技术输出与技术产权的国际保护

我国技术和技术产品出口日益发展,出口量仅次于西方几大工业国。随着技术输出的增长,我国的技术流失及其专利保护问题越来越突出。技术流失既有外部因素,也有内部因素,缺乏保密观念、专利意识,人才的非正常外流,以及法制不健全是主要原因。输出技术优势,加强国际交流,是新时期加快我国技术经济发展的重要战略。但要加强知识产权教育,普及专利知识,按照国际惯例,依靠健全的法制保护技术专利,规范技术和技术产品的输出,维护国家、地方和企业利益。     

中国农业资源游离问题研究

农业资源游离是农业资源配置的主要形式,资源游离有价值游离、实物游离、劳动游离等三种基本类型。建国以来由于行政配置资源功能的强化,造成我国农业资源多种形式的严重流失。矫正的思路是:在资源战略、价格战略和资本战略三者之间把资源战略放在首位,确立农业资源市场配置机制的核心地位。     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Ricardo–The New View. Collected Essays I , by Samuel Hollander
The Economics of the Trade Union , by Alison Booth.
The Struggle for Industrial Relations in Australia , by Braham Dabscheck
The Current Account and Foreign Debt , by John Pitchford
The Transformation of the World Economy , 1980–1993, by Robert Solomon
The Legacy of Hicks: His Contributions to Economic Analysis , edited by Harald Hagemann and O.F. Hamouda
The Measurement of Household Welfare , edited by Richard Blundell, Ian Preston and Ian Walker
Current Issues in Public Choice , edited by Jose Casas Pardo and Friedrich Schneider     

Estimating a Dynamic Model of Household Choices in the Presence of Income Taxation

The purpose of the article is to study the incentive and distributional consequences of income taxation. The article analyzes tax changes in a dynamic setting. The framework is estimated under a set of different identifying assumptions using parametric, nonparametric, and semiparametric techniques. The empirical results focus on tax reforms in Germany in the 1980s. The article shows that these reforms did not significantly lower effective tax rates. The findings also suggest that estimated elasticities for male labor supply are small, ranging between 0.02 and 0.2.     

论促进西部开发的财税政策问题

第十届全国人民代表大会第五次会议又一次强调了新形势下加大对西部大开发的投入,但鉴于西部开发的财税政策出现的种种问题,如政府转移支付力度不足、财政投资效益低下、财政负担沉重、税收优惠政策无法落到实处等,我们建议在制定促进西部开发的财税政策时,应针对西部实际有所创新,同时,调动多方投资主体的积极性,把握政策转型期间的各种机遇,有针对性地支持西部特色产业.     

A real and monetary analysis of capitalism

Building on ideas of Joseph Schumpeter, this paper constructs and compares a real and a monetary model of capitalism. The paper’s thesis is that real and monetary analysis are both necessary for describing the capitalist cycle. The real model is in four parts. The first part is a simplified static Walrasian exchange. The second part uses a time dynamic to show price and productivity equilibrium over time. The third part defines surplus-value, capital, accumulation, profit and producer’s surplus. The fourth part defines economic evolution and long-term analysis. Each of the four parts has a corresponding Mathematica program and a table of sample data. The real model shows a relationship between long term average profit, GDP and capitalization. A monetary model is then constructed which empirically defines monetary and real products, the capital-market, the real economy and investment. The monetary model is first described under conditions of laissez-faire. The concepts of appreciation, overinvestment and the capitalist cycle are defined with the aid of the real model. Finally, the post laissez-faire capitalist cycle is described with an emphasis on the government policies of post 1980 capitalism. The conclusion of the paper—based on the real and monetary models—is that post 1980 capitalism changes but does not eliminate the capitalist cycle because government policies do not address over-investment, rather these policies abet over-investment.     

体制观念、构成模式与运作机制探析

体制观念是由组织模式、所有制、运作机制和核算方式等诸项要素构成的组合体。不同体制具有不同的运作机制和运作效率。体制改革的目标选择是由体制机制及其效率要求产生和决定的。衡量体制机制效率的主要因素是资产经营效果。自负盈亏机制是资产经营和核算的基本规律。财产所有制制度和国民经济核算方式都要适合资产经营和自负盈亏机制的规律要求。要改革计划方式,把制定发展计划的主要依据建立在科学国民经济核算方式的基础上。     

试论商品生产力

本文提出用人类开发改造自然的整体结合方式和自然界的作用方式——生产的社会化程度做标准,把社会生产力的历史进程划分为自给生产力、商品生产力、产品生产力三个阶段。资本主义社会和社会主义社会同处于商品生产力这一历史阶段,它们在生产力方面都姓“商”,而不存在姓“资”姓“社”的区别。文章对商品生产力的特征做了初步探索,认为,独立的商品生产经营者——企业是商品生产力运行的主体;商品交换关系是商品生产力各种要素相结合的纽带;资本是商品生产力的第一要素;市场是商品生产力的资源配置条件和最终实现空间。     

SHORT REVIEWS

JOSEPH S. BERLINER, Soviet Industry from Stalin to Gorbachev Aldershot, Edward Elgar
WILLIAM J. BAUMOL AND WALLACE E. OATES, The Theory of Environmental Policy , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988
EAMONN BUTLER, Ludwig von Mises: Fountainhead of the Modern Microeconomics Revolution , Aldershot, Gower, 1988
F. A. HAYEK, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism , ed. W. W. Bartley III, London, Routledge, 1988
MICHAEL KEATING, The City That Refused to Die. Glasgow: the politics of urban regeneration , Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press
BRIAN TEW, The Evolution of the International Monetary System 1945–88 , London, Hutchison, 1988
BRIAN J. LOASBY, The Mind and Method of the Economist: Critical Appraisal of Major Economists in the Twentieth Century , Aldershot, Edward Elgar,
ERIC RASMUSEN, Games and Information: an Introduction to Game Theory , Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989     

高度城镇化地区土地生态系统服务价值及其 镇域空间演变 ——以苏州为例

土地利用方式的快速转变深刻影响着生态系统服务 的能力和质量,高度城镇化地区镇域空间尤为突出。以TM/ ETM数据为基础,借助当量因子法和空间自相关方法,基于 镇域尺度分析1995—2015年5个时段苏州土地生态系统服务 价值格局及其演化规律。结果表明：1)耕地、林地、草地、 湿地大幅减少,水域、未利用地面积显著增加,水域居于主体 控制地位,水域、耕地主导用地发生变化;2)生态系统服务 价值总量减幅仅为1%,水域增加有效缓冲了损耗;3)水源涵 养和废物处理价值约占总价值的80%,单项生态系统服务价 值单一且明显衰退;4)镇域空间整体具有不断加强的集聚特 征,局部低值贫瘠区、退化区的“一核两片”和高值核心区、 保育区的“一环一带”格局基本稳定,中心城区-昆山沿线及 周边具有加剧衰退的迹象,过渡区、退化区范围不断强化。基 于时空演化特征提出了分区、分类的管控对策,以期为生态规 划、国土空间规划提供科学依据和参考。     

The European Single Currency and MENA's Exports to Europe

The paper investigates future exchange rate policy of the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries vis‐à‐vis the euro aimed at fostering their manufactured exports towards Euroland. The exchange rate policy is captured through three different indicators: the real effective exchange rate changes, volatility, and misalignment. The investigation is conducted for 11 sectors over the period 1970–1997. The sample includes four North African countries (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt) and Turkey. The results show that exchange rate management plays a crucial role in providing incentives for manufactured exports toward Euroland. The food sector is weakly responsive to real exchange rate changes while the textile sector is highly responsive. Four growing sectors (electronic, electrical, mechanical, and vehicles) were also found to be highly sensitive to exchange rate changes. The results suggest that policymakers should be more concerned with misalignment than with volatility.     

地方财政政策逆周期调节：财政分权还是债务增发*

财政政策工具实际操作偏离最初设计将会降低政策工具的调控效果，导致宏观经济波动加剧。针对地方政府财政政策的逆周期性调控目标，本文关注财政分权深化和政府债务增发的逆周期性效应。研究发现：地方政府财政政策总体呈现顺周期特征。财政分权程度的提高放大了地方财政政策的顺周期性。地方政府债务增发使地方财政政策呈现逆周期特征。地方政府财政政策及其收入面、支出面均呈现顺周期性，由“顺”转“逆”的债务平衡点分别为0137，0113，0209。当前绝大部分地区的债务规模都在债务平衡点之下。驱动地方政府债务逆周期调控的内在因素是官员晋升激励。晋升激励的程度越高，地方债务逆周期调控的力度就越大。但外部市场融资环境的波动削弱了地方政府债务逆周期调控的力度。本文的政策主张是，不宜过度财政分权，应该扩大地方债发行规模，促使地方财政政策逆周期调节。     

The Social Shaping of the Participation of Employees in Environmental Work within Enterprises - Experiences from a Danish Context

The paper deals with the shaping of the participation of employees in environmental work within enterprises. The paper is based on two case studies on Danish enterprises, which, as part of the development of their environmental work, emphasized employee involvement. The cases show that it is difficult to maintain the participation of employees in environmental work, even in enterprises with an intention to do so. The cases contribute to the identification of those situations during the shaping of environmental work in an enterprise where choices concerning employee participation are made: (1) The need of management to involve employees in the environmental work; (2) The competence building among employees and local supervisors; and (3) The stabilization of the environmental work into routines and structures. The theoretical approach draws on organizational theory emphasizing the connection between environmental strategies, measures and competence needs, and the shaping of the participation of employees as social processes formed by the existing culture and the pressure generated by the preventive environmental work.     

The Social Shaping of the Participation of Employees in Environmental Work within Enterprises - Experiences from a Danish Context

The paper deals with the shaping of the participation of employees in environmental work within enterprises. The paper is based on two case studies on Danish enterprises, which, as part of the development of their environmental work, emphasized employee involvement. The cases show that it is difficult to maintain the participation of employees in environmental work, even in enterprises with an intention to do so. The cases contribute to the identification of those situations during the shaping of environmental work in an enterprise where choices concerning employee participation are made: (1) The need of management to involve employees in the environmental work; (2) The competence building among employees and local supervisors; and (3) The stabilization of the environmental work into routines and structures. The theoretical approach draws on organizational theory emphasizing the connection between environmental strategies, measures and competence needs, and the shaping of the participation of employees as social processes formed by the existing culture and the pressure generated by the preventive environmental work.     

地方财政投入效率的人口因素分析

构建DEA模型分析了我国29个地区对人口素质的财政投入效率,并利用受限Tobit面板回归分析效率的影响因素。省际技术效率差距在2000年之前有所扩大,但此后逐渐缩小。分区域来看,1993年开始,东部技术效率反超中、西部,并逐渐拉开差距。规模效率上,东部在大部分年份都要高于中西部。2000年之后,三大区域的规模效率差异有缩小趋势。经济增长、财政收入、教育水平、人口密度以及人口年龄结构对人口素质的财政投入效率有显著影响。分税制改革提高了西部地区在人口素质上的财政投入效率,但对东、中部没有显著影响。     

新亚欧大陆桥经济新发展及对徐州影响

分析了当前新亚欧大陆桥经济发展四大新特点,即在国家对外开放格局中的战略地位日趋重要、沿桥 经济区规划纷纷上升为国家战略、城市经济发展迅速、区域合作明显加强等,指出其对徐州经济发展带来的新挑战,提出徐州在区域竞争与协作中的三大应对措施,即建设具有强大辐射力的区域性特大中心城市、打造淮海城市群、争取淮海经济区区域规划上升为国家战略等,以促进陆桥经济带东部崛起.     

Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
K. Hoover, Casuality in Macroeconomics
Jason Potts, The New Evolutionary Microeconomics: Complexity, Competence and Adaptive Behaviour
Stephen Dobson and John Goddard, The Economics of Football
Hazel Bateman, Geoffrey Kingston and John Piggott, Forced Saving: Mandating Private Retirement Incomes
Sanjai Bhagat and Richard H. Jeffries Jr., The Econometrics of Corporate Governance Studies
Michael Carter, Foundations of Mathematical Economics
Bruno S. Frey, Inspiring Economics. Human Motivation in Political Economy
Douglas A. Irwin, Free Trade Under Fire
Jagdish Bhagwati, Free Trade Today
Fran Collyer, Jim McMaster and Roger Wettenhall, Public Enterprise Disinvestment: Australian Case Studies
Jean-Jacques Laffont and David Martimort, The Theory of Incentives: The Principal-Agent Model     

新疆绿洲城市综合规模与基础设施灰色关联时空分析

通过构建新疆城市综合规模与基础设施评价指标体系,运用综合灰色关联分析方法,对新疆22个城市基础设施与综合规模进行灰色关联分析。研究发现：①1997—2007年新疆基础设施与城市综合规模平均灰色关联度大于0.59。有较强关联度城市分布在北疆和东疆,在时间分布上,灰色关联度缓慢上升,上升幅度小。②基础设施对城市综合规模灰色响应值差异较大,通讯设施和能源设施具有较强绝对灰色响应,交通设施和环境设施具有较强相对灰色响应。在空间分布上,22个城市的基础设施灰色响应最小值基本一致,稳定在0.5左右,但灰色响应最大值具有较大差异。在时间上,不同基础设施对城市综合规模灰色响应分别属于下降型、平稳型、上升型。③基础设施对综合城市规模的灰色影响明显。在绝对灰色影响中,对经济规模影响最大。在灰色影响中,对建成区规模影响最大。空间分布上,对经济规模有绝对灰色影响最大值城市占总数的45.5%,在相对灰色影响中,对第三产业影响最大的城市占总数的31.8%;基础设施对城市综合规模灰色影响以上升型为主。     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
The Accord and the Australian Labour Movement , by Gwynneth Singleton
Keynes: Philosophy, Economics & Politics. The Philosophical Foundations of Keynes's Thought and their Influence on his Economics and Politics , by R. M. O'Donnell
The Economics of Trade Protection by N. Vousden
Economic Policy Management: A Japanese Approach , by N. Maruo
Chinese State Enterprises: A Regional Property Rights Analysis , by David Granick
Games and Information: An Introduction to Game Theory , by Eric Rasmusen
The Economics of Small Firms: A European Challenge , Studies in Industrial Organisation
The Methodology of Economic Model Building , by Lawrence A. Boland
Value-form and the state: the tendencies of accumulation and the determination of economic policy in capitalist society , by G. Reuten and M. Williams
The Completion of the Internal Market , edited by Horst Siebert     

基于可持续发展的草原技术体系研究

草原可持续发展是草原生产改进、生态优化、生活改善的系统工程.技术进步是草原可持续发展的根本动力,技术的有效集成和应用是这一系统工程的支撑.本文通过分析草原可持续发展各技术模块之问的关系,构建草原可持续发展技术集成系统,并在此基础上,分析草原制度变革过程与技术进步的关系.最后提出草原可持续发展技术体系的构建过程,建立草原可持续发展的技术模式.