Residential segregation and preference misalignment

This paper studies the role of disparities in neighborhood composition preferences in perpetuating residential segregation. Evidence from the Multi-city study of urban inequality (MCSUI) suggests that it would be impossible to simultaneously sort White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic households into neighborhoods that match their stated ideal. Simulations suggest that rearranging blocks in US metropolitan areas to match preferences stated by Black MCSUI respondents would involve moving 36% of the Black population to a block with a lower concentration of Black neighbors and 6% of the Black population to a block with a higher concentration of Black neighbors.     

人民币升值对我国经济的积极影响及应采取的后续措施

本文主要从产业结构、出口贸易结构、企业转变经营机制、缓解贸易矛盾和货币政策的有效性五个方面入手分析,最后得出结论:人民币汇率升值所产生的最终结果是利大于弊,其影响是积极的。     

Understanding antecedents of new product development speed: A meta-analysis

New product development (NPD) speed is a key component of time-based strategy, which has become increasingly important for managing innovation in a fast-changing business environment. This meta-analytic review assesses the generalizability of the relationships between NPD speed and 17 of its antecedents to provide a better understanding of the salient and cross-situationally consistent factors that affect NPD speed. We grouped the antecedents into four categories of strategy, project, process, and team, and found that process and team characteristics are more generalizable and cross-situationally consistent determinants of NPD speed than strategy and project characteristics. We also conducted subgroup analyses and found that research method variables, such as level of analysis, source of data, and measurement of speed, moderate the relationships between NPD speed and its antecedents. We apply the study's findings to assess several models of NPD speed, such as the balanced model of product development, the strategic orientation and organizational capability model, the compression vs. the experiential model, the centrifugal and centripetal model, and the product development cycle time model. We also discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice.     

The productivity of transport infrastructure investment: A meta-analysis of empirical evidence

Investments in transport infrastructure have been widely used by decision makers to encourage economic growth, particularly during periods of economic downturn. There has been extensive research on the linkage between transport infrastructure and economic performance since the late 1980s, characterised by widely varying evidence. We conduct a meta-analysis of the empirical evidence on the output elasticity of transport infrastructure, based on a sample of 563 estimates obtained from 33 studies. Previous meta-analyses have focused on total public capital and hence cannot appropriately explain the wide variation in the productivity effect of transport infrastructure nor provide guidance to policymakers on the returns to investment in different types of transport infrastructure. Our results indicate that the existing estimates of the productivity effect of transport infrastructure can vary across main industry groups, tend to be higher for the US economy than for European countries, and are higher for roads compared to other modes of transport. The variation in the estimates of the output elasticity of transport is also explained by differences in the methods and data used in previous studies. Failing to control for unobserved heterogeneity and spurious associations tends to result in higher values, while failing to control for urbanisation and congestion levels leads to omitted variable bias. These findings can be used to inform future research on the choice of model specification and estimation and transport-related policy making.     

Demand and supply drivers of foreign currency loans in CEECs: A meta-analysis

We present a meta-analysis of the determinants of foreign currency loans in Central and Eastern Europe. We base our inferences on the results of 21 studies that provide around 800 estimated coefficients for seven determinants of foreign currency loan demand. Our results indicate that, on average, supply factors (foreign currency deposits and the minimum variance portfolio ratio) appear to play a more significant role than demand factors (interest rate differentials) of foreign currency loans. Moreover, we show that the estimates reported in the literature tend to be influenced by selected study characteristics such as the econometric methodology and their regional focus.     

The role of pre-training interventions in learning: A meta-analysis and integrative review

Learning is one of the main goals of any training program. Much research has focused on how learning may be enhanced through effective training design. We compiled the extant literature exploring the efficacy of five common pre-training interventions in promoting learning. Meta-analytic results (k = 159; total N = 13,684) reveal consistent positive effects for the role of such interventions in learning. Attentional advice and goal orientation (as compared with meta-cognitive strategies, advance organizers and preparatory information) yielded the most consistent learning gains. Results suggest intervention format, implementation, and match to learning outcome are important considerations. Recommendations are provided for interventions which are useful in promoting cognitive, skill-based, and affective learning gains.     

立式静压推力轴承主轴偏斜状态下的热—结构特性分析

针对立式静压推力轴承在主轴偏斜状态下的热—结构特性,文章通过CFD与有限元联合仿真的方法对巴氏合金、推力轴承在不同主轴偏斜角θ、不同平均油膜间隙h0下的温度、热变形进行了分析,此外,还分析了两种参数变化时的油膜承载能力。结果表明:油膜、巴氏合金、推力轴承的最大温度与平均间隙h0成线性负相关,与主轴偏斜角θ成二次正相关;轴向油膜力与平均间隙h0成线性负相关,与主轴偏斜角θ成二次负相关;最大热变形与平均间隙h0成线性负相关,与主轴偏斜角θ成二次正相关;立式静压推力轴承主轴偏斜状态下的最大热变形与平均间隙h0在同一个数量级,热变形不可忽略。     

Exploring the relationship between HRM and firm performance: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

Existing literature on human resource management (HRM) practices and firm performance suggests that there is a positive association between the two variables. Most of the studies, however, are based on cross-sectional datasets and only few of them use panel or longitudinal datasets, which better allow the researchers to deal with problems of endogeneity. This paper draws on meta-analysis techniques to estimate the effect size of the relationship between high performance work practices (HPWPs) and firm performance measures based on the available longitudinal studies. We also examine whether the effect is greater for a combination of HPWPs than for individual HPWPs, and for operational performance than for financial performance. The results from statistical aggregation of eight longitudinal HRM-performance studies demonstrate an overall reported correlation of 0.287. Additionally we find that a set of integrated, mutually reinforcing HPWPs has a stronger impact on firm performance than do HRM practices individually and that, this effect is statistically invariant between operational performance and financial performance.     

Direct and indirect effects of FDI in emerging European markets: A survey and meta-analysis

We review a large body of literature dealing with the effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on economies during their transformation from a command economic system toward a market system. We report the results of a meta-analysis based on the literature on externalities from FDI. The studies on emerging European markets covered in our survey report direct and indirect FDI effects weakening over time, similarly as in other FDI destination countries. This is imputable to a publication bias that is detected and to the fact that more sophisticated methods and more controls can be used once a sufficient time span is available. Panel studies are likely to find relatively lower spillover effects. The choice of the research design (definition of firm performance and foreign firm presence) matters. More specific to the sampled studies is the role played by forward and backward spillovers which dominate other channels in driving FDI externalities.     

Person–environment fit or person plus environment: A meta-analysis of studies using polynomial regression analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine if the non-linear terms in polynomial regression analysis (PRA) explain substantial amounts of variance in assumed outcomes over and above the linear terms. This meta-analysis reviewed a total of 30 studies from 25 articles on person–environment (P-E) fit in which PRA was used. We found that none of the 30 studies did rigorous cross-validation for PRA. In addition, the overall population R² change attributable to the non-linear terms (PE, P² and E²) in PRA was only .008. However, the P-E interaction term may be more important in some situations than in others, based on the data gathered here. Specifically, the non-linear terms in PRA added to the variance explained by the linear terms (P and E) when studies examined assumed outcome variables like contextual performance or job attitudes as opposed to task performance. In summary, PRA could potentially be effective in investigating P-E fit and other human resource management-related phenomena when it is used in appropriate scenarios.     

Different approaches to measure ego-centered social support networks: a meta-analysis

Survey indicators of social networks usually measure a certain function of social networks, for example exchange of social support. Social support is a multidimensional construct. The most comprehensive definition distinguishes among sources of social support (social support networks), supportive acts and appraisal of given support. Generally, two main hypotheses can be given with regard to the role social support plays in quality of life of individuals: that social support is beneficial as such (main effects), or that social support is beneficial at occasions of stressful events (buffer effect). In this paper we are dealing with survey measurement of ego-centered social support networks. Three methods to social network measurement are compared: the name generator method, the role generator method and the event-related approach. In a meta-analysis of several studies done on convenient quota samples the effects of method, type of calculation, response format and limitation of support providers on network composition indicators are studied.     

In search of FDI horizontal spillovers in China: evidence from meta-analysis

Quality & Quantity - This paper contributes to the literature on foreign direct investment (FDI) technology spillover effects, focusing on horizontal spillovers from foreign firms to their...     

A bridge over troubled water: Replication,integration and extension of the relationship between HRM practices and organizational performance using moderating meta-analysis

Meta-analyses on the relationship between human resource management (HRM) practices, as an aggregate and individually, and organizational performance has yielded mixed results, further fueling the theoretical debate among HRM scholars. To resolve this tension, we conduct a moderating meta-analysis of 89 primary studies to replicate, integrate and extend prior work. Comparing the variance explained by differences in HRM practices versus those explained by contextual and empirical factors indicates that context and research design have a strong influence on the relationship between HRM practices and performance. Despite the voluminous research on this issue, the differences in the relationships of various HRM practices explains only 4% of the variance in performance, whereas, societal context, industry sector and firm size explain 33%, 12% and 8%, respectively. Empirical contingencies including four categories of performance outcomes and four types of participants explain 13% and 9% of the variance in the results, respectively. Thus, our findings provide strong support for the contingency theory. The theoretical and empirical implications for future research in the area are discussed.     

Predicament of identity in Iran: a qualitative meta-analysis of theoretical and empirical studies on identity

Identity is regarded as a theoretical and practical problematic issue constituting a large range of literature in social planning, political activities and cultural policy-making in the last decades. Thus, this study is to Meta-analyze three sorts of studies on identity in a distinctive perspective. These are: universal theories of identity, theoretical studies of identity in Iran and research studies on Iranian identity in Iranian academic sphere. The findings demonstrate that the sociological theories are more effective to discuss identity than other scientific fields. While the theoretical studies focused mainly on national level of identity, the empirical ones highlighted the sub-nation and global dimensions of identity. Most of studied researches employed constructivist approach. According to literature review of identity studies in Iran, the main sources of identity are the Persian language, Shiite religion, Islam, Oriental Culture, Oriental Mysticism, Modernity and National History. Generally, the sources of identity are diverse. The results indicate that the constitution of Iranian identity portrays a hybrid and synthetic texture in all levels.     

The influence of cultural context on the relationship between gender diversity and team performance: a meta-analysis

The impact of gender diversity on team performance has become a central topic in the field of human resource management for researchers and practitioners alike. Extant research provides conflicting evidence on the relationship between gender diversity and team performance. To resolve these contradictory findings, we meta-analyze the relationship between gender diversity and two performance outcomes, namely task performance and contextual performance. Grounded in categorization-elaboration model, we simultaneously consider the positive and negative aspects of gender diversity. We further examine the effect of cultural context as a moderator on the relationship between gender diversity and team performance. Based on 71 independent samples from 68 studies published between 1996 and 2013, we find a significant negative relationship ( ? 0.10) between gender diversity and contextual performance. Additionally, we find that the cultural dimensions gender egalitarianism and collectivism have significant moderating influences on the relationship between gender diversity and task performance.     

Some general points on the $$I^2$$-measure of heterogeneity in meta-analysis

Meta-analysis has developed to be a most important tool in evaluation research. Heterogeneity is an issue that is present in almost any meta-analysis. However, the magnitude of heterogeneity differs across meta-analyses. In this respect, Higgins’ \(I^2\) has emerged to be one of the most used and, potentially, one of the most useful measures as it provides quantification of the amount of heterogeneity involved in a given meta-analysis. Higgins’ \(I^2\) is conventionally interpreted, in the sense of a variance component analysis, as the proportion of total variance due to heterogeneity. However, this interpretation is not entirely justified as the second part involved in defining the total variation, usually denoted as \(s^2\), is not an average of the study-specific variances, but in fact some other function of the study-specific variances. We show that \(s^2\) is asymptotically identical to the harmonic mean of the study-specific variances and, for any number of studies, is at least as large as the harmonic mean with the inequality being sharp if all study-specific variances agree. This justifies, from our point of view, the interpretation of explained variance, at least for meta-analyses with larger number of component studies or small variation in study-specific variances. These points are illustrated by a number of empirical meta-analyses as well as simulation work.