The incidence of a tax on pure rent in a small open economy

This paper analyzes the effects of a land rent tax on capital formation and foreign investment in a life-cycle small open economy with endogenous labor-leisure choices. The consequences of land taxation critically depend on how the tax proceeds are used by the government. A land tax depresses capital formation, crowds out foreign investment and increases national wealth and consumption when the land tax revenues are distributed as lump-sum payments. If the proceeds from land taxation are used to finance unproductive government expenditure, the land tax will be neutral in its effects on the capital stock, nonhuman wealth and labor. When the tax revenues are used to reduce labor taxes, the land rent tax spurs nonhuman wealth accumulation and ambiguously affects the capital stock and labor.     

Competition for natural resources and the hold‐up problem

We study the role of competition for the hold‐up problem in foreign direct investment in resource‐based industries. The host country government is not only unable to commit not to expropriate investment ex post but also unable to commit to the provision of local resources. In the case of competition for local resources, this dual commitment problem triggers higher investment levels and increases host country revenues, but hurts profits of international investors.     

基于TOPSIS方法的红色旅游绩效评价——以领袖故里红三角为例

根据国家发展红色旅游的目的、旅游绩效的特征和利益相关者理论,红色旅游绩效评价指标体系主要包括旅游投资、景区员工人数、旅游资源品位、旅游人数、旅游收入、游客满意度、教育效果等要素;运用极值法和变异系数法对指标进行处理,选择TOPSIS法建立评价模型,以领袖故里红三角红色旅游绩效的评价为例,认为评价方法适用而且有效.     

Capital goods,measured TFP and growth: The case of Spain

The effect of investing in equipment and/or structures on TFP and long run growth is investigated here. We argue that economies can grow in spite of stagnant TFP if the investment rate is inefficiently high. We study the case of Spain where real GDP per worker grew at 2.74 percent annually and TFP was stagnant during 1996–2007. We show that low Spanish TFP is due to low ISTC and an inefficiently high investment in residential structures. We quantify the effect of the housing boom of the 2000s, the total cost of subsidies to residential structures in terms of TFP and income growth.     

War,terror, and the tourism market in Israel

A supply and demand model of the Israeli hotel industry is developed, distinguishing between its domestic and foreign sectors. Model simulations are employed to examine the impacts of war and terrorist incidents on tourist activity and hotel revenues. Foreign demand for Israeli hotel stays is highly price-elastic and income-inelastic, and moderately sensitive to terrorist events. Domestic demand is price-inelastic, income-elastic, and terror-insensitive. In the wake of terror attacks, hotels' supply or minimum prices to Israeli tourists shift downward, reducing local market prices and encouraging more local tourism. However, the magnitude of these shifts is minor, and the local market thus provides little buffer for dropoffs in foreign tourism. By permitting excess capacity in such fashion, hotels respond rationally to the price inelasticity of local demand.     

The Effect of Foreign Demand on Residential Property Prices: Evidence from Australia

This study estimates the impact of foreign demand for Australian residential real estate on property prices. Using postcode-level administrative data and fixed-effects regression techniques we find a positive relationship between foreign investment approvals and price growth. Our analysis suggests that, on average, foreign investment contributed between $80 and $122 to quarterly price growth in Sydney and Melbourne between July 2010 and March 2015. This is a small proportion of the increase in property prices over the period.     

Wages and wage growth in Poland: The role of foreign direct investment

In recent years Poland has received substantial inflows of foreign direct investment. This paper combines detailed labour market data with industry data from the Polish manufacturing sector to examine the effects of foreign direct investment inflows on wages and wage growth. The empirical evidence we assemble suggests that workers in industries with greater foreign presence enjoy higher wages and higher wage growth. This effect appears to be robust to a variety of empirical approaches, estimation techniques and specification checks.
JEL classification: F23, J31, 019, P33.     

Aid and public sector fiscal behaviour in failing states

This paper looks at interactions between foreign aid and the public sector in developing countries, especially those considered to be fragile or failing states. A model is proposed which employs actual budgetary appropriations and revenue estimates (rather than estimated target variables) and allows for asymmetric preferences. Variants of the model are estimated using time-series data for Papua New Guinea (PNG). PNG is classified as a fragile state by the international community owing to perceived policy and institutional inadequacies. Results obtained suggest that foreign aid increases consumption and investment expenditures and decreases tax revenues and the level of borrowing.     

The Real Effects of Transnational Activity upon Investment and Labour Demand within Japan's Machinery Industries

This paper attempts to estimate the real effects of transnational activity upon both investment and labour demand, within each of the five industries that comprise Japan's domestic machinery sector. The study uses a standard model of investment and labour demand, which is augmented to include foreign wages. It is argued that this approach is the most suitable for capturing the real effects of transnational activity, since foreign wages indicate the attractiveness of alternative sites for investment, production and employment. A simultaneous equations estimator is employed and, for each industry, there is evidence that both the behaviour of investment and labour demand are sensitive to foreign wage conditions. The results indicate the extent to which transnational activity has had a real effect upon Japan's domestic machinery sector.     

Foreign direct investment and China's regional income inequality

China's widening regional income inequality coupled with its pronounced regional disparity in foreign direct investment stock since 1990 has claimed the attention of many scholars. While some researchers confirm regional disparity in China's foreign direct investment, others attribute the widening regional income inequality to this regional disparity. This paper thus assesses the impacts of China's stock of foreign direct investment on its regional income inequality using simultaneous equation model and the Shapley value regression-based decomposition approach. Our results suggest that China's stock of foreign direct investment has accounted for merely 2% of its regional income inequality. Furthermore, the contribution ratio of per capita foreign direct investment stock to China's regional income inequality has relatively been on a steady decline since 2002. The decomposition results also reveal that provincial per capita physical assets account for over 50% of the nation's income inequality and 65% of the increases in income inequality since 1990. The other two important determinants of regional income inequality are province location and educational level. However, educational level is found to have a decreasing effect on regional income inequality.     

Coffee exports and industrialization in Brazil

We investigate the dynamic relationship between coffee exports and machinery imports in Brazil from 1869 to 1939. Our tests reveal cointegration and bidirectional causality in the temporal sense. This evidence suggests that foreign exchange real revenues from coffee exports were important for the onset of industrialization, as machinery imports proxy for real investment demand. Capital growth, in turn, also helped to boost the country’s exports.     

Japan's tourism-led foreign direct investment inflows: An empirical study

This study analyzes international tourism–inward foreign direct investment (FDI) relationships by applying dynamic panel models to Japanese data for the 1996–2011 period. A growing number of studies have examined this topic following the publication of the UNCTAD (2007) report; however, the current literature is inadequate. Our analysis is not restricted to tourism-related FDI such as hotels and restaurants, as in the literature, but covers general FDI in the framework of FDI dynamics, because tourism–FDI interactions are not in reality restricted to typical tourism-related FDI. The analysis results reveal that enhanced inbound foreign tourism exhibits spillovers of inward FDI beyond tourism-related sectors. Hence, although policies related to FDI promotion and tourism enhancement are often planned, executed, and evaluated independently under different government jurisdictions, coordination is recommended, because these policies interact with each other in efforts to attain economic development goals.     

Investing Volatile Resource Revenues in Capital‐Scarce Economies

Natural resource revenues are an important financing source for public investment in many developing economies. Investing volatile resource revenues, however, may subject an economy to macroeconomic instability. This paper studies fiscal approaches to investing resource revenues, using Angola as an example. With spend‐as‐you‐go, resource revenues are spent as received, resulting in little external saving; public investment can be interrupted, driving up the capital depreciation rate and undermining stability. Gradual scaling‐up, instead, allows countries to build up external saving to shield investment from revenue volatility. The framework adopted here can be used as a planning tool to define a medium‐term fiscal strategy.     

中国西部地区外向型经济发展的差距与对策研究

基于外向型经济战略在众多发展中国家和地区获得成功，贸易和投资自由化正为世界经济增长的发动机，本文分析了经济全球化背景下中国西部地区和对外贸易，引进外资及国际旅游创汇方面的差距与不足，提出了中国西部地区外向型经济发展的战略对策和建议，旨在推动中国西部大开发。     

Determinants of U.S. direct investment in the E.E.C.: Revisited

This paper expands upon an earlier work in this Review concerning the specification of a model to identify the determinants of U.S. direct foreign investment (DFI) in the E.E.C. Compared to earlier studies, a longer data series is used, an improved tariff discrimination proxy is employed, and ‘predicted sales’ are estimated and used as the output variable in the empirical work. A variable to capture the effect of the U.S. capital control programs is also included. The findings reaffirm the importance of market size, especially in the plant and equipment equations, as being an important determinant of DFI. Strong support was also found for the growth hypothesis. Consistent statistical support was found for the tariff discrimination hypothesis. In addition, the findings imply that a variable to capture the effects of fluctuating exchange rates should be included in future studies.     

Causal interactions among tourism,foreign direct investment,domestic credits,and economic growth: evidence from selected Mediterranean countries

Portuguese Economic Journal - This study explores the nexus between tourism and economic growth in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea while controlling for foreign direct investment and...     

Spatial income and public capital: a case of a Spanish region

The objective of this paper is to analyse major determinants of disposable per capita income at a local municipality level for a territory of Spain: the Valencian region. A cross-sectional spatial study for an averaged period (2010–2013) will allow us to control for intraregional correlation, paying special attention to the role of real public investment and its possible effects on disposable personal income. A reference framework for economic and social policymakers will be provided by the specification of the model.     

中国服务业利用FDI的就业效应研究

世界服务业全球化的趋势日益明显，服务业国际化的进程不断加快，服务业的国际化过程和制造业一样，都必须依靠跨国投资来推进，这种跨国投资称为服务业外商直接投资，简称服务业FDI。随着中国入世过渡期的结束，中国在金融、通讯、旅游、教育和咨询等服务行业开始履行入世承诺，服务业FDI逐渐大规模涌入中国。据统计，截至2008年底，中国服务业利用外资已达600多亿美元。随着这样大规模的服务业FDI的流入，势必会对中国福利水平和经济发展产生影响。在服务业FDI不断流入中国的背景下，抓住服务业国际转移的契机，有效吸引服务业FDI，优化中国服务业结构，促进产业升级，成为具有重大理论和现实意义的重要课题。本文着重从理论和实证两方面分析了中国服务业利用FDI的就业效应，指出中国通过利用服务业FDI能够改善就业，促进经济增长。     

Discrimination and job search theories for black British young men

The paper examines empirically the relationship between government revenues and expenditures in four European countries: Greece, Spain, Ireland, and Portugal. In relative terms all four may be considered as the poorest members of the European Union. Yet, they present a fairly diverse picture as far as their macroeconomic performance and fiscal position is concerned. The empirical findings from cointegration and causality tests that are reported here indicate that in the case of Greece and Ireland tax and spending decisions are taken simultaneously by the fiscal authority, the tax-and-spend hypothesis is supported in the case of Spain, while absence of any causal ordering between government expenditure and tax revenues has been established for Portugal.     

Tax Enforcement Policy and the Provision of Public Goods with the Presence of Tax Havens

A tax competition model is presented to investigate the effects of tax havens on the public good provision. We show that when countries facing a rise in tax havens change their tax enforcement strategies in response, the existence of tax havens may result in a higher level of equilibrium public good provision as compared to the case with no tax havens. Accordingly, tax havens could be welfare enhancing for non‐haven countries. This result offers a possible explanation for the recent empirical evidence that the corporate tax revenues in high‐tax countries have actually increased with the growth in the flow of foreign direct investment to tax havens.