森林生态经济风险预警研究

本文首先阐明了森林生态经济预警的涵义;然后建立和分析了森林生态经济风险预警指标体系及预警指标阈值的确定;最后,明确了森林生态经济风险预警的过程,并提出了构建森林生态经济风险动态监测预警预报系统的建议。为我国森林生态经济系统可持续发展探索了一条安全之路。     

The value of Namibia's forest resources: Preliminary economic asset and flow accounts

A national forest inventory completed in 2004 enabled the development of preliminary forest resource accounts for Namibia. The total woody resources volume was estimated at 257 million m³. Forest products used for fuel, poles, timber and non-timber were included in the accounts, but charcoal production on private land was excluded. Forest use directly contributed some 3 per cent of the gross national product, N$1 billion (US$160 million), and the total direct and indirect economic impact of forest use in the broader economy was some N$1.8 billion (US$288 million). The standing forest assets had an estimated capital value of N$19 billion (US$304 million), comparable with the values for fish, minerals and wildlife. On a national level, stocks are underused. However, some localised over-harvesting occurs, which might be ameliorated through community forest management and trade in products, but capture of resource rent by government should be restricted to commercial forest use.     

Are We Getting There? Evidence of Decentralized Forest Management from the Tanzanian Miombo Woodlands

Based on a village study in Tanzania, the effects of decentralized forest management on forest conservation, rural livelihoods and good governance are evaluated. Tree growth is estimated to exceed harvest, and forest utilization appears effectively controlled. Forest revenues cover the costs of management and finance local public services, but the underlying taxes and regulations have made the poorest worse off. Governance outcomes are also ambiguous. Revenues are administered transparently, but village leaders are coercive toward forest dependent minorities. The case provides a rare example of how decentralized forest management works in Africa when meaningful powers are devolved to local communities.     

Does “Participation” in Common Pool Resource Management Help the Poor? A Social Cost–Benefit Analysis of Joint Forest Management in Jharkhand,India

Joint Forest Management (JFM) has succeeded in halting forest degradation in India, but its poverty reduction objective has not fully been evaluated previously. This paper compares JFM forests and government-managed forests to assess their respective net social benefits to different groups of local villagers. It shows that the JFM regime reflects the social preference of the rural nonpoor, and that the poor are net losers over a 40-year time horizon. Future plans for JFM need to include suitable compensatory mechanisms to reduce the poverty of the poorest within a village.     

Participatory Exclusions,Community Forestry,and Gender: An Analysis for South Asia and a Conceptual Framework

The idea of people's participation has long been part of development thinking. But today the management of local natural resources by village communities is widely accepted as an institutional imperative. It is therefore essential to examine how these institutions perform, especially from the perspective of the more disadvantaged. Based on extensive fieldwork among community forestry groups in India and Nepal, and existing case studies, this paper demonstrates how seemingly participatory institutions can exclude significant sections, such as women. It provides a typology of participation, spells out the gender equity and efficiency implications of such exclusions, and analyzes what underlies them. It also outlines a conceptual framework to help analyze the process of gender exclusion and how it might be alleviated.     

世界主要木质林产品主要进出口国家贸易地位演变分析

基于FAO历年《林产品年鉴》数据资料,分析了1990年以来世界主要木质林产品主要进出口国家贸易地位演变。工业用原木、锯材出口国家仍然主要集中在森林资源丰富国家,进口国家由发达国家逐步转变为森林资源相对匮乏、经济体量较大的国家。人造板、木浆出口呈现由发达国家向发展中国家转移的趋势,主要进口国仍然是发达国家。回收纸主要出口国仍然全部都是发达国家,主要进口国由发达国家逐渐演变为发展中国家。纸和纸板主要出口国、进口国全部都是发达国家,但份额大幅降低。     

福建台资森林旅游度假产业发展研究

福建是中国重要林区,森林旅游资源十分丰富。近几年,正在大力发展森林旅游度假产业。台湾森林度假产业较为成熟,开发和管理技术先进,资金丰厚。积极吸引台资台商进入福建相关开发领域有着相当积极意义。本文着重以详实的资料数据,对当前福建台资森林旅游度假产业的整体开发和运营状况作出分析,指出问题所在并提出建议。     

Efficient markets and great lakes timber: A conservation issue reexamined

“… the forest resource is one which, under the active competition of private enterprise, is apt to deteriorate … that the maintenance of continued supplies as well as of favorable conditions is possible only under the supervision of permanent institutions with whom present profit is not the only motive. It calls preeminently of the state to counteract the destructive tendencies of private exploitation.” (Bernhard E. Fernow, Chief, Division of Forestry, USDA, 1886, and drafter of 1891 legislation which established the National Forest Reserves. Economics of Forestry, New York: Crowell and Company, 1902, p. 20)     

城市居民对城郊型森林公园的森林休闲需求研究

首次基于马斯洛需要层次理论，分析了城市居民对城郊型森林公园的森林休闲需求，并且详细探讨了马斯洛需要层次理论的层次个数，认为城市居民对城郊型森林公园的森林休闲需求包括生理需要、安全需要、归属和爱的需要、尊重需要和自我实现需要，而认知需要和审美需要则贯穿于五个基本需要之中。最后对城郊型森林公园的相关经营管理部门进行城郊型森林公园的开发建设提供了一些建议。     

The effects of communal land resource management on forest conservation in northern and north-eastern Namibia

The area under natural forests has diminished steadily while deforestation has escalated progressively in the past 10 years. Strategic constraints leading to this ever-increasing rate of forest depletion are examined, and relevant policy interventions for overturning them are suggested. Communal ownership and management of natural resources in the northern and north-eastern Namibia are identified as a major underlying constraint on natural resource conservation because the communal system lacks mechanisms for regulating access. Nonetheless, the study acknowledges the optimistic views on communal use and management in other parts of the world. The assumptions about community, the willingness of its members to realise joint environmental or social goals, and their motivation and skills for natural resource management have been challenged. The perception that communities are custodial and non-materialistic in their attitudes to natural resources is rejected. It is concluded that common resources should be brought under more formal management. There should be a state-community/private partnership, with the state performing an advisory function, and implementation at the highest level through the use of state institutions for law enforcement, while the community or the private interest undertakes day-to-day management and law enforcement activities. Maintaining state ownership of natural resources in communal areas and inviting local people to manage them on their own, or mainly on government terms, is not a solution to natural resource degradation.     

国有林权制度改革的主体冲突及其化解

国有林区三林问题的基本特征是林业资源枯竭、林区经济危困和林工生活艰难,其根源于林业忽视生态效益、林场利益机制不顺、林工存在制度性依赖。国有林权制度改革面临林业资源属性约束和国有林区体制约束。在国有林权制度改革中,政策设计者须明晰中央政府、地方政府、林业管理部门、林区和林工等不同利益主体之间利益诉求和利益实现约束的差异。     

Migration constraints and development: Hukou and capital accumulation in China

Rural–urban migration flows are a crucial corollary of economic development. The adverse or beneficial effects of internal migration, for sending as well as receiving areas, and the definition of optimal migration policies, have remained much discussed issues since the seminal works of Harris and Todaro (1970). This debate is especially acute in China where the “household registration system” (hukou) acts as a strong constraint on individual migration. This paper aims to assess the consequences of hukou through a simple model of a developing dual economy with overlapping generations. Contrary to existing studies focused on the contemporaneous allocation of economic resources, it deals with the dynamic consequences of migration flows and migration policies. It shows that, in fairly general circumstances, hukou-related migration constraints can actually hasten development, understood as the transfer of the labor force to the modern sector, driven by capital accumulation. The hukou system could thus be one of the causes of the extremely high Chinese saving rate and of the high pace of Chinese development. Insights from the model are confronted with stylized facts from the Chinese development, and theoretical results are especially consistent with the effects of the 2001 “towns and small cities” reform.     

Service delivery frameworks as instruments of citizen empowerment: A tale of two experiences,India and South Africa

This paper presents a comparative assessment of South Africa and India's service delivery improvement strategies, challenges, successes and lessons learnt in advancing their service delivery reform programmes. The cardinal argument in the paper is that the public administrative systems adopted and inherited in the post-democratic epochs in India and South Africa were incapable of meeting the service delivery needs of their respective citizens. They epitomised the traditional and hierarchical public administrative systems that were the object of reforms in the 1990s. The reform initiatives also coincided with global reforms on public administration systems taking place under the aegis of the new public management framework. A key feature of new public management is its application of private-sector ideas to the public sector, such as individual accountability. The paper further undertakes a comparative review of service delivery improvement frameworks of South Africa (Batho Pele) and India (Sevottam) in relation to their objectives and implementation modalities.     

福建省森林食品生产能力状况与对策研究

森林食品具有较高的营养价值、医疗保健价值,而且属于无污染的绿色食品。本文通过查阅近年来的福建省主要森林食品的相关数据,分析福建省主要森林食品的生产能力,提出结合我省粮食情况,提高森林食品生产能力解决粮食安全问题的建议。     

Collective forest tenure reform and household energy consumption: A case study in Yunnan Province,China

The recent Collective Forest Tenure Reform in China has started the process of devolving forest management rights from village collectives to households since 2003. In this paper, we study the impact of the reform on rural energy consumption. Devolving forest tenure improves farmers' access to forest products on their newly acquired forestland, and is therefore expected to increase farmers' fuelwood consumption. The reform also allows farmers to adopt some revenue-enhancing forest technologies which may lead to energy switching in farmer households. Our empirical study finds that the devolution significantly increases household fuelwood consumption for both lower and higher income households; the lower income households benefit more. This is welfare-improving in places where alternative fuels are still too costly. We find limited evidence that higher income households in Yunnan begin to substitute alternative commercial fuels for fuelwood when those are available. Our findings suggest further devolution of forest rights, especially in the poor, forest-rich regions.     

China and India's Growth Surge: Is it a curse or blessing for Africa? The Case of Manufactured Exports

Abstract: In this paper, we address two major questions. First, the question of whether China and India are displacing the African manufacturing export from the third market. Second, whether there is an evidence of shifting comparative advantage from China and India to Africa. We employed a gravity model with a panel data using 13 African exporters of clothing and accessories for the period 1995–2005 to answer the first question. To answer the second question, we used a flying‐geese model and estimated Spearman's rank correlation coefficients on indices of the revealed comparative advantage vectors of the African exporters and China and India for the same period. Both the gravity and flying‐geese models predicted similar outcomes. We found that there is strong evidence that China has been displacing African manufactures from the third market while India has been complementing it in the early years of the study. However, the overall third market impact of China and India has been that of complementarity in the later years of the study period. This result is found to vary across countries. Furthermore, we found evidence of shifting comparative advantage from China and India to Africa as the flying‐geese theory predicts, South Africa being the leading goose followed by Kenya. The major implication of the study is that, in the world where China and India are reshaping the global economic order dynamically, the outcomes of the traditionally received wisdom of trade liberalization and industrialization policies through export promotion may be uncertain and requires strategic thinking.     

Understanding the Links Between Conservation and Development in the Bamenda Highlands,Cameroon

Integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) attempt to link the conservation of natural resources with the development needs of local people. Recent reviews have provided differing perspectives on the relative success of ICDPs in addressing either their conservation or development objectives. This paper explores local perceptions of an ICDP that has been established for more than a decade around the Kilum–Ijim Forest, in North West Province, Cameroon. The study tested the assumptions underlying the ICDP: that by improving incomes and livelihoods from the land in and around the forest, pressure on the forest would decrease, contributing to conservation objectives. The study provides evidence that livelihood activities can have a conservation impact by helping to change local attitudes and behavior. Furthermore, the study analyzes and develops, some of the “factors for success” highlighted by previous papers.     

Communities,institutions and natural resources: An assessment of case‐studies from KwaZulu Natal

This article describes three community‐based organisations (CBOs) that were established to protect natural resources in parts of KwaZulu Natal. The object is to determine why some CBOs are more successful than others. The case‐studies (Dukuduku Forest, Shongweni Resources Reserve and Thukela Biosphere Reserve) are analysed and compared using criteria suggested by the theory of institutional economics. It is concluded that the rural poor are unlikely to comply with rules restricting their access to natural resources unless the benefits are obvious. Creating appropriate management institutions is a necessary first step, but it may also be necessary to subsidise their enforcement costs and development programmes.     

黔东南苗岭国家地质公园的旅游地质资源开发与保护

本文对黔东南苗岭国家地质公园的旅游地质资源开发的可行性和制约因素分析,并且提出了:进一步加快地质公园区的科学研究,加快园区的建设规划工作;结合特色,加大宣传力度,加大资金投入,加快基础设施建设;加强利用的环境影响科学评价,加强监测;结合资源特色,市场为主导的综合开发原则,加快地质旅游产品开发;加强培训和引进人才,提高整体素质,提高管理水平;加快地质公园数据库的建设;协调处理好多头共管理关系等开发与保护对策。     

论森林资源资产的融资创新

随着社会经济的不断发展,我国林业行业的各种资金投入也在不断增加,但是林业经济组织自身融资的能力依然不足。以森林资源资产为依托,探索森林资源资产直接融资和间接融资方式的创新,是当前解决林业资金短缺问题的有效途径。当前,做好森林资源资产融资工作,要着重解决的是森林资源的产权问题、价值评估问题以及市场体系建设问题。