China＇s Energy Strategy in the Twenty-first Century

I. Introduction As the biggest developing country, China’s energy consumption has increased substantially. China is now the second largest energy consumer in the world and its primary energy consumption accounts for 13.6 percent of the world total. In the global energy market, China seems to have an endless appetite for oil and gas. China depends on imports for more than 40 percent of its oil. According to an estimation by British Petroleum (BP, 2005), from 2000–2004, China’s oil consum…     

China＇s Industrialization and Reduction of Greenhouse Emissions

Over the past two decades, the size of the Chinese economy has more than quadrupled and the energy consumption more than doubled. The drive for further industrialization over the next two decades will continue the trend on a much larger scale. The net increase in emissions from 1990 to 2001 amounted to 823 million tons of COy accounting for 27 percent of the world‘s total. Energy supply and security constitute key constraints to industrialization and,therefore, the mitigation of emissions can in fact contribute to the achievement of development goals. Many actions can be taken to balance industrialization and reduction of emissions.As a large and rapidly growing market, China shares many opportunities with European partners for business cooperation and joint efforts for the reduction of emissions through clean development mechanisms and other bilateral initiatives.     

Regional Incentives to Increase the Competitiveness of a Renewable Energy Business Cluster in a Small Island Like Corsica （France）

Renewable energy （RE） has grown to become part of mainstream economics, industry, and energy. The process started in the wake of oil shortages amid the 1970s energy crisis, when the major industrial countries of the world sought out an array of energy security strategies. Diversifying energy import-export trade, restructuring GDP, and increasing and backing home-sourced offers are all basic essential measures that different countries have adopted to different degrees in an effort to reduce dependency on imported oil. The last of these measures counts RE as a vector of local generation. The past decade has seen the RE sector really take off, driven by now well-structured industries starting to mobilize now-mature technologies. This developmental shift towards RE has been framed by different policy measures that nevertheless share the same core rationale climate change. Among the pro-renewables policies adopted by France, the deployment of competitive clusters has proved an effective tool for leveraging the growth of renewables. Business clusters are geographically-concentrated economic structures assuring the often tenuous link between efficient national industrial policy .efforts and regional planning and branding issues. From this perspective, the logic of synergy by connecting global to local issues remains to be created around a new paradigm： regional attractiveness/place branding. In today＇s fast-globalizing world, the much-hyped concept of place branding has become critical for regions in fierce global competition to capture and secure geographically-mobile investment. In this context, promoting and attracting inward investment is a multidimensional challenge where business clusters have a pivotal role to play. Corsica, a small island economy, represents a case-in-point target of analysis through its long-standing plan for the regional and sustainable development of Corsica （French decentralization policy on Corsica under the law dated 22 January 2002） and the CAPENERGIES business cluster a key l     

Analyzes on overseas investment way of the oil-gas field enterprise

Investment overseas for Chinese oil and gas enterprises can help them find more stable sources of oil, diversify oil import, and disperse oil supply security. It is an important means of oil security and also can enhance oil company＇s international competitiveness. Selection of the pattern plays an important role. So while making decision, investment pattern＇s features and influencing factors must be considered.     

Crowd Psychology and the Complexity of the Security Market

The security market is a complex system. To explore the mechanism of complexity of the security market helps people understand the dynamics and the nature of its development, so as to better adapt to, regulate and control the security market. In terms of the science of complexity, investors＇ crowd psychology results in the complexity of the security market. This paper first confirms the existence of a crowd with empirical evidence gathered from the security market, then empirically demonstrates the existence of crowd psychology with a questionnaire, and finally analyses the influence of crowd psychology on the security market from the two angles of the correlation persistence and system evolution.     

Comparison and Enlightenment of Chinese and American Social Security System

As a typical market economy country, US＇s social security system generally and fairly takes shape. While China is the country which is under the reform and the inefficient development of market economy is a basic reality. The comparison between Chinese and American social security system and enlightenment have been drawn in this paper.     

Analysis of China＇s Renewable Energy Development under the Current Economic and Technical Circumstances

At present, the development of renewable energy relies mainly on government support. The government invests in a considerable number of projects to improve public welfare and to assist in poverty relief If China is to replace fossil fuels on a large scale with renewable energy sources, the production costs and prices of renewable energy must be brought down. All countries are facing the challenge of moving to a more secure and low-carbon energy system without weakening economic and social development. In this regard, China is facing an even greater challenge in terms of economic cost, as cheap coal remains the main energy form. Technical innovation and industrialization in the area of renewable energy is an important means of lowering cost. China is in for a period of high-speed development of its economy and the rising demand for energy is irreversible. If the technical progress and development speed of renewable energy lags behind the growth in demand, it will be difficult to realize the improvement of its energy structure.     

An analysis on the relationship between RMB interest rate and exchange rate based on BEER model

The internal money market and international money market will mix together when the finance market is open. Researching on the relationship between interest rate and RMB exchange rate is so meaningful. Based on the reality of market-based reform in our country, the paper employs the BEER model to analyze the interest rate＇s influence to the RMB equilibrium exchange rate, and inspects the realistic performance of the interest rate and exchange rate mechanism. Then it seeks some effective measures to promote the interactive development of the interest rate and exchange rate markets.     

Cost Effectiveness Analyses Models in the Defence System in Republic Bulgaria

The thesis resulting from the research on the ＂costs-effects＂ relation is the principle of economic efficiency of defence capabilities. At first glance, the arguments in this direction are well-known and popular in crisis situations of various nature, including the current financial and economic crisis in the country, and the question about the cost of public welfare-security and defence is debatable. This cost is manifested through the defence capabilities of a country. In the new security environment, the compilation of a national defence strategy is a priority of the Defence Ministry, which has more and more limited resources. This means that they should be treated as an economic activity. An economic activity is considered as any purposeful activity, allocating and combining scarce resources among alternatives, making it possible to maximize the outcomes and minimize costs. The ratio between the costs and benefits of a given resource or combination of resources to achieve a pre-defined objective is pushed to the forefront and the rationalization of management decisions is based on it. This necessitates a cost effectiveness analysis, hence the evaluation of the outcomes （benefits） is manifested in the ＂cost-effect （benefit）＂ analysis. Defence as a product has the basic features of any commodity or service, i.e. it is designed for exchange, is useful, and meets certain needs. But due to the fact that it meets very specific needs （,preservation of the territorial integrity of the country and improving its national security）, it is distinguished by certain features which may be summarized as follows： collectivity of production and consumption of defence as a product necessary to the public, expressed by its consumption indivisibility; lack of market valuation of the price of defence as a product upon its consumption （as a monetary expression of its value）; the usefulness of defence as a product is reflected in its capacity to meet the system＇s needs for security and defence, which dete     

Energy Restructuring in China： Retrospects and Prospects

Thirty years have passed since China first adopted the policy of reform and opening up to the outside. Reviewing and appraising the advantages and disadvantages of the government＇s energy restructuring policy in the intervening years is of great importance to the consideration of future reform and opening-up efforts in this industry. Energy production and supply have been a major part of the national economic restructuring. In this paper, the author proceeds from three angles to review and assess the reform and opening-up efforts in the energy industry, and suggests some direction and priorities for its restrueturing in the future.     

能源贸易与中国能源安全

随着中国经济高速增长和城市化进程加快所引致的能源需求急剧上升,受国内资源特别是石油资源短缺约束能源产供能力短期内难以大幅度增加情况下,能源供求矛盾日益突出,石油进口对外依赖度也随之节节攀升。为此,本文主要通过对中国能源贸易发展状况、能源安全现状以及影响能源安全的制约因素等进行深入分析,寻求加快中国能源贸易发展、确保能源安全、促进经济社会可持续发展的基本思路与对策。     

镇级可再生能源多能互补耦合供能研究

随着城市化推进,镇域经济体的能源结构发生变化,因社会可持续发展需要,提高可再生能源渗透率备受关注.以能量四环节理论作为能源研究方法,构建涵盖"源-网-荷-储"技术环节的终端一体化供能系统.利用能量四环节理论规划设计了江苏省盐城市黄海湿地特色小镇.案例研究表明:可再生能源能够实现镇级区域能源基本自治;可打通"发-输-配-用-售"环节,实现镇级能源互联网;环境与社会效益较好,经济性较差.特色小镇全可再生能源多能互补耦合供能可作为城市化过程中新的供能模式之一.     

世界能源格局与中国的能源安全

由于石油经济的不确定性,时至今日,经济学家没有给出一个关于石油市场的比较完善的分析框架。通过对油价波动和世界能源格局演变历史的总结和回顾,我们认为油价波动既是国际市场供求双方博弈的结果,也是"大国"关于石油利益分配的政治安排。世界能源格局的演进反映了两大国家集团之间"权力"的消长。本文借助国际政治经济学的方法,从世界能源格局及其变动的角度探讨中国面临的能源安全问题,为能源问题的进一步研究提供思路。     

绿色资讯

法启用"智能垃圾箱"近日,法国巴黎郊区罗曼维尔(Romainville)首度启用"智能垃圾箱"。该"智能垃圾箱"采用自动地下抽吸系统,其特点在于投入垃圾筒里的垃圾会自动地被吸入地下管道中并进入最后的终端。     

中国的能源管理和能源结构调整

中国是一个有着13亿人口和960万平方公里国土的大国。从1978年改革开放以来30年间，中国经济持续快速增长，特别是近5年来经济平均增速在两位数以上。能源生产和消费也在快速增加，2007年中国一次能源生产量是23.7亿吨标准煤，消费量26.5亿吨标准煤，居世界第二位。随着中国工业化、城镇化加快发展和全球经济一体化不断深入，中国的能源安全、     

世界能源形势的变化与中国的能源安全

2003年中国原油净进口9112万吨,占世界石油需求增长的41%。中国石油进口在消费中所占比例已达40%。外界曾估计,到2015年,中国对石油进口的依存度会达到50%。而按目前的发展速度来看,今明两年中国的石油进口就有可能达到这一比率。中石油研究报告预测,2005年、2010年、2015年和2020年中国原油需求分别为2.7亿吨、3.10亿吨、3.5亿吨和4.0亿吨。[1]这一切都说明,中国的能源安全与国际能源市场的联系越来越密切。我们必须了解世界能源市场的变化才能更好地预测中国能源安全面临的威胁与挑战。只有了解主要工业国能源战略的变迁,了解世界能源市场…     

Energy Technology Advancement and Energy Policy Selection in China

This paper studies the system structure of energy technology advancement and sticking points of energy technology advancement in China. Then the marketing competence and supply and demand makeup of some primary kinds of energy in China are predicted. At last the policy selection to promote energy technology advancement is put forward for the future in China.     

中亚能源地缘战略格局与多边能源合作

中亚这一能源热点地区的多边能源合作尚处于起步阶段,主要原因是中亚地区的能源地缘国家相互的地缘观点在很大程度上影响了中亚的能源地缘格局,具体表现在中亚-里海地区油气管线走向的博弈。能源地缘国家相互之间在地缘上的认知分歧成为这一地区实现多边能源合作的最大挑战。中亚多边能源合作的前景取决于各参与国为改变相互地缘认知所作出的外交努力。     

新能源及可再生能源对能源效率及节能减排效果的影响研究

根据2009至2013年包括中国在内的21个代表性国家能源投入、经济产出和环境产出的统计数据,运用DEA改进后的超效率SBM模型,建立对可再生能源和新能源投入更加敏感的能源效率评价指标体系,测算出21国传统化石能源效率,以及加入水电、核电、太阳能、风电等可再生能源和新能源后的综合能源效率,并定量对比研究其对能源效率以及节能减排潜力的影响程度,分析了不同国家加入可再生能源和新能源发电对提升能源效率、促进节能减排的不同效果。     

我国节能与新能源行业的金融支持问题

发展节能与新能源行业是实现我国能源发展战略的重要举措,而资金缺乏是制约节能与新能源行业发展的最根本因素,预计到2020年,节能与新能源行业以及其它环保行业至少将有2万亿元左右的资金缺口.应放宽对民间资本投资的限制.节能行业应继续发展以节能服务公司为主导的融资模式,新能源行业更要注重民间风险投资资本的引入.应深化金融体制的改革,为节能与新能源行业的融资奠定良好的基础.