产业集聚、企业规模与全要素生产率增长——基于长三角制造业行业面板数据的分析

本文首先从理论上分析了产业集聚、企业规模对TFP增长的影响;其次,运用非参数的Malmquist生产率指数方法,测算了1998—2007年我国长三角地区两省一市(江苏、浙江、上海)20个制造业行业的全要素生产率增长及其技术效率和技术进步的变化;最后,用面板数据的计量回归模型对长三角两省一市制造业行业全要素生产率的影响因素进行了实证检验。得出以下结论:长三角地区两省一市制造业行业全要素生产率的增长主要是由技术进步带来的,而技术效率变化指数表现出负增长;产业集聚和企业规模对上海、江苏和浙江制造业行业TFP增长的作用显著,且产业集聚的作用大于企业规模的作用。     

FDI和产业集聚对TFP增长影响的实证检验——基于上海制造业行业的数据

运用非参数的Malmquist生产率指数方法,测算了1998—2007年上海20个制造业行业的全要素生产率指数及其技术效率和技术进步的变化指数;用基于面板数据的计量回归模型对上海市制造业行业全要素生产率的影响因素进行了实证检验。得出以下结论:上海制造业行业全要素生产率的增长主要是由技术进步带来的,技术效率变化指数表现出负增长;外商直接投资对上海制造业企业没有明显的外溢效应,产业集聚对上海制造业行业的全要素生产率增长有显著的促进作用,出口贸易具有显著的阻碍作用,国有产权比重具有显著的反向作用。     

Technological progress and scientific indicators: a panel data analysis

Total factor productivity (TFP) is generally interpreted to be a proxy for technological advancement. In this paper, we use stochastic frontier analysis to decompose the growth in TFP into three components: technological progress, scale effect and change in technical efficiency. Then, we conduct a comprehensive panel data analysis using the technological progress component of the TFP growth and several scientific and technological indicators using data from 160 countries over the period from 1960 to 2009. Our results generally show that the technological progress component of the TFP growth properly reflects certain dimensions of actual scientific and technological progress. However, we also find that this result is somewhat sensitive to different econometric specifications and assumptions.     

中国服务业分行业生产率变迁及异质性考察

本文采用全国两次经济普查后的修订数据,引入"技术不会遗忘"假定,运用序列DEA-Malmquist生产率指数法测算了1990—2010年中国服务业细分行业的全要素生产率(TFP)、技术进步、纯技术效率与规模效率增长率。结果表明,中国服务业总体及细分行业的TFP均处于上升通道,在上世纪90年代,服务业TFP增长的主导因素是技术效率改进,进入21世纪后,则主要是技术进步提高,且技术效率改进已开始由以纯技术效率为主转向以规模效率为主,但服务业发展的粗放型特征仍然明显。同时,中国服务业TFP增长表现出了较大的行业异质性;与工业(制造业)行业对比,服务业TFP增长是滞后的。2010年与1991年相比,TFP及技术效率增长的行业间异质程度有所下降,而技术进步却有进一步拉大的迹象。可能的内在机制是现代信息技术对不同服务业企业资源配置的异质影响,以及中国服务业体制改革的渐进式道路。     

GAUGING THE SOURCES OF GROWTH OF HIGH‐TECH AND LOW‐TECH INDUSTRIES: THE CASE OF KOREAN MANUFACTURING*

Literature argues that the source of growth for high‐tech industries emanates from technological progress, while that for low‐tech industries comes from technical efficiency improvement. Also, some empirical studies have shown that technological progress is often accompanied by deterioration in technical efficiency. The focus in this study is to discuss a methodology and test the above two hypotheses with regard to Korean manufacturing data from 1970 to 1997. The study found that the 2.5 per cent average annual rate of technological progress during this period was the major contributor to total factor productivity (TFP) growth in Korean manufacturing whereas technical efficiency grew by a modest 1.1 per cent per annum. The analysis also showed that technological progress was responsible for TFP growth in both high‐tech and low‐tech industries and that both technological progress and technical efficiency improvement co‐existed in the case of Korean manufacturing industries.     

装备制造业全球价值链融入程度与技术进步效应研究

构建融入全球价值链（GVC）与技术进步效应的分析框架并提出研究假设,利用1999-2015年中国装备制造业7个细分行业面板数据,测算装备制造业融入GVC的程度指数和全要素生产率。结果显示,融入GVC程度指数整体呈现“W”型特征,2015年相比1999年呈上升趋势,各细分行业技术进步较为明显。实证结果表明：融入GVC对全要素生产率提升具有促进作用,但同时由于阻碍效应的存在,导致融入GVC与全要素生产率两者间呈现U型曲线关系。这是对融入GVC能够促进技术进步相关观点的重新认识。另外,产权制度因素、高素质科研人员规模能够显著促进技术进步;研发投入强度、出口密集度、条件建设强度在一定程度上阻碍了技术进步,但不显著。研究结论对于中国装备制造业通过融入GVC提高全要素生产率、实现技术进步具有重要政策启示。     

Knowledge spillovers,absorptive capacity and total factor productivity in China’s manufacturing firms

Applying the stochastic frontier framework, this study explores the diffusion and absorption of technological knowledge in China’s manufacturing firms, based on a panel of more than 10,000 local and foreign-invested firms over the period 1998–2001. Our empirical approach allows us to distinguish between technological progress (TP) and technical efficiency (TE) in analysing whether R&D, exports and the presence of foreign direct investment simultaneously enhance TP through knowledge spillovers in a single framework and whether different types of domestic absorptive capacity moderate external knowledge spillovers in relation to TE. The results show that there are positive inter-industry productivity spillovers from R&D and foreign presence, whereas evidence of intra-industry productivity spillovers from FDI to Chinese firms is less robust. We find evidence that absorptive capacity is one of the key determinants to quantitatively explain intra-industry differences in productivity of local Chinese firms. The findings have important policy implications.     

Inward Investment and Technical Progress in the United Kingdom Manufacturing Sector

This paper investigates the impact of direct investment by foreign‐owned companies on technical progress and hence labour productivity in the UK manufacturing sector. Using an industry‐level panel data set we find that foreign‐owned firms have a significant positive effect on the level of technical efficiency in domestic firms. There is evidence of significant intra‐industry and inter‐industry spillovers from inward investment. These findings remain robust even when other factors such as imports and domestic R&D expenditures are allowed for. Inward investment appears to be a much more important source of technical progress than foreign trade.     

环境约束下的制造业生产率增长分析

本文引入Malmquist-Luenberger生产率指数,对比分析环境约束和无约束情形下的2001-2008年中国制造业28个细分行业生产率增长状况。进一步的,本文分别将行业全要素生产率指数、技术进步指数及技术效率指数作为生产率增长指标,选取资本深化、行业规模、科技投入、环境污染和行业属性作为解释变量,利用面板数据回归模型分析环境约束下生产率增长影响因素。研究发现,忽略环境约束会低估制造业技术效率水平及其指数,但会高估技术进步指数和全要素生产率指数;分析结果表明影响因素对生产率增长均有显著影响。     

总需求、国际贸易与我国省际生产率变化——基于省际面板数据的研究

全要素生产率的提高是促进经济持续增长的重要原因,对生产率的研究,主要是从供给方面展开的,本文试图从需求角度研究全要素生产率变动的原因。理论上看,总需求通过影响技术创新、技术选择、规模经济效益和要素的使用效率等途径引起生产率的变化,国际贸易则通过促进分工深化、产生技术溢出等促进生产率的提高。然后,本文采用数据包络分析方法测算了中国省际全要素生产率变化,并将其分解为技术效率的变化和技术进步。结果发现中国改革开放以来全要素生产率增长主要是技术进步的结果,技术效率的作用很小。在测算和分解的基础上,利用省际面板数据,就总需求和国际贸易对生产率增长的影响作了实证分析,发现最终消费和资本形成对技术进步和全要素生产率的提高作用显著,出口对生产率增长的作用不显著,进口显著地促进了省际全要素生产率增长和技术进步。     

Is productive inefficiency a fatal disease? The effects of technical and scale efficiency in firm exit: the case of the Greek rubber and plastic industry

This article presents an integrated framework for testing the effects of productive efficiency, i.e. technical efficiency (TE) and scale efficiency (SE), on firm exit, facilitating the identification of the effects, causing a firm's operation at increasing or decreasing returns to scale. A panel data set of firms in the plastics and rubber industry of the Greek manufacturing sector is used to study the effect that TE and SE may have on a firm's probability to exit. Results reveal that technical efficiency is the most critical factor influencing firm exit, while SE exerts a quadratic effect on the probability to exit.     

创业板上市公司全要素生产率分析——基于DEA—Malmquist指数法的实证研究

本文选取50家创业板上市公司2007-2011年间的面板数据,使用DEA-Malmquist指数法对其全要素生产率的变动进行测算,并对全要素生产率变动的驱动因素进行分解,以分析创业板上市公司在上市后是否是通过生产率的提升实现内生性增长。研究结论是,50家样本公司在2007-2011年间呈现出全要素生产率的负增长（-6．2％）。其中,技术进步的贡献为-6．9％,纯技术效率改进的贡献为2．2％,规模效率改进的贡献为-1．5％。各年度样本公司的全要素生产率增长率呈现出递减趋势。     

我国中部地区文化制造业科技创新效率评价

文化制造业是我国经济创新的重要推动力,提高文化制造业科技创新效率有利于实现区域创新协调发展。基于2012-2014年中部地区文化制造业创新活动数据,构建了我国文化制造业科技创新效率评价指标体系。采用DEA-Malmquist模型对各省份科技创新效率进行动态分析发现,中部地区科技创新效率呈倒“U”形发展趋势,全要素生产率稍高于东部地区平均水平;6省文化制造业创新发展水平并不同步,创新效率聚类分布差异较为明显;技术进步率、纯技术效率、规模效率相互影响,导致各省份存在的问题不尽相同。在此基础上,提出了相应对策与建议。     

Efficiency and productivity of the food and beverage listed firms in the pre-recession and recessionary periods in Greece

This study uses data envelopment analysis to examine the liquidity and sales efficiency of the Food and Beverage listed firms in Athens Exchange in the period 2006–2012. The liquidity efficiency of the firms is higher than the sales efficiency but the results indicate that there are not statistical significant differences in the rankings estimated by the two models in each period. The Malmquist Productivity Index reveals that over the period of the study, firms have experienced an annual average increase in productivity of 0.5% (a slight progress). On examining the components of this productivity change, it becomes evident that firms have experienced an annual average of 2% increase in technology combined with a decrease in technical efficiency of –1.5%. The results indicate that 52.4% of the firms experienced productivity gains in the examined period, and this was mainly the result of technological gain rather than efficiency improvement. More than 90% of the firms in the sample shift the efficiency frontier and only 33.3% of the firms are catching up, improving their productivity by reducing inefficiency. Moreover, the empirical study reveals that the overall technical inefficiencies of the firms are primarily caused by pure technical inefficiencies rather than scale inefficiencies.     

制造业能源效率测算与影响因素分析

要素使用结构是效率变动的起始点,以工业为对象的研究不可忽略不同行业间要素配置结构的区别。本文选取不同要素密集度制造业作为研究对象,基于DEA方法测算了1995～2008年中国制造业能源效率,并利用Tobit模型探索不同要素密集型制造业能源效率的影响因素。研究表明,中国制造业能源效率的总体水平较低,并随要素密集度的不同而不同。劳动密集型制造业能源效率最高,技术密集型行业次之,资本密集型行业最低。三大类型制造业能效提高仍有50％以上的空间,“十二五”期间节能降耗的政策导向应由目前的以行政区域为对象分解节能降耗约束指标的治理方式向以行业或企业为约束对象并分解节能指标的治理方式转变。本文通过Tobit模型还发现,进一步促进技术创新、保持适度合理的行业竞争、调整能源消费结构以及扩大企业规模将有利于提高制造业能源效率。     

R&D and patents: is it a two way street?

ABSTRACT

This paper provides empirical evidence on the link between firms’ R&D expenditure and patent registrations by applying the Granger causality test. We use a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms for the period 1990–2013. We first, examine the R&D-patents relationship in the manufacturing firms as a whole and subsequently, manufacturing was broken down into three groups of firms according to the technological level of the industries to which the firms belonged: high and medium-high (HMHT), low medium (LMT) and low (LT) technology firms. For the entire panel, our results provide support for a bidirectional relationship between R&D and patents, supporting both the traditional view and the reverse causality approach (patents cause R&D). When the sample is split into the three technology levels, we also find strong support for a bidirectional relationship in HMHT firms and weak support in LT ones. We found no evidence of this bidirectional link in LMT firms.     

Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment in Spanish Manufacturing Firms

This paper examines the effect of participation by foreign capital and the spillovers from a foreign presence on the technical progress of Spanish manufacturing firms. The results show that foreign direct investment (FDI) creates positive spillover effects for local firms, and when the presence of foreign capital and the absorptive capacity of spillovers from FDI are large, more technical progress ensues. Also, local companies in capital‐ and research and development (R&D)‐intensive industries experience larger positive FDI spillovers. For these reasons, government policies should aim to attract FDI, especially in the aforementioned industries.     

FDI Contribution to Technical Efficiency in the Tunisian Manufacturing Sector: Evidence from Micro-panel Data

This paper investigates the contribution of FDI to firms’ technical efficiency based on a two-stage empirical method. Using panel data for 674 firms belonging to the Tunisian manufacturing sector and observed over the period 1997–2001, a bootstrap procedure is applied to correct for serial correlation affecting DEA technical efficiency scores estimated in a first stage. Results obtained from second-stage regressions show that FDI presence at the firm level has a positive effect on its technical efficiency. However, horizontal FDI spillovers are not evidenced while sectoral export activity represents a potential source of technology spillovers for local firms.     

城市群扩容对区域绿色经济效率的影响研究——以长三角城市群扩容为例

本文基于我国2006-2016年城市面板数据,以长三角城市群扩容为例,使用双重差分法实证研究了城市群扩容对绿色经济效率的影响。研究发现：城市群扩容对城市群原有城市的绿色经济效率有显著提升作用,对新进城市的绿色经济效率无显著作用,稳健性检验表明该结论是可靠的。机制检验表明：扩容未影响原有城市的技术效率,但通过提高市场一体化水平来促进原有城市技术进步,进而提升原有城市绿色经济效率;扩容通过降低功能专业化水平来提高新进城市技术效率,通过提高市场一体化水平来促进新进城市技术进步并降低其技术效率,由于技术进步效应和技术效率降低效应相互抵消,扩容未影响到新进城市的绿色经济效率。此外,扩容对原有城市中的大城市、高创新能力以及高经济发展水平城市的绿色经济效率有更大提升作用。     

数字经济促进全要素生产率提升的效应评价

数字经济的发展为我国转变发展方式、实现经济高质量发现提供了新的契机。在此背景下,采用面板数据模型估计了数字经济对我国地区全要素生产率的影响,并进一步将全要素生产率分解为技术进步和技术效率,探讨数字经济对全要素生产率的影响机制。结果发现：首先,数字经济整体上可以促进全要素生产率进步,且在进行内生性处理和稳健性检验后,这一结论依然较为稳健。其次,从全要素构成来看,数字经济促进技术效率提升在全要素生产率进步中发挥了主要作用,无论对于技术效率低的地区还是技术效率高的地区,数字经济均能促进其技术效率提升。最后,数字经济整体上对技术进步的影响则不显著,只有技术进步本身较高的地区才能充分利用数字经济带来的优势,进一步提高技术水平。