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1.
Peter Philips 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1985,13(4):71-76
Conclusion This discussion around the black-white wage gap will continue. Inadequate data alone will make it difficult to distinguish
recent fluctuations and once-only changes from long-term trends. For those who believe the racial wage gap is narrowing, the
1902 New Jersey survey of blacks in manufacturing presents a puzzle. Why at the outset of black entry into this sector of
the economy do we find a racial wage gap as narrow as the one observed for New Jersey manufacturing in 1969, a year at the
top of the post-World War II business cycle? Michael Reich argues that “in every region but the South the relative income
of non-white males shows substantial cyclical fluctuations… but shows no upward trend over time.” The baseline established
by the 1902 New Jersey survey is compatible with Reich’s conclusion. 相似文献
2.
Conclusion In general, most studies have been unable to confirm the predictions of the Becker utility approach to discrimination by employers
and employees. This lack of verification would seem to indicate that the observed wage differentials are generated by a different
or more complex process. However, such a strong statement is premature in view of the measurement problem that has been present
in most studies. Becker’s model is a characterization of how individual employers and employees behave in the market. Empirical
testing of Becker’s model requires detailed information about the degree and level of contact between the races, the wage
rates paid to each race, skills of each worker, and the manner of employment and placement of each race. Invariably the lack
of such detailed firm data, particularly wage rates, forces researchers to use aggregative data of income or earnings averages
and occupation of workers employed within a state or broadly defined industry in order to generalize how firms behave in the
market. The necessity of using such data, however, results in a dichotomy between the original parameters in Becker’s model
and the data utilized. Clearly the lack of a significant association between the data utilized and the parameters specified
in Becker’s model undermines the credibility of such empirical testing. The empirical analysis on the implications of Becker’s
theory of discrimination has left a wide variety of unsettled questions and much remains to be done. 相似文献
3.
The NLSY dataset is utilized to measure the extent of employer wage discrimination between white and black males during their
first 5 years of post-school employment. We look at the respondent’s first job and the jobs 1 and 5 years after school completion.
Oaxaca wage decompositions are employed to gauge the effect of discrimination. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that
the discrimination component of the wage gap falls over time. For the first job out of school the unexplained wage gap between
blacks and whites is 35%. By year 5, the unexplained component falls to about 13%. Thus, while discrimination continues to
play a role in explaining the white–black wage gap over time, its impact decreases as time in the labor market increases.
相似文献
Francesco RennaEmail: |
4.
Alex Danso 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1990,19(1):5-21
This article examines the African debt crisis. It focuses on factors leading to the accumulation of the debts and their impact
on the debtor nations.
The significance of the study lies in the fact that the African debt burden presents a gruesome picture of hopelessness. This
is reflected by the continent’s massive debt of $230 billion, equivalent to almost three times the continent’s annual export
earnings. This is expected to jump to $550 billion by the year 2000. Africa’s crushing debt burden has become one of the most
important factors constraining recovery and development. As the United Nations Children’s Fund estimates, one thousand people
die each day in Africa because of the debt crisis.
The analysis shows that due to the multifaceted nature of the causes of the debt crisis, both creditors and debtors should
agree on the options for dealing with the crisis. It further shows that there is the urgency for Africa to tackle its numerous
sociopolitico-economic problems. Africa can make real economic progress only when it begins to get on top of its debt crisis. 相似文献
5.
Clarence Anthony Bush 《The Review of Black Political Economy》2010,37(2):131-152
In Section 309(j)4(D) of the Communications Act, the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) is required to increase opportunities
for minority groups to participate in the provision of spectrum based services. In Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, the
Supreme Court held that race-based government programs were subject to strict scrutiny. That is race-based programs must serve
a compelling governmental interest such as remedying past discrimination, and must be narrowly tailored to serve that interest.
Against this backdrop, a simple theoretical model is developed that explains the relationship between capital market discrimination
and outcomes in FCC spectrum auctions. Given capital market discrimination and all other factors being equal, it is shown
that a minority firm has zero probability of winning in an auction for spectrum. In addition, it is proven that, if equal
bidding credits are given to all firms, if there is capital market discrimination, and if all other things are equal, the
minority firm has a zero probability of winning in a spectrum auction. It is shown that a policy of auctioning spectrum, when
there is capital market discrimination, is an inferior policy among policies that can be used to allocate spectrum. Finally,
a policy of auctioning spectrum, when there is capital market discrimination, results in an inefficient auction. These theoretical
results and the empirical literature on capital market discrimination suggest that the FCC is implicitly discriminating against
minorities through its auctioning of spectrum under conditions of discrimination in capital markets. The results imply that
race-based programs are necessary/justified in order to increase diversity in telecommunications ownership and increase the
efficiency of FCC Spectrum Auctions. Given possible legal remedies, the paper contains a critical “audit”/analysis of the
FCC’s lending practices under the FCC’s installment payments. Legislative proposals for creating some new form of credit/installment
payment in conjunction with some experienced financial institution(s) are summarized and reviewed. 相似文献
6.
M. V. Lee Badgett 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1994,22(3):55-75
This article analyzes the effects of changes in flows into and out of unemployment on the growing gap between black and white
unemployment rates in the 1970s and 1980s. Current Population Survey data show that black workers’ unemployment inflows increased,
suggesting that job instability increased. Declining employment opportunities were also implicated, as black workers left
unemployment for a job less often in 1987 than in 1971. White women’s situation improved considerably, with lower inflows
and higher employment probabilities. Although the effects of declining federal equal employment opportunity (EEO) pressure
cannot be detected, these findings are consistent with increasing racial discrimination. 相似文献
7.
Studies founded on Becker's theory of employers’ taste-based discrimination show that discrimination arises not from “taste” but from “prejudice,” “belief,” and “stereotype.” However whether the “employer” is the source of discrimination remains unanswered. Thus, survey research using employers as a sample is indispensable to address this issue. In this study, we use a unique data set that employers can identify to analyze whether their gender stereotypes are the source of gender discrimination. The analysis showed that employers' strong stereotypes reduced women's proportion in companies. Furthermore, when the employer is a woman, her stereotype strongly influences women's proportion. 相似文献
8.
Linda Datcher 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1980,10(4):391-394
Summary The primary purpose of this paper was to determine the effect of background on the education and earnings of black and white
men.It was largely motivated by a desire to quantify the extent to which past discrimination against Blacks, resulting in
lower achievement, inhibits the progress of individuals today in a somewhat more benign environment.It has demonstrated that
both community and family background factors are important in determining the levels of education and earnings of black and
white men.The community effects for Blacks operate largely through their moving into more integrated neighborhoods, so that
many positive community externalities are apparently not available to families in predominantly black middle-class neighborhoods.While
the effects of father’s education, city origin, and community income are comparable between Blacks and whites, white men’s
education is more affected by number of siblings, family income, and age of 1968 head of household than is black men’s education.The
relative sizes of the coefficients of these latter variables are consistent with steeper age-earnings profiles for older white
men than older black men and higher prices paid for investing in children by black parents. 相似文献
9.
Andrew C. Okolie 《The Review of Black Political Economy》2010,37(2):153-172
This article is an insider’s account of the vicious political struggles that shaped the April 2007 general elections in Nigeria
which were adjudged to be fraudulent. It argues that the form of political struggles that gave rise that election derive from
the enthronement of a particularly vicious and violent form of personal rule which is itself a product of Nigeria’s colonial
rule and long history of military dictatorship which saw to the concentration of power and resources in the state in the context
of the existence of a weak bourgeois class and generalized poverty for the generality of the population. The intrigues and
power struggles in Nigeria during its 4th Republic 1999–2007, particularly the power struggle between the country’s President
and his deputy are discussed to illustrate the character of Nigerian (and perhaps African) politics. Some suggestions are
offered for a more just and stable Nigerian polity. 相似文献
10.
This paper investigates the impact of the Europe Agreement on Poland’s imports using econometric models applied to highly
disaggregated trade data. This allows other influences on Poland’s trade patterns to be controlled for, specifically the effects
of other trade agreements and for the emergence of China. The paper shows that the Europe Agreement had transitory effects
on Poland’s imports, but that the scale of the trade effects and the balance of trade creation and diversion effects is sensitive
to model specification. The preferred dynamic specification which allows for heterogeneity of time effects across sectors
identifies the Europe Agreement to have net trade-creating effects.
相似文献
11.
Charles L. Betsey 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1992,21(2):5-35
The impact of the current recession on the labor market situation of African-Americans highlights their longer-run plight.
While there have been signs of improvement, especially during the 1960s, black per capita earnings have fallen despite improvements
in their relative wages and occupational standing. Public debate over the recent Civil Rights Bill, the nomination of Justice
Clarence Thomas, and the Supreme Court’s Croson decision, has raised again the issue of using race-conscious policies to address
past and present discrimination. This article reports on a study of Birmingham, Alabama as a case study. It suggests that
a combination of race-neutral and race-conscious approaches may be needed to address the problems blacks continue to face
in the United States economy.
This article was adapted from the Presidential Address to the National Economic Association, Allied Social Sciences Associations
Meetings, January 3, 1992, New Orleans, LA. 相似文献
12.
Black Real Estate Professionals’ Perceptions of Career Opportunities: The Economic Detour Redux 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Robert Mark Silverman 《The Review of Black Political Economy》2011,38(2):145-163
This article focuses on black professionals’ perceptions of career opportunities in the real estate industry and discrimination
in housing markets. The analysis is based on a national survey of black real estate professionals administered between July
and December of 2009. Findings from the article suggest that black real estate professionals adopt a business strategy scholars
have referred to as the economic detour. Following this strategy, their business activities focus on a niche market confined to residential real estate transaction
with black clientele in relatively segregated neighborhood contexts. The findings from this analysis suggest that this focus
has emerged in response to perceptions of institutional discrimination that closes opportunities to black professionals in
the broader real estate industry. Recommendations are made to address economic barriers faced by black professionals. 相似文献
13.
H. -J. Wagener 《De Economist》1982,130(4):514-535
Summary The article is an extended review of J. Kornai’sEconomics of Shortage. Salient feature of this book is a behavioural in place of a decision-theoretic approach to socialist economies. The article
discusses central concepts of Kornai’s analysis as hard and soft budget constraints, shortage and slack, taut plans, sellers’
markets. The main hypothesis says that the achievements of socialism, work guarantee and redistribution, bring about soft
budget constraints and thus cause shortage. It is argued, however, that existing socialist systems have ample leeway for economic
reforms.
Review article of J. Kornai, Economics of Shortage, Vol. I and II, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam and New York,
1980. Pp. XVII + 650. 2-Volume Set Dfl. 170,-. 相似文献
14.
Summary and Conclusion Though the preceding findings are not conclusive, 9 they are strongly supportive of the refined discrimination hypothesis
and closely parallel Long’s conclusions in his study of job discrimination in the federal government. 相似文献
15.
Samuel Cameron 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1990,19(1):79-90
There has been a steady accumulation of literature on racial differentials in crime and the response of the criminal justice
system. A neglected component of societal response to crime has been the volume of prosecution expenditures. This article
seeks to repair this neglect by examining state level difference inper capita prosecution expenditures in 1980 using a multiple regression equation. The results show that, holding other factors constant,
lower prosecution expenditures are associated with higher percentages of blacks in a state’s population. The relationship
of this to discrimination is discussed in terms of England. 相似文献
16.
The article presents a technique and mathematical model to predict injury risks to workers of the Udmurt Republic’s municipalities. 相似文献
17.
This article reports results from controlled laboratory experiments designed to study second‐moment (that is, risk‐based) statistical discrimination in a labor market setting. Since decision makers may not view risk in the same way as economists or statisticians (that is, risk 5 variance of distribution), we also examine alternative measures of risk: the support of the distribution and the probability of earning less than the expected (maximum) profits for the employer. Our results indicate that employers made statistically discriminatory wage offers consistent with loss aversion in our full sample (though the result is driven by the male employer subsample). If one can transfer these results outside of the laboratory, they indicate that discrimination estimates based only on first‐moment (mean‐based) discrimination are biased. The public policy implication is that efforts and legislation aimed at reducing discrimination of various sorts face an additional challenge in trying to identify and limit relatively hidden, but significant, forms of statistical discrimination. 相似文献
18.
This article provides evidence on the extent of de-agrarianization, the nature of rural employment, and rural-urban differences
in employment in Zaire. The composition of employment by industry is examined using data from Zaire’s 1984 Census. Increased
schooling was associated with a greater propensity to be involved in nonagricultural employment. Since 1990, Zaire’s chronic
economic crisis has become acute and is intertwined with the political crisis resulting from President Mobutu’s resistance
to popular calls for democratization. In these circumstances, de-agrarianization is effectively put on hold. Nonagricultural
employment opportunities have diminished considerably, and an increasing proportion of the country’s population is being pushed
back to subsistence agriculture.
An earlier version of this article was presented at the African Studies Centre-International Labour Organization workshop
on “De-agrarianization and Rural Employment,” May 10–12, 1994, Leiden, The Netherlands. 相似文献
19.
Gary Arthur Dymski 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1995,23(3):37-74
This article addresses a gap in the economic literature on race and credit markets: the theoretical basis of lending discrimination and redlining. It provides a unified model for exploring why discrimination and redlining exist in credit markets. This model is first used to examine three explanations offered by other authors—bigotry, differential risk, and market segmentation. The article then suggests several new explanations of race effects. These emphasize the interlinkage between labor and credit markets; market spillovers due to housing liquidity, refurbishment, and branch location effects; and strategic interaction among lenders. 相似文献
20.
The purpose of this study is to illustrate, with a simple two-region, two-good, two-factor model, how an improvement in one
region’s import infrastructure can affect firms’ location decisions and the nature of the trading equilibrium. It is shown
that, through improvements in import infrastructure, one region might divert high-tech industries to another region. This
effect reduces the incentive to improve import infrastructure. 相似文献