Ownership, Productivity Change, and Financial Performance in Chinese Industry

This paper investigates Chinese industrial productivity from 1980 to 1996. Results include series for foreign-linked, shareholding, and private enterprises. We find long-term productivity increase, with growth rates declining during the 1990's. Productivity outcomes outside the state and collective sectors are modest, with shareholding enterprises suffering productivity declines. The paper examines differences in marginal factor productivity across ownership types, considers the impact of business cycles on the interpretation of productivity trends, and documents a statistical relationship among the profitability of state enterprises, the relative productivity performance of state firms, and the entry of new firms outside the state sector.J. Comp. Econom., December 2000, 28(4), pp. 786–813. Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Institute of Quantitative and Technical Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 5 Jianguomennei Street, Beijing, China 100732.     

工业二氧化硫排放的影子价格:一个新的分析框架

科学衡量减排对工业产出的影响是环境政策和产业结构调整的重要依据。本文采用非参数方法构建paneldata的方向性环境生产前沿函数模型,衡量各地区工业二氧化硫排放变化对产出的边际净效应以及二氧化硫排放的影子价格。分析发现,二氧化硫的影子价格取决于排放水平和生产率水平高低,当二氧化硫排放水平较高、生产率水平较低时,减少排放的代价较低;相反,生产率水平较高、污染排放水平较低时,减少排放的代价较大。本文以北京、甘肃和河北为案例分析了这三个典型地区工业二氧化硫排放的影子价格及其变化特点。     

珠三角地区产业结构升级与区域经济发展——基于东莞市产业结构升级的实证研究

文章借鉴Feder非均衡模型的思想,构建了一个反映工业发展对经济发展影响的非均衡计量经济模型。模型分析表明,工业部门比非工业部门边际生产率更高,工业部门对非工业部门存在正的外部性,将更多的资本、人力等资源配置到工业部门有利于提高整个经济的生产率水平,推进产业结构升级,促进经济增长。     

Comparisons of real output and productivity of Chinese and Indian manufacturing, 1980–2002

The principal objective of this paper is to compare the real output and labour productivity of Chinese and Indian manufacturing from 1980 to 2002. Using an industry-of-origin approach, purchasing power parities (PPPs) for the benchmark year 1985 are derived from the Chinese and Indian industrial censuses. In turn, the PPPs are used to convert Indian manufacturing GDP into Chinese yuan for direct comparisons. Secondary objectives are twofold: first, to set this direct comparison within the general context of the economic policy reform process followed in each country, and second, to compare and contrast the organisation and structure of both countries' manufacturing sectors. The analysis shows that since 1980, real value added and labour productivity growth for Chinese manufacturing has been well above Indian levels.     

Hydro-economic river basin modelling: The application of a holistic surface-groundwater model to assess opportunity costs of water use in Spain

Combined hydro-economic models of river basins are fundamental tools for assessing management and infrastructure strategies to improve the economic efficiency of water use in a context of competition over scarce water resources. Integrated hydro-economic models have to be capable to properly reproduce the physical behavior of the system, with a realistic representation of the different surface and groundwater resources, including their interaction, and the spatial and temporal variability of resource availability. On the other hand, such models must incorporate the value of water for different urban, agricultural and industrial uses and users. Economic values for water use are defined according to the marginal residual value of water for production (for agricultural and industrial uses) or the aggregated willingness-to-pay (WTP) for urban supply and other final water uses. In this paper, we present a systematic approach to estimate the marginal economic value of surface and groundwater resources at different locations within a complex water resources system. Based on a holistic conjunctive optimization model applied to the Adra river system in Spain we asses the total and marginal opportunity costs of capacity and operation constraints, including the opportunity cost of imposing environmental constraints on water use as foreseen in future Spanish water policy following the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive. The resulting opportunity costs provide important information to water managers about economic inefficiencies of current water allocation policy or infrastructure design, and about the resource opportunity costs to be considered in the design of efficient pricing policies in regions with water scarcity issues.     

技术进步、结构调整与就业增长——基于空间面板模型的经验研究

笔者采用DEA方法估算了中国268个城市的全要素生产率,并检验了技术进步、结构调整与就业增长的关系。结果表明:全要素生产率的增长对城市就业的影响不显著,产业结构的快速调整对于城市就业存在显著的正向影响。同时,制造业和建筑业具有较高的就业吸纳能力,而电力燃气和供水业、个人服务业和生产性服务业就业份额的提高对于城市就业产生了不利影响。此外,研究还表明人力资本和科技投入水平是推动中国城市就业增长的重要因素。     

An empirical test of marginal productivity theory

We explore an hitherto unused approach to testing marginal productivity theory. Our method rests on the simple idea that, under the assumption of a linear homogeneous production function, residual profits are informative about the discrepancies between factor payments and marginal products. Our empirical application using data on manufacturing plants in Chile suggest moderate deviations from marginal productivity theory which depend on firm size.     

Decomposition of Productivity Considering Multi‐environmental Pollutants in Chinese Industrial Sector

The objective of this study is to calculate and decompose productivity incorporating multi‐environmental pollutants in Chinese industrial sectors from 1992 to 2008. We apply a weighted Russell directional distance model to calculate productivity from both the economic and environmental performance. The main findings are: (1) Chinese industrial sectors increased productivity, with the main contributing factors being labor saving prior to 2000; (2) The main contributing factors for productivity growth in coastal areas include both economic and environmental performance improvement. While central and western regions improved productivity owing to economic development, they have a trade‐off relationship between economic and environmental performance.     

Management Buyouts and Firm–Level Productivity: Evidence from a Panel of UK Manufacturing Firms

This paper presents an empirical investigation of the productivity effects of UK management buyouts (MBOs) over the period 1986–1997. It is the first study to use an augmented production function approach in order to determine and quantify: the Hicks–neutral productivity, the marginal productivity of labour, and the marginal productivity of capital effects of MBOs. The main findings are consistent with MBOs providing incentive and control systems that lead to improved firm–level productivity in the post–buyout organisation via reduced agency costs, debt bonding, and monitoring by buyout specialists.     

国际生产分割的生产率效应

国际生产分割对参与国的生产率产生了重要影响。本文使用符合中国特点的生产分割指标考察了中国参与国际生产分割对于工业行业生产率的影响。研究结果表明:中国参与生产分割有利于生产率的提高;非加工贸易形式的生产分割对生产率的提升作用要高于加工贸易形式的生产分割;生产分割提高生产率的效果对不同行业是不同的,中低技术行业最为明显,其次是高技术行业,最低为初级产品、劳动和资源密集部门;从发达国家承接的生产分割对生产率的提升作用要大于从非发达国家承接的生产分割。     

Productivity growth in British manufacturing: spatial variation in the role of scale economies,technological growth and industrial structure

This paper investigates the role of scale economies, technological growth and industrial structure in creating spatial variation in manufacturing labour and Total Factor (TFP) productivity in Britain. Separate estimates of a translog specification are presented for British manufacturing firms located in defined areas of the country over the period 1994–1998. The results show that TFP change due to scale economies and technological growth has been of much less important in influencing the output growth of manufacturing firms than input growth or industrial structure. Regarding the components of TFP, technological growth has been the dominant force at play. The analysis of average labour productivity identifies shifts to other factors of production and industrial structure as being the main determinants of change, scale economies appear to have had a marginal role. The results identify spatial patterns indicating that more favourable locational effects arise for firms in areas adjacent to large urban centres, rather than for those located within cities, on the extreme periphery of the urban hinterland, or in rural areas and smaller towns.     

数据要素与研发决策对工业全要素生产率的影响——来自2010—2019年中国工业的经验证据

在高质量发展阶段,工业全要素生产率不仅取决于数据要素的市场化配置,同时在很大程度上还受到研发决策影响。利用2010—2019年中国工业面板数据,估计数据要素与研发决策对工业全要素生产率的影响效应。结果表明,数据要素赋能资本、劳动要素后的要素深度融合,对工业全要素生产率具有显著改善作用;与劳动密集型工业相比,数据要素对资本密集型工业全要素生产率的改善作用更加显著。将研发决策纳入后发现,探索型研发决策对资本密集型工业全要素生产率提升具有显著促进作用,而囿于高风险的利用型研发决策则对工业全要素生产率的改善作用不显著。进一步研究发现,探索型研发决策能够促进数据要素赋能传统要素,二者有效融合能够显著提高工业全要素生产率。     

Technological diversification and firm's techno-economic structure: An assessment of Canon's sustainable growth trajectory

Contrary to the decrease in operating income to sales (OIS) in Japan's electrical machinery firms, Canon has demonstrated its increasing trend with increase of its technological diversification. These contrasts and Canon's conspicuous functionality development suggest that a virtuous cycle between its technological diversification strategy and increase in OIS can be the source of its sustainable growth.Prompted by this hypothetical view, this paper attempts to assess Canon's sustainable growth trajectory by elucidating a mechanism of its technological diversification system through an effective utilization of potential resources in innovation. By means of an epidemic function, the new approach for assessing marginal productivity of technology as well as functionality development is developed. Utilizing this approach, comparative empirical analyses are conducted focusing on the consequence of technological diversification and development trajectory in Japan's leading electrical machinery firms over the last two decades.     

POST-REFORM PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE AND SOURCES OF GROWTH IN CHINESE INDUSTRY: 1980–85

This paper examines the productivity growth and its sources in 39 Chinese industries in the post-reform period 1980–85. We use both the gross-output and value-added models to isolate the contributions of labor, capital, materials and technical efficiency to growth in industrial output. Using new data from the National Industrial Census of China (1988) for large and medium-size enterprises, we find that Chinese industries, in particular, those in the manufacturing experienced sharp increases in total factor productivity growth in the 1984–85 period as compared to the 1980–84 period. Moreover, collective and private enterprises show higher output and total factor productivity gains than do state enterprises. Our regression results show that total factor productivity gains are closely tied to increases in retained profits and the proportion of total employees that are technical workers. However, labor bonuses have a negative effect on total factor productivity growth.     

A Value-Added Approach to Macroeconomics

Focusing on the “value-added” approach to computing Gross National Product encourages students to see their role as a producers, rather than only as consumers. It also offers an alternative approach the distribution of income between labor and capital from that provided by marginal productivity theory.     

Age dependency and labour productivity divergence

This study finds strong empirical evidence in favour of the hypothesis that the age composition of population matters for labour productivity growth. We applied the fixed effects panel model using data on a large number of countries over the period 1980–2010. Our results suggest that higher age dependency not only directly impacts negatively on labour productivity but also modifies the impact of other determinants of labour productivity. Child dependency has a more adverse effect on labour productivity than old age dependency. We specifically find that the marginal effects of gross capital formation, information and communication improvement, and labour market reforms are significant at lower levels of age dependency. However, the marginal effect of savings on labour productivity is high at a high level of age dependency. The impact of age dependency varies between developed and developing economies. Diversity in the size and nature of age dependency across regions and different income groups help to explain the labour productivity differential across them.     

How Fast Has Chinese Industry Grown?—Measuring The Real Output Of Chinese Industry, 1949–97

The motivation of this study is to test the widely accepted but never tested hypothesis that Chinese official statistics on growth rates may contain serious upward biases. By adopting a Laspeyres quantity index approach to the recently available official physical output data at commodity level, we have constructed an independent output index for Chinese industry, and produced a unique data set for the value added of 17 major industrial branches at 1987 prices for the period 1949–97. This study has, for the first time, systematically tested this hypothesis with supportive results. It implies that any growth accounting study using the official growth rates may have exaggerated the productivity performance of Chinese industry.     

我国高新技术产业对经济增长的贡献及启示

通过借鉴国内外高新技术产业研究的相关理论成果,利用＂菲德模型＂探讨了高新技术产业对我国经济增长的作用机理,其中将我国的经济部门按照＂菲德模型＂的要求划分为高新技术产业部门和非高新技术产业部门,并提出两个假设：①高新技术产业和非高新技术产业的边际要素生产率存在差异;②高新技术产业的边际要素生产率要高于非高新技术产业。然后利用我国两类经济部门1995-2005年的相关时间序列数据,从实证的角度对我国高新技术产业与经济增长的关系进行了经验分析。本文研究结果显示,现阶段我国高新技术产业促进经济增长的作用并不明显,主要是通过对传统产业的渗透作用来实现的,因此,加快高新技术产业化进程和对传统产业的改造是实现我国发展高新技术产业带动经济增长的重要途径。     

环境规制下全要素生产率逆转拐点的空间效应*——基于省际工业面板数据的验证

工业是污染排放和能源消耗的主体,环境全要素生产率受环境规制影响,进而对工业的可持续增长有一定制约。本文采用2001-2012年中国各省份（西藏除外）工业行业的面板数据,基于Malmquist Luenberger生产率指数,在考虑环境污染的情况下测算了我国各地区工业行业的环境全要素生产率,避免了全要素生产率高估的问题;并构建空间计量模型,考虑空间相关性和异质性的影响,在控制了资本劳动投入比、地区经济发展水平、企业规模、所有制结构、外资结构等变量因素影响的基础上,实证检验了环境规制与全要素生产率的关系。实证结果表明：东部、中部和西部三大区域环境规制的强度和工业行业的环境全要素生产率之间呈现“U”型关系。随着环境规制强度不断增强,全要素生产率先降后升,而且东部地区要早于中部、西部地区达到拐点。在达到拐点以后,东部地区的全要素生产率对环境规制变动的反应要强于中、西部地区,东部地区的边际全要素生产率更高。     

产业政策对企业全要素生产率的作用机制——基于国家自主创新示范区的准自然实验

产业政策能否提升企业全要素生产率是产业经济领域的重要问题。采用准自然实验方法，利用国家自主创新示范区相关数据研究产业政策对企业全要素生产率的影响。结果发现，总体上产业政策能够显著提升区内企业全要素生产率，但不同所有制企业对产业政策的吸收程度不同。相较于国有企业，非国有企业更容易受产业政策激励，进而提升全要素生产率。进一步研究显示，产业政策作用程度和企业所处行业对全要素生产率的影响不同，产业政策能够显著提升重点扶持企业和资本密集型企业全要素生产率。将技术创新作为产业政策和企业全要素生产率的中介变量，分析表明，90%的产业政策均通过技术创新作用于企业全要素生产率，政府可以通过技术创新这一手段实施有针对性的产业政策，从而提升企业全要素生产率。