广东省高技术产业各行业效率变化的实证研究

采用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数法,选取5个投入指标和4个产出指标对1995—2008年广东省高技术产业的4个细分行业进行多投入、多产出的动态效率测度。结果表明:1995—2008年期间广东省高技术产业全要素生产率的年均增长率为12.3%,这是技术进步和技术效率共同推动的结果,其贡献率分别为11.1%和1.1%;电子及通信设备制造业全要素生产率的平均增长率最高,主要由技术进步推动;其次是医疗设备及仪器仪表制造业,由技术进步和规模效率共同推动;然后依次是电子计算机及办公设备制造业和医药制造业,技术进步是两者的主要推动力量。最后,提出促进广东省高技术产业生产率提升的政策建议。     

Input-trade liberalization and firm export decisions: Evidence from Argentina

Trade openness contributes to the diffusion of the modern technologies embodied in imported intermediate goods, which play a central role in the economic growth of developing countries. This paper investigates the micro-economic effects of input-trade liberalization. Previous work has found positive effects of access to foreign inputs on firm performance. If the availability of imported intermediate goods yields firm productivity gains, we would also expect a positive effect of input-trade liberalization on firm export decisions. This paper contributes to this literature by looking at the relationship between changes in input tariffs and within-firm changes in export status. Using detailed firm-level data from Argentina, I demonstrate that the probability of entering the export market is higher for firms producing in industries that have experienced greater input tariff reductions. These empirical findings are robust to alternative specifications that control for other trade-policy reforms, and industry and firm characteristics.     

中国制造业技术投入与产出绩效的统计分析

为考察中国制造业技术进步情况,本文将中国26个制造业划分为高、中、低技术含量产业,并分析了各类产业的技术投入与产出绩效统计指标。分析结果表明,在技术投入方面中国制造业总体技术开发投入显著增加,高技术含量制造业的技术投入较其他产业明显占优,一些中低技术含量产业技术投入增长很快,表明有关产业已由单纯依靠劳动力成本竞争逐渐转向依靠技术进步进行市场竞争,但各产业普遍存在着人力投入增长速度落后于物力投入的情况。在技术产出方面,各制造产业的劳动生产率显著提高,高技术含量的产业相对其他产业更加突出,在产品创新方面高技术含量产业总体情况优于中等技术含量产业,后者又优于低技术含量产业,表明产品创新在高、中、低技术含量产业间的分布呈结构优化的趋势。不同产业对提高劳动生产率和产品创新两种市场竞争方式的侧重点有所不同。     

Productivity change of Portuguese municipalities after local reforms

This article examines the impact of the reforms introduced in the structure of the Portuguese local administration after the bailout agreement in 2011 on the efficiency and productivity of municipalities. In order to determine a measure of productivity change, we apply the global Malmquist productivity index to assess the performance of the 278 Portuguese mainland municipalities for the recent 6-year period 2009–2014. The overall results reveal that there was a decrease in the global productivity until 2013 followed by a notable increase in 2014 basically due to technological changes, thus it seems that the reforms have had a positive effect on the productivity of municipalities.     

Internal trade,productivity and interconnected industries: A quantitative analysis

Does trade within a country affect welfare and productivity? What are the magnitude and consequences of costs to such trade? To answer these questions, we exploit unique Canadian data to measure internal trade costs in a variety of ways—they are large and vary across sectors and provinces. To quantify their consequences for welfare and productivity, we use a recent multi‐sector trade model featuring rich input–output relationships. We find interprovincial trade is an important contributor to Canada's GDP and welfare, though there are significant costs to such trade. Reducing interprovincial trade costs by 10% yields aggregate gains of 0.9%; eliminating our preferred estimates of costs, gains average between 3% and 7%—equivalent to real GDP gains between $50 billion and $130 billion. Finally, as policy reforms are often sector specific, we liberalize sectors one at a time and find gains are largest in highly interconnected industries.     

Productivity and technical change: the case of Taiwan

This paper analyses productivity growth in 16 of Taiwan's manufacturing industries during the period 1978–1992. The non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis approach is used to compute Malmquist productivity indexes. These are decomposed into efficiency change and technical change. The latter is further decomposed into an output bias, an input bias and a magnitude component. In addition, the direction of input bias is identified. Empirical results indicate that the sector's TFP increased at a rate of 2.89% per annum, which could be ascribed to a technical progress (2.56%) and an efficiency improvement (0.33%).     

全要素生产率、投入替代与地区间的能源效率

本文通过对传统的能源效率指标进行分解,考察了1986—2010年间我国各地区能源效率及其影响因素的变化情况,得到以下结论:(1)能源效率变化的主要影响因素按贡献大小的排列分别是技术进步、投入替代变化与效率改善。总体上看,全要素生产率的作用要大于投入替代。技术效率变化与技术进步对能源效率的影响与我国的市场化改革进程存在密切关系;(2)尽管地区间"能源效率缺口"绝对量在逐年扩大,但表现出一定的追赶与收敛趋势。能源效率的地区结构差异表现出一定的地带性;(3)在能源效率变化的三个分解项中,投入替代变化的差异是影响地区间能源效率差异的首要因素。以上分析结果不仅有助于理解中国及各地区的能源效率及其影响因素的变化趋势,而且将为节能减排政策的制定与完善提供一定的参考依据。     

面向分类的科技创新服务平台绩效实证研究

科技创新服务平台是我国落实创新驱动发展的关键组成部分，具有重要的战略地位。按照浙江省科技创新服务平台分类方式，制定3套绩效评估指标体系，并运用DEA-Malmqusit指数分析方法对2014—2016年平台资源投入产出绩效进行测算。结果发现：①浙江省3类平台的整体绩效均处于中等水平，有较大提升空间；②引起3类平台绩效差异的因素不同，基础平台、区域平台存在投入冗余，资源闲置及浪费现象严重。行业平台有传统平台与新型平台之别，两者在绩效上表现出较大差异；③近年来，3类平台全要素生产率持续攀升。最后，从创新驱动发展战略落实、分类管理机制建立、平台自主创新和服务能力提升3个方面提出对策建议。     

Labour Market Regulations and the Sectoral Reallocation of Workers: The Case of Trade Reforms

In this paper I highlight the importance of incorporating the institutional features of local labour markets into the analysis of trade reforms. A trade reform is often deemed beneficial because the elimination of trade barriers allows labour to reallocate towards those sectors in the economy in which the country has a comparative advantage. The amount and speed of the reallocation, however, and the post-reform behaviour of output, productivity and welfare, will depend on how regulated the labour market is. First, I document that high firing costs slow down the intersectoral reallocation of labour after a trade reform. Second, in order to isolate the effect of firing costs on labour reallocation, output and welfare after a trade reform, I build a dynamic general equilibrium model. I find that if a country does not liberalize its labour market at the outset of its trade reform, the intersectoral reallocation of workers will be 30% slower, and as much as 30% of the gains in real output and labour productivity in the years following the trade reform will be lost. From a policy standpoint, the message is that while trade reforms are desirable, they need to be complemented by labour market reforms in order to be fully successful.     

Physical productivity of new firms: it is not as high as it appears

This paper argues that the physical productivity of new firms is not as high as it is measured with conventional approaches. The overestimation is due to two reasons, both of which are related to the underestimation of production inputs of new firms. On the extensive margin, while conventional approaches implicitly assume the share of production costs in the total costs is the same for all firms, new firms spend a larger share of their costs on production. On the intensive margin, conventional approaches usually use capital stock as the proxy for capital input and tacitly assume a constant ratio between capital service and capital stock, whereas new firms tend to use their capital more intensively. Failure to incorporate the two facts leads to economically significant inflation in the measured physical productivity of new firms.     

中国银行业高利润的来源:市场势力还是高效率

中国银行业的高利润究竟来源于行政垄断保护下的市场势力溢价,还是应对未来金融开放环境下的激烈竞争进行改革带来经营效率的提高,抑或是整体经济稳定增长的结果?通过对银行业系统市场势力和经营效率测度发现,银行业整体存在着较高的系统性市场势力溢价,且规模弹性小于1;银行业整体效率低下,全要素生产率平均增长为负值;银行业的高利润主要来源于行政垄断造成的行业系统性市场势力,而非因改革带来的效率提高,GDP的增长一定程度上促成了银行业的高利润。     

技术效率、技术进步与生产率增长:基于DEA的实证分析

本文运用DEA的方法测度了 1 978— 2 0 0 1年中国 3 0个省 (自治区、直辖市 )的技术效率、技术进步及曼奎斯特生产率指数 ,并且对人力资本和制度因素同技术效率、技术进步和生产率增长的关系进行了实证检验。其研究价值在于对中国经济研究者提供先进的分析工具和研究平台 ,并为有关部门提供接近现实的经得起检验的数据加工库以及政策依据。本文的主要结论是 :总体来说 ,中国全要素生产率是增长的 ,主要原因是技术效率的提高 ;由于技术进步减慢 ,1 997年之后全要素生产率的增长出现了递减 ;根据技术进步并不能做出中国经济长期持续增长的判断 ;1 992年以前中国经济出现了效率的趋同 ,1 992年以后追赶效应消失 ,技术进步成为各个地区生产率差异的主要原因 ;人力资本和制度因素对全要素生产率、效率提高以及技术进步均有重要的影响。     

Impact of financial reforms on efficiency of state-owned,private and foreign banks in Pakistan

This article uses a unique bank level data from 1991 to 2000 and evaluates how financial reforms affect banking efficiency of domestic and foreign banks in Pakistan. The results suggest that banking efficiency falls during initial reform period when banks adjust to enhanced competition but increases in more advanced stages of reform. While in general foreign and private banks show superior efficiency and factor productivity than do state-owned banks, the relative performance of foreign banks worsens after the consolidation stage of the financial reforms is over. We show the importance of link between bank size, asset quality and bank branches with efficiency indexes and also note that every 10% increase in share of nonperforming to total loans decreases banking efficiency by 6 to 10%.     

基于数据包络(DEA)分析的京津冀地区环境绩效评估研究

提高资源环境绩效是区域生态环境治理的核心与关键。在构建环境绩效评估指标体系的基础上，运用数据包络分析模型（DEA）测度并分析2005-2015年京津冀地区静态环境绩效水平。利用Malmquist指数动态分析法将环境绩效分解为技术效率变化指数和技术进步指数，并探讨分解指标对环境绩效的相对贡献。结果显示：京津冀地区环境治理投入与产出水平均呈现逐年上升趋势；北京和天津的总体环境绩效水平要远高于河北，2005-2011年京津冀地区的环境绩效水平排序为北京、天津、河北,2012-2015年京津冀地区的环境绩效水平排序为天津、北京、河北（2013年除外）。河北省环境绩效水平较低的主要制约因素是技术进步缓慢与全要素生产率偏低。Malmquist指数呈现出一定的波性，这主要是由技术变化指标波动所致。最后，就如何提升京津冀地区环境绩效水平，提出相关对策建议。     

Trade and product market policies in upstream sectors and productivity in downstream sectors: Firm-level evidence from China

This paper explores the heterogeneous productivity impact of trade, product market and financial market policies over the last decade in China. The paper makes a critical distinction between downstream and upstream industries, focusing on the indirect effects of regulation in upstream industries on firm performance in downstream manufacturing industries. We identify the differential effect of these policies on firm productivity growth depending on how far incumbents are relative to the technological frontier. Trade and product market reforms are found to deliver stronger gains for firms that are closer to the industry-level technological frontier, while the reverse holds for financial market reforms. The key conclusion that can be derived from the empirical analysis is that further product, trade and financial market reforms would bring substantial gains in China and could therefore speed up the convergence process. Taken at face value, the empirical estimates would imply that aligning product, trade and financial market regulation to the average level observed in OECD countries would bring aggregate manufacturing productivity gains of respectively 9%, 3% and 6.5% after 5 years.     

Graph efficiency and productivity measures: an application to US agriculture

Hyperbolic measures of efficiency and productivity change with respect to a graph representation of production technology allow researchers to consider output and input dimensions simultaneously in measuring producer performance. Hyperbolic efficiency measures have been proposed, but empirical implementation has not followed, either in efficiency analysis or in productivity analysis. The objectives of this paper are to define hyperbolic performance measures on a graph representation of production technology, to motivate their use by stating some of their advantages over their radial counterparts, and to introduce a direct formulation to calculate them making use of Data Envelopment Analysis techniques. The ideas are illustrated by calculating hyperbolic efficiency and Malmquist productivity indexes for a US agricultural panel data set.     

Convergence in OECD countries: technical change,efficiency and productivity

The aim of this study is to analyse labour productivity convergence in the OECD countries over the period 1975-90. A nonparametric frontier approach is used to calculate the Malmquist productivity index. By breaking it down, the contribution in the growth of labour productivity of technical progress, of changes in efficiency, and of the accumulation of inputs per worker are quantified. Unlike other studies, the results obtained show that technical change has worked against labour productivity convergence, since it has always been greater in the countries with higher labour productivity.     

Public and private inputs in aggregate production and growth: a cross-country efficiency approach

In a cross section of OECD countries, we replace the macroeconomic production function by a production possibility frontier, total factor productivity being the composite effect of efficiency scores and possibility frontier changes. We consider, for the periods 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 one output – GDP per worker – and three inputs – human capital, public physical capital per worker and private physical capital per worker. We use a semi-parametric analysis, computing Malmquist productivity indexes, and we also resort to stochastic frontier analysis. Results show that private capital is important for growth, although public and human capital also contribute positively. A governance indicator, a nondiscretionary input, explains inefficiency. Better governance helps countries to achieve a better performance. Nonparametric and parametric results coincide rather closely on the movements of the countries vis-à-vis the possibility frontier and on their relative distances to the frontier.     

Dynamic factor demands and market structure under rational expectations: some estimates for the Italian manufacturing system

This paper deals with a dynamic model of the behaviour of firms under rational expectations. The adjustment cost framework is followed to describe production technologies. The objective of firms is to maximize the stream of future profits under rational expectation. First-order conditions for the optimum are derived with respect to input demands and one output supply. The output market structure is modelled in order to test price taking behaviour. The adjustment costs of quasi-fixed inputs are internal and interrelated. The model is estimated for the Italian manufacturing system with encouraging results.     

我国环渤海地区主要港口技术效率的时空差异分析

将DEA方法与Malmquist生产率指数法相结合,测度了2007—2010年我国环渤海地区9大港口的投入-产出效率。结果表明:研究期间,受金融危机的影响,我国环渤海地区主要港口总体的技术效率不佳,但庞大内需使其技术效率呈上升趋势,规模效率过低是导致其技术效率不佳的主要原因,港口的投入-产出效率在很大程度上与港口规模有关;从动态效率来看,9大港口的Malmquist生产率指数整体上呈上升趋势且其增长率为正,但个别港口的Malmquist生产率指数受金融危机的影响明显且有不同程度的下降;不同省份港口的Malmquist生产率指数存在明显差距;技术进步迟滞和规模效率不高是制约我国环渤海地区主要港口的Malmquist生产率指数进一步提高的主要因素。