总量理论的逻辑:凯恩斯与新古典综合

把总量理论和相对价格理论在货币理论模型逻辑一致的结合在一起，是从古典经济学以来尚未解决的难题。凯恩斯试图用有效需求的总量理论来揭示资本主义货币交换经济的不稳定性成因，并用劳动单位和货币作为加总的标准来解决总量与相对价格的逻辑一致问题。但因为未放弃边际分析方法，这使他的理论充满逻辑矛盾，并为新古典的总生产函数提供了理论线索。而以总生产函数为基础的新古典综合的宏观经济模型为保持理论逻辑的一致性，必须假定是单一产品模型。它的作用限于分析实物交换经济而不是货币交换经济。由此在凯恩斯主义局长中引发一个重要的谜团：“为什么在其中货币角色是重要的理论会转变为在其中货币不重要的理论”。     

The assessment: contracts and competition

A significant recent development has been the extension of marketprocesses to activities which were previously provided by thepublic sector. A central feature of newly privatised marketsis the emergence of widespread forms of contracting. Explicitcontracting is used where in the past transactions had takenplace internally within a public enterprise of a governmentdepartment. The design of efficient forms of contracting hasbeen an essential component of the development of new marketsand quasi-markets such as those in defence and health. Thispaper examines evidence of the structure of contracts and theextent to which they contribute to or detract from the efficientoperation of markets, discusses the role of contracts in somenewly emerging markets, and evaluates contracts in utilitieswhere regulation rather than competition policy is widespread.     

知识型员工的特点与管理

美国管理大师彼得德鲁克在其《后资本主义》一书中提出了“知识型员工”的概念，当时他称其为“知识工作者”。他认为，在后资本主义社会中，最根本的经济资源不再是资本、自然资源或劳动力，取而代之的将是“知识”，所谓“知识工作者”就是“那些掌握和运用符号、概念，利用知识或信息工作的人。”     

International effects of China's rise and transition: Neoclassical and Keynesian perspectives

Opinion over the global implications of China's rise is divided between critics and proponents. Critics see it as having developed at the expense of both investment and employment in the US, Europe and Japan. Proponents emphasise improvements in the terms of trade and reductions to the cost of financing that stem from China's supply of light manufactures, its demand for Western capital and luxury goods and its high saving. The criticism implies Keynesian assumptions while proponents take a neoclassical perspective. In this paper, both are embodied in a global macro-model that emphasises bilateral linkages via trade and investment, with monetary spill-overs represented by globally integrated bond markets. Net gains are suggested for the US and Europe from China's successful export-oriented growth, though there are partially offsetting Keynesian effects. China's recent slower, more consumption focussed, growth appears also to be beneficial in those regions and in Japan notwithstanding terms of trade losses.     

The theory of bank redlining and discrimination: An exploration

This article addresses a gap in the economic literature on race and credit markets: the theoretical basis of lending discrimination and redlining. It provides a unified model for exploring why discrimination and redlining exist in credit markets. This model is first used to examine three explanations offered by other authors—bigotry, differential risk, and market segmentation. The article then suggests several new explanations of race effects. These emphasize the interlinkage between labor and credit markets; market spillovers due to housing liquidity, refurbishment, and branch location effects; and strategic interaction among lenders.     

Effectiveness of monetary policy and limited asset market participation: Neoclassical versus Keynesian effects

This paper investigates the effects of limited asset market participation on the effectiveness of monetary policy in a New Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model. Although an increase in consumers who cannot access financial markets reduces the effects of interest rate policies through consumption inter-temporal allocation (neoclassical or permanent income effect), we find an opposite result: monetary policy becomes more effective as the degree of financial market participation falls. The reason has a very Keynesian flavor.     

The west and China: globalisation and competition in financial services

This paper examines the evolution of the industrial structure of global financial firms since the 1970s, during which time, free market policies dominated theoretical and practical policy discussion. It examines the logic behind and evidence on consolidation in the international financial services industry. It analyses the impact of Washington Consensus policies upon the expansion of global banks in developing and transition economies. It contrasts the evolution of the international banking structure during the era of modern globalisation with that in China, which has followed a fundamentally different path. Although Chinese banks have large profits and market capitalisation, their international competitiveness is still limited. Global banks have only a small role in the Chinese economy and Chinese banks have a small role in the international economy. The contrast between the two systems is of central importance for the way in which competition and regulation develops in the global financial sector.     

工作质量管理原则:上岗引导的新内容

鉴于目前许多组织的上岗引导通常只包括了一般政策介绍,而涉及工作开展本身方面的内容很少,本文引入了质量管理相关理论,整合了当前普遍使用的八项质量管理原则,得出了四项工作质量管理原则,并加以阐述,最后给出了组织推行该原则的步骤图示及应把握的要点。     

Ambition, discrimination, and occupational attainment: a study of a British cohort

Examining British cohort data we find significant differencesin the occupational aspirations of boys and girls at age 16that appear to follow a traditional pattern. To isolate theeffect of gender hiring bias on occupational attainment a conditionalhiring model is estimated. This separates the occupational preferencesof workers to join a pool of job applicants from the hiringdecision of employers. Conditional on occupational preferences,we find, in general, no evidence of hiring bias against womenexcept in manual/craft occupations. Failure to control for differencesin career aspirations, in this study, produces an overestimateof the extent of occupational sex discrimination of around 60%.     

Yardstick competition in a federation: Theory and evidence from China

In this paper, we test empirically for competition among Chinese provinces embedded in a centralized political system. To motivate the empirical work, we adapt Besley and Case's model (American Economic Review, 1995) to a model of yardstick competition ‘from the top’. In this model, the central government (rather than local voters) creates competition among local officials by rewarding or punishing them on the basis of relative performance in providing public services. Our theoretical framework predicts that, in this context, the central government spurs strategic interactions among governors with similar environments as voters do in democratic countries. Then, for the first time in our knowledge, by estimating a spatial lag dynamic model for a panel data of 29 Chinese provinces from 1980 to 2004, we provide empirical evidence of the existence of such public spending interactions. We propose a rigorous empirical framework which takes into account heterogeneity, endogeneity problems and spatial error dependence. The results tend to confirm the existence of strategic interactions among geographically and economically close Chinese provinces, operating in a vertical bureaucratic control system.     

British relative economic decline revisited: The role of competition

This paper examines the role of competition in British productivity performance over the period from the late-nineteenth to the early twenty-first century. A detailed review of the evidence suggests that the weakness of competition from the 1930s to the 1970s undermined productivity growth but since the 1970s stronger competition has been a key ingredient in ending relative economic decline. The productivity implications of the retreat from competition resulted in large part from interactions with idiosyncratic British institutional structures in terms of corporate governance and industrial relations. This account extends familiar insights from cliometrics both analytically and chronologically.     

Trade policy under imperfect competition: The economics of Russian roulette

Summary Neo-classical economic theory shows that managed trade or protectionism is (almost) always welfare decreasing. However, measurements of the welfare costs of protectionism based on neo-classical models seem to suggest that these costs are quite small. We discuss general new insights and developments in the theory, policy and empiricism of international trade. The observation that intra-industry trade and the services sector are important has led to a shift in theory away from constant returns to scale and perfect competition towards economies of scale and scope, externalities, market imperfections, and imperfect competition. Although this, in principle, opens the door to beneficial government intervention in the economic process, we emphasize that the true costs of protection can potentially be much higher than is generally acknowledged as a result of the above mentioned shift.We would like to thank, without implicating, Martin Fase, Harry Garretsen, Catrinus Jepma, Simon Kuipers, Ger Lanjouw, Tenn Schmidt, Albert de Vaal, and Jean-Marie Viaene for stimulating conversations and useful suggestions. We thank Thijs Knaap for excellent research assistance.     

论重复投资的标准界定与促进产业竞争

一、我国经济的投资现状和面临的问题建国初期,我国国民经济投资单纯在积累和消费的比例上做文章,长期实行高积累、低消费、低效益甚至不顾简单再生产的维持(对老企业长期不留折旧、不更新设备),只顾铺新摊子,搞外延式重复建设扩大规模的恶性循环。20世纪80年代以后,我国乡镇工     

Price discrimination in the exports of a small economy: Empirical evidence

Zusammenfassung Preisdiskriminierung durch Exporteure kleiner L?nder: Ein empirischer Befund. — Theoretische Modelle des internationalen Handels gehen im allgemeinen von der Annahme aus, da\ die Exporteure kleiner L?nder einer voll-kommen elastischen Nachfrage nach ihren Exportgütern gegenüberstehen und da\ sie nicht die Macht haben, Preisdiskriminierung zu betreiben. Die Studie prüft auf der Grundlage israelischer Daten empirisch, ob diese zwei Annahmen berechtigt sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, da\ die israelischen Exporteure abw?rts geneigten Nachfrage-kurven gegenüberstehen und da\ sie in der H?lfte der überprüften F?lle Preis-diskriminierung praktizieren. Dieser Befund zweifelt also die Annahme des kleinen Landes und das Gesetz eines einzigen Preises an.

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Résumé La discrimination par des prix dans les exportations d’une économie petite: L’évidence empirique. — Les modèles théoriques du commerce international généralement supposent que les économies petites sont confrontées avec des courbes de demande parfaitement élastiques pour leurs biens exportés et qu’elles n’ont pas le pouvoir de pratiquer une discrimination par des prix. Cette étude teste, empirique-ment, la validité de ces deux suppositions pour les exportations d’une économie petite. Basés sur les données israéliennes les résultats indiquent que les exportateurs israéliens sont confrontés avec des courbes de demande orientées vers le bas et qu’ils pratiquent une discrimination en moitié des cas testés. Ces résultats mettent en doute la validité de la supposition d’une économie petite et le loi d’un seul prix.

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Resumen Discriminación de precios en las exportaciones de una economía peque?a: Empírica evidencia. — Modelos teóricos del comercio internacional suponen en general que las economías peque?as confrontan curvas de demanda perfectamente elásticas para sus productos de exportatión y no pueden enforzar una discriminación de precios. El estudio comprueba, empíricamente, la validez de estas dos hipótesis para las exportaciones de una economía peque?a. Basados en estadísticas de Israel, los resultados indican que los exportadores de este país confrontan curvas de demanda con pendiente negativa y practican discrimination de precios en la mitad de los casos estudiados. Estas resultados ponen en entredicho la validez de emplear la hipótesis de una economia peque?a y la ley de un solo precio en estudios analíticos.

     

影响民营企业管理体制变迁的因素分析

速度管理是以信息网络技术为基础 ,以快速反应为目标 ,以灵活生产、满足个性化需求为中心 ,以速度求效益的管理 ,越来越成为企业竞争致胜的制高点。