中国水资源管理体制改革研究

进入21世纪，我国的治水理念发生了较大转变，治水实践也进行了大胆探索。但在水资源管理体制上，还是以行政手段为主配置、管理水资源，水行政与水服务职能基本未分开，还保留着计划经济的基本架构。中国水资源短缺和水环境恶化的根本原因是治水制度长期滞后于治水需求的累积结果，要解决中国的水问题，必须对水资源管理体制进行大的变革。在国际上，水资源短缺和水环境恶化是多数中等发达以上国家在其发展的道路上所遇到的共性问题，许多国家根据本国的国情，在20世纪下半叶对水资源管理制度进行了变革，取得了令人鼓舞的成就。本文基于新制度经济学的研究方法，充分借鉴国际水资源管理体制改革的成功经验，提出了一个中国水资源管理体制改革的总体构想。     

试论黄淮海地区的水利与生态环境的关系

试论黄淮海地区的水利与生态环境的关系王耕今（中国生态经济学会副理事长）我国旱涝灾害频繁，而黄淮海地区尤甚。据水利部水资源研究及区划办公室１９８１年出版的《中国水资源初步评价》中指出：黄淮海地区包括京津冀晋蒙苏鲁豫皖九省市区，土地面积２００万ｋｍ￣２，...     

尊重水利规律 坚持科学治水

几个月前,我国还忙于西南抗旱,但转瞬之间,我国的主画面变成了南方数省的抗洪抢险。太平洋西岸的季风数千年来就这样折腾着我国,世界上恐怕很难找到一个与我们一样的国家,旱涝变化如此之快,水资源分布如此悬殊。大概也没有哪个国家,像我国这样急需一个强大而高效的全国治水系统。     

滨州市农业旱灾分析及防御措施探讨

依据滨州59年实测水文资料,分析滨州市建国以来的旱涝灾情规律,并对滨州旱涝灾害进行级别划分.分析旱涝灾害形成的原因,并提出了滨州市抗旱减灾的措施建议.     

试谈大庆市大同区农田水利建设的意义及工作重点

我区主要以农业为主,但水资源短缺、降雨时空分布不均、干旱灾害频繁,这些基本情况就决定了农田水利建设在社会发展中就要特别重要的作用。政府非常重视农田水利建设,经过广大农民群众长期不懈的努力,农田有效灌溉面积大幅度增加,为粮食产量和农业生产不断迈上新台阶奠定了坚实基础。但近年来,我区农田水利建设的环境和条件发生了重大变化,投入总体呈下滑趋势,已成为制约粮食生产能力提高的突出矛盾和问题。     

重视水政监察工作

水是人类赖以生存的物质基础，也是经济发展和社会进步的物质保证。随着我国从传统水利向现代水利、可持续发展水利转变的步伐不断加快，全面推进节水防污、保护水资源、防止水灾害已成为新时期经济社会发展中具有基础性、全面性、战略性的重大问题，也是各级水政监察部门依法治水、依法管水，支持经济社会可持续发展的首要任务。     

鲁西平原农村经济可持续发展指标体系与评价 --东昌府区的典型案例研究

东昌府区农业系统运行特征是鲁西平原和华北平原农业发展的一个缩影.是水资源缺乏,水土资源不平衡,旱涝盐碱灾害较为严重,农村工业和第三产业不发达的结构转型中的典型农业区.为实现农村经济的可持续发展,有必要客观评价地区农村经济可持续发展的能力,本文在研究了东昌府区可持续发展的能力指数的基础上,对农村经济可持续发展能力进行了综合评价.     

节水是缓解我国水资源短缺的有效途径

一、我国水资源现状我国陆域多年平均年降水总量约为6X10“m’,形成水资源总量约为2．SXIO“rn‘,其中河川径流量2．7XIO“m’,地下水资源量约为8．7X10“m‘,两者相互转化重复估算部分约为7．7X10‘’m‘,人均水资源量约为2400m’,只有世界人均的1／4o因此,我国属于水资源短缺的国家。我国水资源的时空分布又很不均匀,降雨量和径流量年内、年季变幅很大,降低了水资源的可利用程度,而且容易造成旱涝灾害。在区域分布上,水资源分布与降水分布基本一致,东南多（占sl％）,西北少（占19％）。因此,使全国耕地6O％以上的北方…     

治水方略探索

水是生命之源,水利是农业的命脉,水又是人类重要的生产资料和生活资料,因此,亲水、爱水、护水、治水、节水是人们的共同职责。文章从分析水资源现状、领导带头垂范、治水先治污、建立长效机制4个方面提出了治水方略。     

合理利用水资源保障社会经济的发展

山西省社会经济的发展面临着水资源缺乏的困扰 ,保护水资源 ,调节城市生产、生活用水 ,逐步实现农业用水向城市工业用水的分流。依法治水 ,加强水资源的统一管理 ,是合理利用水资源、促进社会经济发展的重要措施。     

An analysis of irrigated agricultural outcomes under the prior appropriation doctrine: hypotheses and applications

This article measures irrigated agricultural outcomes under the prior appropriation doctrine by developing a model of farmers’ land allocations in response to water supply change. The modelling approach considers the institutional factors of water rights and permits the inclusive determination of water and land allocations. We utilize farm-level data of irrigated agriculture in Water District #1 in Idaho to examine the predictions from our theoretical model. The water rights priority date is consolidated at the farm level and used to differentiate farmers’ responses. We test a set of hypotheses that relate to water supply and crop revenue. Our results suggest that the water rights priority has a profound impact on agricultural outcomes, indicating strong institutional effects and weak influence of market-based approaches. Farmers respond to both long-term and seasonal water supply change and variation, and they respond to seasonal water supply forecasts in varied ways depending on their water rights portfolios, thus signalling a disproportionate distribution of potential impacts of water supply change.     

An integrated analysis of the effects of local water institutions on irrigated agriculture outcomes in the arid western United States

Irrigation water rights and their governance structures constitute the foundation of local water institutions and profoundly influence water resource allocations, irrigated agricultural productivity and other consumptive water uses in the arid climate zones. This article explores the regional structures of irrigation water rights and water governance and empirically analyses the priority effects of water rights on irrigated agriculture at the micro level in Idaho, an arid and semiarid state in the western United States. We integrate a unique data set of water rights and water supplies with agricultural features and environmental characteristics into our empirical analysis. Results indicate that seniority in water resources allocation has significant, positive effects on both the average crop revenue and crop water use efficiency. Local water rights structures differ significantly in seniority and water sources from region to region. In response to the heterogeneity in local water rights structures, the aforementioned effect of allocative priority of water rights on average crop revenue per hectare and crop water productivity varies significantly, reaching up to an 87% difference, when measured across regions. In addition, the priority effects of water rights are nonlinear, which reflects the influence of historical patterns of water rights establishment on water institutions to date.     

黑龙江省农业水资源利用研究

水是地球上一切生命赖以生存、也是人类生活和生产中不可缺少的基本物质之一。20世纪以来,由于世界各国工农业的迅速发展,城市人口的剧增,缺水已是当今世界许多国家面临的重大问题,尤其是城市缺水状况,越来越加剧。黑龙江省水资源属于中国北方较多地区,但降水分布不均,春旱和夏涝对农业生产影响较大。农业水资源丰富的地区,应优先发展水稻。农业水资源较少的地区发展旱田节水灌溉,应优先选择菜瓜果类高效益作物和对生产影响较大的种子苗木等。其次是扩大玉米催芽坐水种面积。第三是附加值较高的经济作物。     

中外"水银行"模式比较及对南水北调工程的启示

通过对中外“水银行“模式的比较,指出无论是地下水“水银行“还是地表水“水银行“,从本质上来看,二者都是借鉴银行业的运行机制,以“水银行“为水权交易平台,使水权节余者存储剩余的水权,并从中获取收益;需水者通过向“水银行“购买水权,满足用水需求.尤为重要的是,政府可以通过“水银行“的水权分配、调节价格、监管控制等宏观调控措施确保有限水资源的合理配置,这对于我国南水北调工程具有重要的借鉴作用.     

宁夏平原天然状态下作物水分亏缺研究

本文以宁夏平原为案例,对天然状态下的农田水分平衡状况进行了深入的定量研究,采用长系列(1961～2001年)、短时段(月)和多种作物类型(8种)相匹配的操作方法,建立农田水量平衡模型,计算得到了宁夏平原各个县域单元、各种作物、逐年、逐月的有效降水、盈水量、亏水量值。结果表明:自然降水不能满足作物生长发育的需求,水分亏缺是宁夏平原天然状态下农田水分平衡的主要特征;不同作物水分亏缺程度差异较大;宁夏平原未来农业发展必须推行"以水定产"战略。     

中国居民用水价格制定的“晕染”模式

用"晕染"模式解释制度逻辑影响下的居民用水价格"趋同"上涨现象,即某城市水价的调整是对其周边主要城市水价情况的模仿行为。利用2002—2015年中国411个城市居民用水价格的相关数据进行回归分析和方差比较。研究结果有利支撑了居民用水价格制定的"晕染"模式,并证明了经济地理区域对居民用水价格及其制定具有显著影响。     

Quantitative study on the urban flesh water consumption since Chinese rapid urbanization

The development of urbanization has a close relationship with fresh water resources, especially in the rapid urbanization period. By analyzing the course of the urhanization development and the experience of international urbanization development, the paper confirms the starting time of the rapid urbanization. Based on the ecotogical theory; urban fresh water consumption is composed of three types： the direct, the indirect and the induced water consumption. And the paper constructs calculation model of the indirect and the induced water consumption. Using the related statistics data, the paper makes an empirical research on the changes of the amount and structure of water consumption. Then it discusses the correlation between the water consumption and the amount of urban population, and the result shows that the amount of the water consumption arid the urban population have a remarkable correlation with the exception of the amount of the indirect water consumption, and the curves fake on quadratic functian form. Last, from the urban fimction point of view; the paper anatomizes the cause of the urban water consumption changes.     

Inter-basin water transfers under uncertainty: Storage capacity and optimal guaranteed deliveries

This paper deals with water transfers between jurisdictions not claiming riparian rights to the same water source, and taking place through straightforward sales. Taking into account the uncertain nature of water surpluses, we investigate, within a partial equilibrium framework, the implications of a third party's provision of storing facilities upon the potential supplier's decision whether, and to what extent, it is worthwhile to guarantee a constant amount of water exports. The analysis suggests that there exists a minimum storage capacity below which the potential supplier will never find it profitable to divert a constant amount of water outside his boundaries; the greater the uncertainty about future surpluses and/or internal costs due to even occasional water shortages resulting from the water export commitment, the higher the required minimum storage capacity will be. Above this minimum, an increase in the capacity would be better for the surplus agent, but in a situation in which water surplus is expected to decrease over time, increases in storage capacity would make him willing to guarantee a smaller amount of water deliveries.This work has been carried out under the auspices of the European Science Foundation's research program Sharing fresh water resources in the Mediterranean region: An economic perspective. Previous versions have been presented at ESF workshops held at the Universities of Haifa, Padova and Crete. Financial support from MURST (funds 40% — 1992) is gratefully acknowledged. We wish to thank Nunzio Cappuccio, Haluk Akdogan, Karl Mäler, Mordechai Shechter, Naomi Zeitouni, and two anonimous referees for helpful comments. The usual disclaimer applies.     

虚拟草原流动视角下的草原生态省际横向补偿标准研究

为完善草原生态补偿机制,促进各地区均衡发展,借鉴"虚拟土""虚拟耕地"等理念,创造性地提出"虚拟草原"概念,通过运用当量因子法、构建横向补偿调节系数及优先级公式,得到省际横向补偿标准测算模型,从而对2004—2017年各地区支付/受偿金额进行测算,同时确定其所属优先级。研究结果表明:14年间我国草原生态补偿受偿区和支付区分布一直较为稳定,虚拟草原呈现"北土南流"格局,总受偿和补偿资金均呈逐渐增多趋势,但优先受偿区及优先支付区数量逐渐减少。其中,优先受偿区为内蒙古、西藏等地,优先支付区为上海、广东等地。     

把北京建成“人水共存共荣”的城市--关于人与水资源关系的探讨

协调首都人口与水资源关系是“绿色奥运”紧迫而重要的命题。针对当前北京市水资源严重短缺,人口规模超过水资源承载力的现实,除综合点评“开源节流”多项对策外,提出了“人水共存共荣”的新思路。重整水环境,古为今用,延伸古水系价值与风貌,用以构建现代化生态型绿色都城。量水而行,严控人口规模,适度吸纳流动人口。树立科学观,力争人与水和谐才能可持续发展。坚持首都政治和文化中心地位,舍弃首都经济“中心论”。利用经济杠杆,市场机制,以供定需,调整现有产业结构,实施水资源优化配置。依《水法》用水治水、管水,以使北京成为人水共存共荣的大都市。