatives

This paper analyses the robustness of Least-Squares Monte Carlo, a technique proposed by Longstaff and Schwartz (2001) for pricing American options. This method is based on least-squares regressions in which the explanatory variables are certain polynomial functions. We analyze the impact of different basis functions on option prices. Numerical results for American put options show that this approach is quite robust to the choice of basis functions. For more complex derivatives, this choice can slightly affect option prices. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Libor Market Models versus Swap Market Models for Pricing Interest Rate Derivatives: An Empirical Analysis

We empirically compare Libor and Swap Market Models for the pricing of interest rate derivatives, using panel data on prices of US caplets and swaptions. A Libor Market Model can directly be calibrated to observed prices of caplets, whereas a Swap Market Model is calibrated to a certain set of swaption prices. For both models we analyze how well they price caplets and swaptions that were not used for calibration. We show that the Libor Market Model in general leads to better prediction of derivative prices that were not used for calibration than the Swap Market Model. Also, we find that Market Models with a declining volatility function give much better pricing results than a specification with a constant volatility function. Finally, we find that models that are chosen to exactly match certain derivative prices are overfitted; more parsimonious models lead to better predictions for derivative prices that were not used for calibration.     

Libor Market Models versus Swap Market Models for Pricing Interest Rate Derivatives: An Empirical Analysis

We empirically compare Libor and Swap Market Models for thepricing of interest rate derivatives, using panel data on pricesof US caplets and swaptions. A Libor Market Model can directlybe calibrated to observed prices of caplets, whereas a SwapMarket Model is calibrated to a certain set of swaption prices.For both models we analyze how well they price caplets and swaptionsthat were not used for calibration. We show that the Libor MarketModel in general leads to better prediction of derivative pricesthat were not used for calibration than the Swap Market Model.Also, we find that Market Models with a declining volatilityfunction give much better pricing results than a specificationwith a constant volatility function. Finally, we find that modelsthat arechosen to exactly match certain derivative prices areoverfitted; more parsimonious models lead to better predictionsfor derivative prices that were not used for calibration. JELClassification: G12, G13, E43.     

Interest Rate Derivatives in a Duffie and Kan Model with Stochastic Volatility: An Arrow-Debreu Pricing Approach

Simple analytical pricing formulae have been derived, by different authors and for several derivatives, under the Gaussian Langetieg (1980) model. The purpose of this paper is to use such exact Gaussian solutions in order to obtain approximate analytical pricing formulas under the most general stochastic volatility specification of the Duffie and Kan (1996) model. Using Gaussian Arrow-Debreu state prices, first order stochastic volatility approximate pricing solutions will be derived only involving one integral with respect to the time-to-maturity of the contingent claim under valuation. Such approximations will be shown to be much faster than the existing exact numerical solutions, as well as accurate.     

Shibor对我国银行主要金融产品定价的基准性分析

构建和培育市场基准利率是完善市场化利率体系的重要基础条件。自2007年人民银行构建和培育市场基准利率Shibor（上海银行间同业拆放利率）以来,Shibor的基准地位不断提高。加强对Shibor的基准性研究,分析判断Shibor在银行主要金融产品定价中的基准地位,成为当前我国利率市场化改革的重点课题。本文运用协整检验考察了Shibor对同业存款利率、贴现利率和贷款利率定价的基准性,通过误差修正模型（ECM）描述了各主要金融产品利率同Shibor走势的长期均衡关系和短期动态调整过程,分析了各主要利率的形成机制,并针对实证结果,结合目前的商业银行利率定价机制,提出了相关建议。     

利率市场化背景下银行同业存款定价的模型设计

随着我国利率市场化进程的不断推进,同业存款已经实现了市场化定价。为了适应利率市场化的形势,进一步巩固客户关系,并为银行业务发展提供低成本的资金来源,需要积极研究完善同业存款定价方法。本文借鉴西方商业银行在存贷款等产品定价方面的研究,结合当前商业银行金融同业业务的具体情况,设计了基于客户综合贡献和银行目标利润的同业存款定价模型,并对此方法做进一步的讨论,提出要将定量分析与定性分析相结合,完善客户关系管理(CRM)系统,结合不同行业同业客户特点提高该模型适用性等建议。     

商业银行贷款定价策略和模型设计

建立完善贷款定价体系对商业银行适应利率市场化、增强抵御利率风险具有重大意义。本文从贷款定价理论及其对商业银行重要意义入手,分析我国商业银行贷款定价的现状和难点。作者参照西方发达国家商业银行贷款定价模式,提出了我国商业银行建立完善贷款定价体系的策略和测算模型,即要综合考虑客户的信用风险、综合收益、筹资成本和营运成本以及货币信贷市场变化等因素,从而建立以成本精算、风险量化为基础的价格领导定价测算模型,最后依据客户综合贡献度、计结息周期和利率浮动周期进行修正,最终建立起以市场为导向,以弥补成本为前提,以客户盈利能力为参数的贷款定价机制。     

利率互换定价存在的障碍及解决办法

根据我国利率互换市场现状,着重分析我国利率互换定价目前存在的障碍,阐述一种可行的定价方法,通过拟合交易所国债的利率期限结构计算出远期利率代替未来浮动端的参考利率确定浮动端现金流,令利率互换固定端现金流与之相等,得出固定利率。定价结果表明本文阐述的方法能够提供一种较为有效的对利率互换定价的方法,可以作为实际交易过程中的定价参考。     

Binomial Option Pricing Biases and Inconsistent Implied Volatilities

We evaluate the binomial option pricing methodology (OPM) by examining simulated portfolio strategies. A key aspect of our study involves sampling from the empirical distribution of observed equity returns. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we generate equity prices under known volatility and return parameters. We price American–style put options on the equity and evaluate the risk–adjusted performance of various strategies that require writing put options with different maturities and moneyness characteristics. The performance of these strategies is compared to an alternative strategy of investing in the underlying equity. The relative performance of the strategies allows us to identify biases in the binomial OPM leading to the well–known volatility smile . By adjusting option prices so as to rule out dominated option strategies in a mean–variance context, we are able to reduce the pricing errors of the OPM with respect to option prices obtained from the LIFFE. Our results suggest that a simple recalibration of inputs may improve binomial OPM performance.     

我国商业银行贷款定价方法探讨

随着利率市场化进程的加快,我国商业银行的贷款定价体系面临着越来越严峻的考验。为了适应利率市场化的需要,应该改进国内现有的贷款定价方法,建立一个“以贷款平均收益率为基准利率,兼顾贷款风险溢价以及银行与客户整体关系”的贷款定价模型。     

西方资产定价理论中的实体经济因素考察——以CAPM模型与B-S期权定价模型为例

本文根据马克思主义经济学有关实体经济因素决定虚拟资本价格的基本原理,分析和评价了CAPM与B-S模型;认为CAPM模型的建模思路存在重大错误;同时还发现,利息率是虚拟资本价格决定中与实体经济连接的重要桥梁,但在虚拟资本价格决定中,仅有利息率一个指标并不能充分反映实体经济的决定作用;本文还因B-S模型建模思路充分考虑了实体经济因素,而从马克思主义经济学角度给予客观评价。     

A Note on Option Pricing for the Constant Elasticity of Variance Model

We study the arbitrage free optionpricing problem for the constant elasticity of variance (CEV) model. To treatthestochastic aspect of the CEV model, we direct attention to the relationship between the CEV modeland squared Bessel processes. Then we show the existence of a unique equivalentmartingale measure and derive the Cox's arbitrage free option pricing formulathrough the properties of squared Bessel processes. Finally we show that the CEVmodel admits arbitrage opportunities when it is conditioned to be strictlypositive.     

运用Matlab基于LSM方法对羹式期权定价的新探究

传统期权定价方法是通过主观假定初始价格、执行价格、期限、波动率、无风险利率等条件来对期权进行定价,很少联系实际的期权市场报价对期权进行定价。本文根据股票期权市场报价,通过Matlab快速方便地求解出隐含的波动率和无风险利率,并在此基础上运用Matlab基于最／bZ．乘蒙特卡洛模拟（LSM）方法对该股票的美式期权进行定价。本文揭示了如何根据期权市场报价实现隐含波动率和无风险利率的求解,进而结合LSM方法对美式期权进行定价的一种新方法。此外,本文对LSM方法的改进技术也进行了探讨。     

我国商业银行贷款定价的最优化模型设计

随着我国加入WTO,国内金融市场逐步与国际金融市场接轨,国家也逐渐放开对企业贷款利率上限的管制,商业银行可以根据信贷市场需求确定合理的贷款价格,使贷款利率能充分补偿银行所承担的信用风险以确保安全性和赢利性。本文首先阐述目前商业银行贷款定价方法中存在的问题,指出由于我国信贷市场中普遍存在信息不对称这一情况,已经严重影响了商业银行的经营和决策水平;再结合委托-代理框架,套用最优控制理论,给出一个信息不对称时的合理的贷款定价模型;最后针对如何有效提高我国商业银行运作和管理水平给出一些操作性建议。     

我国商业银行贷款定价的最优化模型设计

随着我国加入WTO，国内金融市场逐步与国际金融市场接轨，国家也逐渐放开对企业贷款利率上限的管制，商业银行可以根据信贷市场需求确定合理的贷款价格，使贷款利率能充分补偿银行所承担的信用风险以确保安全性和赢利性。本文首先阐述目前商业银行贷款定价方法中存在的问题，指出由于我国信贷市场中普遍存在信息不对称这一情况，已经严重影响了商业银行的经营和决策水平；再结合委托一代理框架，套用最优控制理论，给出一个信息不对称时的合理的贷款定价模型；最后针对如何有效提高我国商业银行运作和管理水平给出一些操作性建议。     

A Cross-Sectional Empirical Test of a Dual-State Multi-Factor Pricing Model

During empirical testing of the Capital Asset Pricing Model an assumption is typically made that risk is intertemporally constant. However, prior research finds that risk changes over time. We empirically test a conditional dual-state cross-sectional model allowing risk to change through prior identification of different market and economic states. We examine relationships between returns and conditional market and economic-factor betas, size, book-to-market equity, and earnings-price ratios. We find that relationships shift across regimes, suggesting the importance of a conditional, as opposed to unconditional, model. Relationships also change in January.     

Dynamic Spanning in the Consumption-Based Capital Asset Pricing Model

Under the assumptions of the Consumption-based Capital AssetPricing Model (CCAPM), Pareto optimal consumption allocationsare characterized by each agent's consumption process beingadapted to the filtration generated by the aggregate consumptionprocess of the economy. The wealth processes of the agents,however, are adapted to the finer filtration generated by aggregateconsumption and the conditional distribution of future aggregateconsumption. Therefore, in order to achieve pareto optimal consumptionallocations, a sufficiently varied set of assets must existsuch that any wealth process adapted to this finer filtrationcan be implemented by dynamically trading in that set of assets.We provide sufficient conditions for the existence of such aset of assets based on dynamically trading contingent claimson aggregate consumption. In addition, we give sufficient conditionsfor the existence of equilibria in a dynamically effectivelycomplete market in which agents are only able to trade in contingentclaims on aggregate consumption, the market portfolio of firms,and a (numeraire) zero-coupon bond. We demonstrate the roleof short- and long-term contingent claims on aggregate consumptionfor the implementation of Pareto optimal allocations inthe presenceof short- and long-term risks. In addition, in the presenceof personal risks, we demonstrate the role of insurance contracts.JEL Classification: G13.