Entrepreneurial aesthetics

The Review of Austrian Economics - This paper examines the aesthetic dimension of innovative entrepreneurship. It treats markets as aesthetic systems that involve the creation, interpretation and...     

创业环境对大学生创业动机的影响研究

创业动机是一种内驱力,刺激着个体进行创业活动,是大学生为了满足自身的某种需求而进行创业的动机因素,创业环境是影响大学生创业动机的重要因素.文章选取江苏省部分高校的在校大学生为对象,借鉴相关研究成果,结合理论分析与实际调研从创业环境相关因素及影响强度方面研究其对创业动机的影响,运用spss17.0进行了信度效度检验,并运用amos18.0统计工具进行了整体拟合检验及模型分析,得出创业环境中影响大学生创业动机的关键因素为政府政策法规、社会宏观经济文化条件、资金支持条件、学校创业支持条件和创业能力五个方面,并根据已构建模型分析结果就其中最为重点的几个因素提出了对策建议.     

大学生创业学习对创业导向的影响研究——基于创业自我效能的中介作用

在双创背景下,大学生创业活动已逐渐成为当下的趋势,对国家的经济发展和解决部分就业问题至关重要.文章选取大学生作为研究对象,对大学生创业学习、创业自我效能与创业导向之间的关系进行研究.研究发现创业学习和创业自我效能对创业导向产生正向影响,创业学习对创业自我效能产生正向影响,创业自我效能在创业学习对创业导向的影响中起部分中介作用.对于高校有效开展创业教育具有一定的实践指导价值.     

Entrepreneurial Alertness and Discovery

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate Kirzner's concepts of entrepreneurial alertness and discovery in the subjectivist perspective. Specifically, it argues that the entrepreneurial discovery process is associated with the actor's interpretation framework, or the stock of knowledge, which is derived from everyday life experiences. Discovery in this context means that the actor interprets incoming information in a way different from perceptions of the general public. Two kinds of entrepreneurial discovery, namely ordinary and extraordinary, are discussed. In terms of mental constructs, ordinary discovery is a backward interpretation in a sense that the entrepreneur endeavours to exploit profit opportunities by doing some things better. This type of discovery largely promotes change within an existing situation. Extraordinary discovery is a forward interpretation that involves a new dimension of interpreting events. In this case, the entrepreneur explores profit opportunities by doing some things drastically different from the traditional. This type of discovery enhances revolutionary change to the economy. Inertia is explained, in the subjectivist perspective, as a result of actors taking knowledge for granted and being locked inside the old interpretation frameworks. The argument developed is applied to explain (1) why firms vertically integrate and, (2) why the socialist system impedes entrepreneurial alertness and discovery.     

企业家才能定价问题研究

在市场经济环境中,企业家的才能对确定企业方向、推动企业发展至关重要。但是,我国经济学界对企业家才能定价问题研究不够重视,致使企业家获得报酬的合理标准难以确定,企业家的工作积极性受挫,也抑制了企业的快速发展。本文分析了企业家才能的重要性、定价的难点及解决的途径,以期引起专家学者的重视,促进我国企业界人士对这一问题认识的深化,推动我国企业的健康发展。     

大学生创业压力源、控制感与倦怠关系研究

本文对大学生的创业压力源、控制感和倦怠的构思结构及其三者之间的关系进行了探讨。首先对来自长三角地区、服务行业和IT行业的10名不同背景的初创企业的创业大学生进行了半结构化访谈,其次对访谈记录进行了内容分析,在文献研究和访谈研究的基础上设计了创业大学生初创企业压力源问卷,对获取的192份预测数据和229份正式测量数据进行了统计分析。研究结果表明：大学生创业压力源存在五因素结构模型,包括创业卷入、知识储备、竞争强度、资源需求和管理责任;这5个因素构成了创业大学生创业压力源的概念模型。创业压力源对倦怠各维度有显著性预测作用;控制感在创业压力源与倦怠关系中起到调节作用。同时,对大学生创业压力源与倦怠不同水平的感知差异在两种不同创业教育模式下也进行了比较。     

Defining the Entrepreneurial Capital Construct

The purpose of this paper is to show preliminary results from an international research project on intellectual capital and value creation led by Lappeenranta University of Technology （Finland）. In the case of this paper, results from Italy will be reported and specifically. The Italian analysis focuses on the entrepreneurial capital （EC） and it analyses how large Italian companies develop and enhance this intangible element. The main research question is： What is the current level of EC in Italian organizations and how does it affect value creation.＇？ To this end, the research addressed the different definitions of EC that literature offers. As a secondary step, this paper analysed the variables suggested by previous literature and proposed an original definition for the research project. The definition is that EC is a stock of competences and the personnels＇ attributes related to proactive, risky, and aggressive decision-making and behaviour. This research provides researchers and managers with unique insights into the evolutionary nature of the relationships between distinct 1C variables and draws a picture on the state of art of corporate EC in the selected sample. This research highlights and improves companies＇ abilities to manage their EC. Furthermore, this research will set the agenda for improving the EC practices of Italian companies and will allow future comparison with firms from other countries that are participating in the same project identifying different pathways to success.     

Entrepreneurial finance and economic growth

This paper develops a theory of the centralization of firms engaged in multi-market collusive agreements. A centralized organization (called the unitary or U-form) allows price coordination across several markets, whereas with decentralized (the multidivisional or M-form) firms the probability that the antitrust authority will find evidence of collusion on one market while investigating the other is lower. We show that the firm’s choice of internal structure depends to a large extent on product substitutability and the instruments used by the antitrust authority.     

The Origins of Entrepreneurial Opportunities

Kirzner's (1973) theory of entrepreneurship emphasizes the equilibrating role of entrepreneurship. When the market is not in equilibrium, profit opportunities exist, and entrepreneurs discover and act on these profit opportunities to equilibrate the market. Because Kirzner focuses on entrepreneurial actions when profit opportunities exist, and does not describe where they come from, one could imagine a fixed stock of profit opportunities that get used up as entrepreneurs discover them. But new profit opportunities are being created constantly. A taxonomy of the origins of entrepreneurial opportunities includes factors that disequilibrate the market, factors that enhance production possibilities, and most notably, opportunities created from previous acts of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial actions do not use up profit opportunities, but create them, and the critical role of entrepreneurship in the creation of new profit opportunities is emphasized. This line of reasoning leads directly to policy implications regarding the economic environment conducive to entrepreneurial discovery and the role of government in research and development. This paper enhances Kirzner's theory of entrepreneurship by illustrating how entrepreneurship enlarges the stock of future entrepreneurial opportunities, and points to entrepreneurship as the engine of economic progress.     

Entrepreneurial exit and entrepreneurial engagement

This paper investigates whether and how a recent entrepreneurial exit relates to subsequent engagement. We discriminate between six levels of engagement including none, potential, intentional, nascent, young and established entrepreneurship. We use individual-level data for 24 countries that participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor during 2004, 2005 and 2006 (some 350,000 observations). Our findings indeed show that a recent exit decreases the probability of undertaking no entrepreneurial activity, whereas it substantially increases the probabilities of being involved in all other engagement levels. Investigating the conditions under which an exit increases engagement in entrepreneurial activities, we find that the probability of entrepreneurial engagement after exit is higher for males, for persons who know an entrepreneur and for persons with a low fear of failure. Educational attainment does not seem to be relevant. Moreover, there exists large cross-country variation in the probability of entrepreneurial engagement after exit.     

基于GEM创业生态系统的大学生创业机制构建研究

创业是国家或地区经济发展的不竭动力,而大学生是创业的主力军。GEM创业生态系统中的创业融资、政府政策、政府创业项目、创业教育、研发转移、商业和法律基础设施、准入规则、有形基础设施及社会和文化规范是影响大学生创业的关键要素。基于GEM创业生态系统,构建包括大学生、政府、高校、社会、企业、家庭等六大主体的创业机制,可有效促进大学生创业,并可推动大学生新创企业可持续发展。     

创业资源共享对大学生创业绩效的影响 ——基于有调节的中介模型

基于资源基础理论,利用对大学生创业者的问卷调查数据,采用多元回归分析方法,构建并检验了创业资源共享对创业绩效影响的模型。结果表明:在大学生创业活动中,基于共享平台的信息、科技资源共享显著正向影响机会创新性与创业绩效;机会创新性对创业绩效具有正向影响,同时在信息资源共享、科技资源共享和创业绩效之间发挥中介作用;环境动态性对机会创新性与创业绩效的关系具有正向调节作用。     

创新的合约选择与企业家精神

本文探讨熊彼特意义上的企业家在科斯一张五常企业理论中存在的合理性。经验上，相对于有形产品，就无形的产品创意进行交易和定价的费用显然要高很多。据此，本文的逻辑大致是：当产品创意的交易费用过高，以至于通过合约出让产品创意的选择受到了限制时，放弃对它进行直接交易和定价，转而对经由产品创意生产出来的有形产品进行交易和定价，就是节省交易费用的一种选择。不过，一旦创新者通过这种间接定价方式实现来自产品创意的收入，那么，理论上它也就成为现代企业理论中熊彼特意义上的创新企业家了。     

An Entrepreneurial Perspective of Institutional Change

Utilizing Kirzner's theory of entrepreneurial discovery, Schumpeter's two types of economic responses and the Austrian theory of institutions as building blocks, this paper constructs an entrepreneurial theory of institutional change. Focusing on the coordinating role of human institutions, this paper argues that entrepreneurial extraordinary discovery destroys the stability of institutions and creates uncertainty in the market (creative response). As a result, institutions are incapable of coordinating economic activities because market participants' stocks of knowledge are no longer adequate to solve new problems. Hence, profit gaps or mismatches of market participants' plans occur. Given new technologies, new relative prices and tastes, imitative entrepreneurs soon identify and capitalize on the opportunities created by Schumpeterian extraordinary discoveries (adaptive response). Imitators improve production methods, modify rules and alter property rights in order to improve coordination. Through learning, experimentation, trial and error, the more rewarding methods are then selected. Successful actions are imitated and repeated in the market, and gradually crystallized into new institutions which once again serve as social coordinators.     

国外创业失败研究综述

从创业失败的内涵、前置因素、结果变量三个方面对相关研究文献进行综述,梳理了目前创业失败的主要研究主题。从研究层面、研究视角等方面探讨了创业失败研究的进展,提出了目前研究的不足,并对未来研究进行展望。     

基于生态学的大学生创业环境探析

德国学者海克尔（E．H．Haeckel）于1866年提出生态学（ecology）一词,并将生态学界定为研究生物生存条件、生物及其群体与环境相互作用的过程及其规律的科学,其最基本的观点是整体论,它认为整个世界是由人、自然和社会组成的复合生态系统。当前,鼓励、支持和引导大学生创业也可以从生态学的角度加以探讨,     

Entrepreneurial innovations,competition and competition policy

We construct a model where an entrepreneur can innovate for entry or for sale. It is shown that increased product market competition tends to increase the relative profitability of innovation for sale. Increased competition not only reduces the profits of entrants and the acquirer of the inventions in a similar fashion, but also reduces the profit of non-acquirers. Therefore, incumbents' valuations of innovations are less negatively affected by increased competition, and the incentive for innovation for sale can increase with increased competition. Moreover, a stricter, but not too strict, merger policy is shown to increase the incentive for innovations for sale by ensuring the bidding competition for the innovation.     

企业家的最优投资消费与定价

笔者考虑一个面临随机需求风险的企业家,如何通过消费平滑、风险管理及有成本地动态调整资本资产规模,实现消费效用最大化的公司金融问题.笔者运用动态随机控制方法,得到了非完备市场与非风险中性下企业资本的平均价值与边际价值的半闭式解及相应的最优经营策略;基于经典的资本资产定价(CAPM)理论,得到了企业家的期望收益率、企业的贝塔系数和风险溢价.数值结果表明,在非完备市场下企业家的风险态度对企业资本价值、贝塔系数、风险溢价、企业家的期望收益率及相应的最优经营策略等都具有显著影响.