Foreign Direct Investment,Exports and Imports in Mexico

This paper analyses the liberalisation of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Mexico since the late 1980s, and its relationships with exports and imports. Such a process has eased the access of multinational corporations (MNCs) to the country, which has promoted exports. However, it has also resulted in a higher import content and the displacement of local firms, which has limited Mexico's economic development through the balance of payments constraint. The analysis is supported by the existence of linkages – bidirectional Granger causality – between exports, imports and FDI.     

对外直接投资与出口贸易的实证分析

基于1982-2003年对外直接投资与出口贸易的时间序列数据,采用向量自回归(VAR)模型方法,实证分析对外直接投资对出口贸易的影响。实证结果表明对外直接投资与出口贸易之间存在稳定的正相关关系,但无论长期还是短期对外直接投资对出口贸易的Granger因果关系都不显著,这表明对外直接投资对出口贸易的潜在作用未能得到充分发挥,因此应积极发展对外直接投资。     

Foreign Direct Investment in China

Summary

China has attracted the second largest amount of foreign direct investment in the world each year since 1993. Hundreds of thousands of foreign-invested enterprises are in operation in China. However, what drive the success or cause the failure of foreign investments is still not well understood. This paper critically examines one success factor, i.e., the importance of timing of marketing entry into China. It begins with a brief review of the literature on first-mover advantages and the recent empirical research. It then attempts to theorize on why timing of market entry matters in the context of foreign direct investment. Apart from drawing upon the four recent studies in this area, this paper focuses on the auto industry in China and the case of Volkswagen to illustrate the importance of early entry into an overseas market. It calls for foreign investors to seize the first-wave opportunities when the door is opened a certain sector. It pays in the long run both in terms of the market share position and profitability.     

国际直接投资的就业结构效应研究——基于东道国视角

国际直接投资引起了世界各国经济和社会的变革,其中一个重要的方面就是对各国国内就业的影响和冲击。本文以东道国为视角,通过理论模型和计量分析两种方法,重点研究FDI对东道国国内就业结构的影响。研究表明,FDI对东道国就业结构具有深刻影响,这种影响取决于各部门所占的劳动比例、各部门中劳动生产率对劳动的弹性以及FDI在各部门中所占的比例;FDI对中国就业结构优化有着积极的促进作用。     

中国的外商直接投资与资本外逃

对资本外逃与直接投资二者关系的研究具有重要的理论与政策指导价值。本文针对中国的这一问题进行了理论与实证的研究,得出中国直接投资净流入和其资本外逃正相关的结论。这和Chander Kant针对1974年～1992年的东亚等地区(其中不包括中国)就相同问题所作实证研究的结果不一致。本文分析了Chander Kant的结论和本文结论不同的原因。最后根据本文的结论就中国在资本账户管理、利用外资以及防范资本外逃方面提出了几点政策建议。     

我国外商直接投资中的撤资问题研究——以韩资为例

我国在成为引资大国的同时,撤资现象也随之增多。因此,有必要重视我国FDI中的撤资问题。本文以韩资为例对该问题进行了研究。文章首先对撤资理论和主要文献进行了回顾和总结,然后,对韩国在我国投资和撤资的基本情况进行了分析,并从外部环境和内部条件两个层面归纳了韩国企业从我国撤资的原因。最后,分别从我国和韩国企业的角度探讨了防范撤资的对策。     

Foreign Direct Investment,Domestic Investment and Economic Growth in China: A Time Series Analysis

This paper investigates the causal link between foreign direct investment (FDI), domestic investment and economic growth in China for the period 1988–2003 using a multivariate VAR system with error correction model (ECM) and the innovation accounting (variance decomposition and impulse response function analysis) techniques. The results show that while there is a bi‐directional causality between domestic investment and economic growth, there is only a single‐directional causality from FDI to domestic investment and to economic growth. Rather than crowding out domestic investment, FDI is found to be complementary with domestic investment. Thus, FDI has not only assisted in overcoming shortage of capital, it has also stimulated economic growth through complementing domestic investment in China.     

Ireland's Foreign Direct Investment Competitive Advantage and Japanese Outward Foreign Direct Investment

This article addresses Ireland's record in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI has been identified as one of the key factors that has spurred the growth of the Celtic Tiger. An adaptation of Porter's Diamond is offered to explain the determinants of Ireland's competitive advantage in attracting FDI. The overall trends in FDI inflows to Ireland are considered. The study then focuses on Japanese FDI into Europe and Ireland in particular. The pattern of Japanese FDI flows into Ireland is analysed in the context of Ireland's determinants of FDI competitive advantage. Future considerations around Ireland's model of competitive advantage are addressed.     

Foreign Direct Investment in China: Reward or Remedy?

This paper tests the significance of FDI as a way to alleviate credit constraints. Incoming foreign investment provides additional sources of capital. Specifically in the Chinese case, enterprises may look for foreign investors, being constrained in their activity due to distortions in the state‐dominated system. First, the Chinese financial system allocates resources to the least efficient firms – state‐owned enterprises – while denying the same resources to Chinese private enterprises, forcing them to look for a foreign investor. Second, the inefficient system of state investment planning leads to mismanagement of public enterprises, increasing ‘insolvency‐induced FDI’. We propose to analyse determinants of FDI in Chinese provinces to test the above hypotheses. We control for traditional determinants of FDI such as market access, labour costs, productivity, infrastructure, reform advances and banking sector size in order to assess the impact of inter‐provincial heterogeneity in terms of the access that private enterprises have to credit and the distortive management in state‐owned firms.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Regulations and Growth

The paper explores the linkage between income growth rates and foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. So far the evidence is rather mixed, as no robust relationship between FDI and income growth has been established. We argue that countries need a sound business environment in the form of good government regulations to be able to benefit from FDI. Using a comprehensive data set for regulations, we test this hypothesis and find evidence that excessive regulations restrict growth through FDI only in the most regulated economies. This result is robust to different specifications of the econometric model.     

论我国的出口平台型外商直接投资

除了水平型投资和垂直型投资以外,出口平台型直接投资成为了近期研究的热点。本文使用1980-2004年间我国对外经济贸易和外资企业出口数据,说明:20世纪90年代中期以前,各国在华直接投资动机存在明显差异;但20世纪90年代中期以后,各国投资动机趋同,我国大陆地区成为了香港地区、日本和美国这三个主要投资来源地的出口平台。但是与新加坡和爱尔兰这两个世界上主要的出口平台型国家相比,外资企业还没有成为我国经济的支柱,我国并不属于出口平台型国家。     

Foreign Direct Investment in China: An Examination of the Literature

Since 1978, when China announced its ‘open-door’ policy to pursue the country's long-term national goal, the Four Modernisations, more than 220,000 foreign funded ventures have been approved. By the end of 1994 some US$300 billion of contracted investment had been agreed and US$95 billion of utilized investment, making the country the most important recipient of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the developing world. This paper analyses the phenomenon of FDI in China. It examines the different forms and composition of FDI, reviewing its development since the early days of the ‘open-door’ policy and analysing its importance for Chinese domestic and export industries, as well as Western investor companies. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the world-wide sources of FDI in China and its distribution by both region and industry. Additionally, it reviews the existing research on FDI in China, emphasizing the investment mode of equity joint venture.     

外商直接投资技术外溢效应下降之谜

本文通过对1982～2004年我国外商直接投资的实际利用额和我国全要素生产率提高之间的关系进行实证研究,发现前者流入的确促进后者的提高,并且还发现从1992年起前者对后者的促进作用下降了.通过进一步的分析,认为我国外商直接投资技术外溢效应是通过技术转让、示范和模仿效应等直接途径和人力资源的流动、新的竞争机制的引入的间接途径实现的.对于我国外商直接投资技术溢出效应下降之谜,认为这与我国自主的科技投入提高相关.     

东部经济地带利用外商直接投资的区域差异研究

外资在我国主要集中于东部经济地带,尤其是广东、江苏、上海、福建、山东、辽宁、浙江、北京、天津等。东部经济地带外资来源地及产业投向均有较大的差异,利用外资越多的省份,外商直接投资的宏观经济效益越显著,各省外商直接投资与其他经济指标的相关程度有别。文章提出东部经济地带今后引进外资应该注意与产业升级相促进,尤其要避免政府行为的恶性引资竞争。     

美国对华直接投资的贸易效应研究

本文研究了美国对华直接投资的贸易效应.研究结果显示,美国对华直接投资对美中贸易逆差有明显的扩大效应.成本导向型的美国直接投资扩大了中方对美国的出口;市场导向型的直接投资又缩小了美国对华的出口;同时,中国对美国的高技术产品顺差主要由外商投资企业所创造.因此,适当调整我国的外资政策对解决中美贸易摩擦具有重要作用.     

中国对外直接投资的贸易效应研究——基于面板数据的协整分析

本文使用2000—2006年我国对50个国家或地区直接投资和进出口的面板数据,运用面板协整模型和面板误差修正模型,对我国对外直接投资的长短期贸易效应进行了检验。研究结果显示:(1)中国对外直接投资与中国出口及进口均存在长期协整关系,在长期,中国对外直接投资对中国进出口的拉动作用相当大。(2)在短期,我国对外直接投资与出口及进口的长期稳定(协整)关系,对短期的出口及进口的抑制(调节)作用并不显著,对短期的对外直接投资具有显著的正向调节效应。本文还进一步讨论了这些结果的深层次原因以及相应的政策启示。     

Foreign Direct Investment,Competition and Industry Performance

This paper investigates the productivity effects of inward and outward foreign direct investment using industry‐ and country‐level data for 17 OECD countries over the period 1973 to 2001. Controlling for national and international knowledge spillovers we argue that the effects of FDI work through direct compositional effects as well as changing competition in the host country. Our results show that there are, on average, productivity benefits from inward FDI, although we can identify a number of countries which, on aggregate, do not appear to benefit in terms of productivity. On the other hand, a country's stock of outward FDI is, on average, negatively related to productivity. However, again there is substantial heterogeneity in the effect across OECD countries.     

外商在华直接投资的“漏损”分析

改革开放20余年来,中国已成为引资大国,随着引资数额的增大,撤资事件亦有增长的趋势。外商直接投资撤退将在技术进步、产业结构、就业、国际融资等方面对东道国,特别是发展中东道国造成各方面的影响。而造成外商直接投资漏损的原因涉及理论和现实多方面,应加以认真研究与分析,尽量将外商直接投资撤退所造成的影响减少到最低限度。