Mineral Taxation, Mineral Revenues and Mine Investment in Zambia, 1964–83

A bstract . The relationship between mineral taxation, mineral revenues , and investment in existing and new mine capacity in Zambia during 1964–83 is examined. By the mid-1970s the Zambian copper industry was incapable of producing investible surpluses which could be appropriated by government partly because of unfavorable movements in real market prices for mining inputs and mineral output, partly because the mineral taxation systems applied since 1964 had deterred mine investment. This situation can only be remedied by changing the cost structure of Zambia's copper production, requiring major investments in modernization of existing, and development of new, mines. A tax system is suggested which offers a workable compromise between the need to obtain revenues for development and to ensure continued investment in mining.     

Mineral Taxation in Less Developed Countries: Papua New Guinea's Balanced System

A bstract . In taxing their mining industries most Less Developed Countries must balance their need for mineral revenues with their requirement for continued private Investment in exploration and development. Papua New Guinea has attempted to achieve such a balance. An ideal system would use a Resource Rent Tax. Papua New Guinea accepted its underlying principle but combined it with royalties, a. flat profits tax, a dividend withholding tax and an additional profits tax. The rates and thresholds keep the tax burden bearable and avoid discouraging investment for exploration and development while ensuring that the government receives a substantial return from profitable projects.     

Environmental regulations in private and mixed duopolies: Taxes on emissions versus green R&D subsidies

In this article, we compare two kinds of environmental regulations—emissions taxes and green R&D subsidies—in private and mixed-duopoly markets in the presence of R&D spillovers. We show that a green R&D subsidy is better (worse) than an emissions tax when the green R&D is efficient (inefficient), irrespective of R&D spillovers, whereas the existence of a publicly owned firm encourages the government to adopt a subsidy policy. We also show that the optimal policy choice depends on R&D efficiency and spillovers. In particular, when green R&D is inefficient and the spillover rate is low (high), the government should choose an emissions tax and (not) privatize the state-owned firm. When green R&D is efficient, however, an R&D subsidy is better, but a privatization policy is not desirable for society, irrespective of spillovers.     

Boards of Directors and the Adoption of a CEO Performance Evaluation Process: Agency — and Institutional — Theory Perspectives

Using both agency and institutional theories, we examined factors associated with the board's adoption of a formal process for evaluating the performance of the corporation's chief executive officer (CEO). Our sample was drawn from the hospital industry. Results show that an independent board chairperson, the level of market competition and the degree of managed care penetration were significant predictors of whether or not the board had adopted a formal CEO evaluation process. These findings imply that initiatives to improve governance effectiveness based on agency theory should take into account the institutional environment of corporate boards.     

The Built‐in Flexibility of Income and Consumption Taxes

This paper reviews, and synthesises within a uniform framework, a number of analytical results on the built‐in flexibility of taxation. Established results for income taxes are reviewed and integrated with recent results for consumption taxes. These help to provide a better understanding of the determinants of the revenue responsiveness properties of different taxes. They also provide convenient expressions for the calculation of tax revenue elasticities in practice. It is shown that the magnitude of revenue elasticities can be expected to differ substantially for alternative taxes, for different forms of the same tax, and for the same tax over time as incomes change relative to tax thresholds and as consumption patterns change. These results are especially relevant for the many industrialised countries which have undertaken major fiscal reforms in recent years with, often unintended, consequences for revenue elasticities.     

Taxes and Benefits: Two Options to Cheat on the State

In this article we study the social norms to abstain from cheating on the state via benefit fraud and tax evasion. We interpret these norms (called benefit morale and tax morale) as moral goods, and derive testable hypotheses on whether their demand is determined by prices. Employing a large survey data set from OECD‐member countries we provide robust evidence that the demand responds to price proxy variables as predicted by theory. The main general conclusion of this article is that social norms (which are widely accepted as determinants of individual economic behaviour) are themselves influenced by economic factors.     

浅析对俄矿产资源开发领域俄语译员应具备的基本能力和素质

为实施国家"走出去"战略,许多中国公司到俄罗斯境内寻找矿产资源开发项目,为了提高该领域内从业的俄语译员的能力和素质,本文从夯实语言基础、学习专业知识、了解俄联邦法律法规等诸方面做了简要的分析。     

成都加快发展现代服务业的地方税收效应分析

现代服务业,主要指那些依托电子信息等高技术和现代管理理念、现代经营方式和现代组织形式发展起来的服务。其具有高人力资本含量、高技术含量和高附加值三个特征。现代服务业既包括原来没有的新兴服务业,也包括被赋予了较多现代品质的传统意义上的服务行业,而后者是对传统服务业的改组、改造与创新。本文立足成都市现代服务业发展现状,通过对现代服务业的代表性行业的调研分析,结合"十一五"期间地方税收数据,对近年来成都市现代服务业产生的地方税收效应进行总结。     

承销商地域垄断性与IPO定价——来自中国A股上市公司的经验证据

从垄断理论的角度出发,采用1994-2010年我国A股上市公司数据,实证考察了承销商地域垄断性对于发行公司IPO定价的影响,研究发现:(1)具有地域垄断性的承销商承销的IPO公司,其股票抑价程度显著高于非地域垄断性承销商承销的IPO公司;(2)地方政府控制的国有企业的IPO受承销商地域垄断性的影响最为显著;(3)中央政府控制的国有企业的IPO不受承销商地域垄断性的影响;(4)民营企业受承销商地域垄断性的影响不显著;(5)在发行制度由行政审批改为自由定价制度后,承销商地域垄断性对于IPO抑价的影响有所减弱。进一步地控制了外地小券商的影响,采用其他指标反映IPO定价水平,研究结论不受影响。研究证实,承销商的地域垄断性是我国上市公司IPO定价的影响因素之一。     

The Incidence of Taxes on Casino Gambling: Exploiting the Tired and Poor

A bstract . The equity of taxes on casino gambling in Las Vegas and Atlantic City using recent survey data is examined. Daniel B. Suits (1977) study of the tax on casino gambling concluded that the tax was progressive when he used a national sample to estimate tax incidence. This result is challenged. Tax incidence is estimated using survey data obtained from people who either live in or have traveled to Las Vegas or Atlantic City. On the basis of the sample of people who have given themselves access to casino gambling , the tax is regressive; in fact, it is extremely regressive in Las Vegas. Therefore, in this time of easier access to casino gambling, policy-makers should be aware that the taxes on casino gambling place a proportionately heavier burden on low income groups.     

我国四大城市住宅价格与租金的关系研究

近20年,我国城市住宅价格经历了大幅下跌与上涨,而同期租金逐年下降,房价与租金之间的关系令人关注。本文利用1993年第二季度至2010年第一季度的数据进行实证分析,结果表明北京、上海、广州和深圳的租金指数和房价指数之间不存在协整关系,说明住宅市场价格与租金不存在长期均衡关系,房价严重脱离了租金这一基本面的影响,不再遵循现值理论模型所揭示的两者之间的运行趋势,表明房价泡沫在长期积聚。为了预防市场泡沫破灭对经济体造成的严重冲击,政府应该严格监察与调控房地产市场。     

Progressive Taxes and the Labour Market: Is the Trade–off Between Equality and Efficiency Inevitable?

Does an income tax harm economic efficiency more the more progressive it is? Public economics provides a strong case for a definite ‘yes’. But at least three forces may pull in the other direction. First, low–wage workers may on average have more elastic labour supply schedules than high–wage workers, in which case progressive taxes contribute to a more efficient allocation of the total tax burden. Second, in non–competitive labour markets, progressive taxes may encourage wage moderation, and hence reduce the equilibrium level of unemployment. And third, if wage setters have egalitarian objectives, progressive taxes may reduce the need for redistribution in pre–tax wages, and hence increase the demand for low–skilled workers. This paper surveys the theoretical, as well as the empirical literature about labour supply, taxes and wage setting. We conclude that in a second best world, the trade–off between equality and efficiency is not always inevitable.     

我国四大城市住宅价格与租金的关系研究

近20年,我国城市住宅价格经历了大幅下跌与上涨,而同期租金逐年下降,房价与租金之间的关系令人关注。本文利用1993年第二季度至2010年第一季度的数据进行实证分析,结果表明北京、上海、广州和深圳的租金指数和房价指数之间不存在协整关系,说明住宅市场价格与租金不存在长期均衡关系,房价严重脱离了租金这一基本面的影响,不再遵循现值理论模型所揭示的两者之间的运行趋势,表明房价泡沫在长期积聚。为了预防市场泡沫破灭对经济体造成的严重冲击,政府应该严格监察与调控房地产市场。     

基于SSOA的信息资源平台服务整合方案研究——以轨道交通领域为例

以轨道交通为例,阐述了领域信息资源整合平台的建设过程中面临的信息资源跨专业、多功能、跨组织、多种类型等问题.这些问题使其面临技术实现架构上的复杂性.针对问题提出了一套基于语义网(Semantic Web)和SOA等技术的基础信息平台建设架构.架构整体以具体领域本体为基础,一方面将本体应用于服务资源的描述,另一方面通过使用具有语义的信息资源整合方式构建信息平台顶层逻辑.设计实现了物理上分布,逻辑上统一的具备多样化服务功能的信息资源平台架构.     

Issues in the Design and Reform of Commodity Taxes: Analytical Results and Empirical Evidence

The motivation of this paper is two fold: (a) review the literature on design and reform of commodity taxes, (b) describe attempts at extending the traditional framework. The paper states the principal results in optimal commodity taxation with attention paid to assumptions made in their derivation. Empirical evidence on the structure of optimal commodity taxes is presented with special reference to the issue of uniformity versus selectivity, and the redistributive potential of commodity taxes. The paper, then, provides analytical and empirical evidence on the following extensions to the traditional framework: (i) presence of child subsidy and demographic effects on demand, (ii) fiscal federalism, (iii) tax evasion.     

Public Spending, Land Taxes and Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis of the Adequacy of Land as a Tax Base

Abstract . Site value taxation is often cited as desirable on efficiency grounds, but is all too often dismissed for alleged lack of revenue potential. This paper empirically tests the revenue adequacy of site value taxation. Revenue adequacy in this study is defined as the ability of the tax base to keep pace with community expenditure needs. The paper concludes that communities with higher than average rates of capital growth and with a relatively constrained land area will find land taxes when subsituted for present property taxes, quite adequate for future as well as present needs.     

企业人力资源主管人员胜任力模型实证研究

基于某企业人力资源主管人员岗位,首先运用行为事件访谈法,根据访谈结果,进行编码,确定胜任特征,建立胜任力过渡模型;然后通过抽样调查,进行科学分析,完成人力资源主管人员胜任力模型。并将其与通用模型做比较,发现二者的差异。研究结果表明:企业人力资源主管人员胜任力模型由知识、技能和素养三个维度八个胜任特征组成,与通用模型有不同的侧重。     

Political Unionism and Autonomy in Economies of British Colonial Origin: The Cases of Jamaica and Trinidad

A bstract . This investigation has shown that in developing countries an inconsistency arises between the need for more equitable distribution of income and wealth between classes and groups and the goals of an industrial relations system in which the trade unions are committed to 'political unionism.' While the unions helped to achieve independence and thus economic growth , in Jamaica the country moved into independence with a legacy of hardship and conflict, and of bad labor-management relations. Legitimate union demands were suppressed, producing a situation in which latent conflict became manifest. This became a permanent feature; the unions are encouraged to become militant political organizations which in Trinidad were alienated from the formal political structure. The type of unions and industrial relations systems that emerged after independence proved unsuitable and undesirable for achieving sustained rapid rates of economic growth, making reform of the labor relations system and the electoral process mandatory.