Aid and Trade Sustainability under Liberalisation in Least Developed Countries

This study investigates the effect of trade liberalisation on export growth, import growth, the trade balance and the current account of the balance of payments in 17 Least Developed Countries (LDCs) over the period 1970 to 2001. The paper also assesses the marginal relation between capital flows (e.g. aid flows) and import growth, and the trade balance and the current account of the balance of payments. The higher import growth contrasts with the more modest export growth following trade liberalisation and that has fundamental policy implications, especially for the balance of trade and the balance of payments. However, the financing and sustainability of the trade deficit in the reforming countries will depend not only on the outcome of trade liberalisation, but also on other macroeconomic policies, developments in the real exchange rate and the inflows of foreign capital.     

发达国家农业补贴不减反增

<正>经济合作与发展组织21日在日内瓦发布年度报告称,2004年该组织成员国的农业补贴较上一年增长 9%,达到2790亿美元,约占农业收入的30%。其中美国、欧盟国家以及其它一些发达国家对其农民的补贴达1120亿美元,同比增长12%；此外,以关税和其它贸易限制形式的农业援助达1670亿美元。大米是享受补贴最多的农产品,其次是糖、牛奶、粮食、羊肉和牛肉。在经合组织30个成员国中,只有澳大利亚和新西兰的农业补贴率(农业补贴与农业收入之比)低于5%,而瑞士的农业补贴率竟高达71%。2004年,美国和加拿大对本国农民的补贴分别为460亿和57亿美元,补贴率为18%和21%。     

Trade Liberalisation and Economic Performance: Theory and Evidence for Developing Countries

The last five decades have witnessed a profound evolution of economic policy in developing countries, particularly in the case of trade strategies. Both internal, as well as external, factors have prompted the need for more outward‐oriented (or liberalised) trade policy regimes. The creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995 have been important driving forces for free trade. Since then, the major quantitative barriers to trade, i.e. tariffs and non‐tariff barriers (quotas, licences and technical specifications, among other restrictions), have substantially been reduced or dismantled. Also, the progress towards more liberalised trade regimes, mainly in developing countries, has been manifested in the trade and development literature. Major studies suggest that the performance of more outward‐oriented economies is superior to that of those countries pursuing more inward‐looking trade practices (Greenaway and Nam, 1988; Dollar, 1992; Sachs and Warner, 1995; and Rodríguez and Rodrik, 2000). Recent developments in the international trade literature focus on the potential dynamic effects of trade liberalisation, i.e. simplification of tariff structures and elimination of non‐tariff barriers, in reducing the incentives to rent seeking and in accelerating the flow of technical knowledge from the world market. Moreover, there have been important advances regarding the study of trade liberalisation and its impact on exports, imports and the balance of payments, largely neglected in the literature, often driven by supply‐side considerations.     

主要发达国家农产品技术性贸易壁垒的比较及对我国的启示

加入WTO以来我国农产品出口贸易增长很快,但由于种种原因,在国际市场上屡受阻挠,尤其是以欧美日为代表的发达国家凭借自身优势所实施的技术性贸易壁垒,对我国农产品出口带来了极大的影响。通过对欧美日等发达国家的技术性贸易壁垒比较分析,探寻我国能够借鉴的经验。     

战略性贸易政策:发达国家与发展中国家的博弈

作为新贸易理论的主要内容之一,战略性贸易政策实质上是发达国家为自己的保护主义所寻求的借口和托词。它虽然在产业适用性和国家适用性方面设置了诸多限制,但印度软件业的发展是该政策得以在发展中国家成功实施的良好佐证。我国应该在市场培育、制度建设以及贸易政策与产业政策协调配合等方面进行强化,以利用战略性贸易政策来培育我国具有国际竞争力的产业。     

Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in Less Developed Countries

This essay seeks to uncover the distinguishingfeatures of small firms in Victorian Britain, and looks at the role of the family in the creation and survival of firms in what was a dangerously volatile business world characterised by low business morality. Based on a series of case studies, it suggests that although second and third generation firms were uncommon, the family played a critical if often informal role in maintaining stability and generating an environment of trust, and in those situations where family partnerships and inter-generational succession did exist, the characteristics of ownership and succession at the level of the smaller firm appear to have stimulated rather than prevented innovation and growth. Different types of family firm and family contribution are examined, and the latter part of the essay looks at family firm networks and entrepreneurial strategies such as market internalisation within a family network.     

发展中国家对发达国家产业内贸易分析

本文分析了发展中国家与发达国家的垂直型与水平型产业内贸易条件和机会.认为发展中国家与发达国家之间的垂直型产业内贸易仍是由要素禀赋差异引起的,依据劳动成本的比较优势和技术转移,发展中国家技术产品的贸易结构会不断上升,取得一种动态的比较利益;在一定条件下,发展中国家可以通过局部领域的高科技创新,超越要素禀赋分工基础,与发达国家进行水平型产业内贸易.文章指出,发展中国家应采取措施扶持国内高新技术产品的生产和出口,以期通过技术积累获取竞争优势,提升国际分工地位.     

Vertical Specialization Between Developed and Developing Countries: A Modification of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model

This article analyzes the implications for the Heckscher-Ohlin model of a split of the production of a final good into the intermediate good production and the further working of the good. Through this split, the different parts of the production process can be matched to fit the factor endowment of each country. The new and quite central distinction from earlier contributions is that we take into account an exactly defined need of intermediate goods according to a certain kind of specification in every link of the production process. We show that the potential trade pattern thereby becomes much more varied and significantly distinct from the traditional Heckscher-Ohlin model. The input-output ratio of labor increases relatively to the input-output ratio of capital in the capital-abundant country's production of the capital-intensive split product and thereby the Rybczynski theorem is reinforced.     

普惠制的死亡?——论发达国家普惠制安排的附条件性

在WTO框架内,普惠制项下的关税优惠待遇增加了发展中国家出口产品的市场准入机会,但某些发达成员方在其普惠制方案中不合法地规定了受惠国应满足的条件,这损害了普惠制的有效性和价值。WTO争端解决机构未能及时认定附条件的普惠制安排的违法性,这必将给正常的国际贸易关系以及WTO多边贸易体制带来消极影响。当前有关普惠制的WTO法律制度急需变革。     

发达国家农产品物流组织的经验与启示

本文认为,受相关制度安排的影响,我国农产品物流组织化程度低,物流主体多元化,物流通道分散,物流组织模式以"产—销—物"一体化为主,严重制约了我国农产品物流效率的提升。受日本、美国、荷兰等发达国家农产品物流组织运行模式的启发,文章提出,为提高我国农产品物流组织化程度,应积极发展第三方物流,鼓励农民合作组织在农产品物流过程中扮演重要角色,大力支持现代农产品物流中心建设,发挥政府在推进农产品物流建设中的重要作用。     

西方发达国家保险投资的比较与借鉴

在当前经济形势下,进一步完善和规范保险投资制度已经成为我国保险业发展的客观要求。美、英、日是当今保险业较发达的国家,由于这三个国家在市场经济结构、金融法律制度等方面存在较大差异,因而借鉴它们在保险资金投资方面的经验,对于完善我国的保险投资无疑具有重要的现实意义。     

西方发达国家人力资源管理的特点及其启示

文章从美国、日本以及西欧发达国家的人力资源管理入手，分析了他们的不同管理特点。针对不同特点，结合我国的实际情况，提出了人力资源管理改革的方向。以期为我国的人力资源管理提供一些科学合理的建设性意见。     

发达国家生产资料流通模式分析及经验借鉴

生产资料流通业是工农业生产重要的基础性和先导性产业,对国民经济影响巨大.对发达国家各类生产资料流通模式与特点的梳理和总结表明,现阶段国外生产资料流通模式可以分为两大类:一类是大型有形交易市场、中小型连锁商店、直销、代理等传统型流通模式;另一类是具备流通加工、物流金融、期货交易、逆向物流、电子商务等特殊功能的现代化创新型流通模式.为进一步推动我国生产资料流通的发展,应借鉴国外生产资料流通模式先进经验,积极促进生产资料现代新型流通方式发展,淘汰现有落后、不合理的生产资料流通方式与经营管理方式,推动生产资料流通主体向大型化、品牌化发展,建立客户导向型的生产资料流通管理体系,提高我国整体竞争力.     

中国在发展中国家和发达国家中起到桥梁作用

<正> 世界贸易组织总干事素帕猜2003年11月10日在北京举行 WTO 新闻发布会时说,中国在发展中国家和发达国家中起到了桥梁作用。素帕猜说,中国加入世贸组织近两周年。世贸组织对中国进行第一次过渡性贸易政策审议时,对中国的审议结果很满意,但中国在知识产权、电信等领域还要作进一步的调整。目前世贸组织正在对中国进行第二次过渡性贸易审议,希望中国能够取得好的结果。     

Liberalisation of the internal market: Efficiency advantages and requirements

The expected welfare effects of the completion of the internal European market by 1992 will differ markedly from one member country to another. What requirements must be met for liberalisation of the internal market? How could the disparities in the distribution of welfare effects be lessened?