Intergenerational Mobility in the United States and Great Britain: A Comparative Study of Parent–Child Pathways

We build on cross‐national research to examine the relationships underlying estimates of relative intergenerational mobility in the United States and Great Britain using harmonized longitudinal data and focusing on men. We examine several pathways by which parental status is related to offspring status, including education, labor market attachment, occupation, marital status, and health, and perform several sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of our results. We decompose differences between the two nations into that part attributable to the strength of the relationship between parental income and the child's characteristics and the labor market return to those child characteristics. We find that the relationships underlying these intergenerational linkages differ in systematic ways between the two nations. In the United States, primarily because of the higher returns to education and skills, the pathway through offspring education is relatively more important than it is in Great Britain; by contrast, in Great Britain the occupation pathway forms the primary channel of intergenerational persistence.     

Wage protection systems, segregation and gender pay inequalities: West Germany, the Netherlands and Great Britain

This paper provides an empirical test of Rubery and Fagan's(1995) hypothesis that gender inequalities are influenced primarilyby the comprehensiveness of the overall wage protection systemin a country and by the extent of gender segregation. Genderdiscrimination in earnings is compared in West Germany, theNetherlands and Great Britain using 1989 ISSP data. Human capitalearnings functions for married males and married females areestimated. Discrimination is measured using standard decompositiontechniques. Earnings discrimination against females in the morecomprehensive systems was 37% in West Germany and 39% in theNetherlands, much less than the 61% found for the less comprehensivelyregulated Great Britain, the latter figure being higher thanprevious estimates using earlier data. Gender segregation isdemonstrated to have contributed to the relative magnitude ofdiscrimination in Great Britain.     

The Evolution of Individual Male Earnings in Great Britain: 1975–95

I study the dynamic structure of male wages in Great Britain using the New Earnings Survey Panel from 1975–95. Computing auto-covariances of individual wages by cohort I find evidence of a permanent component of earnings that increases over the life cycle and a highly persistent, serially correlated transitory component. In addition, the estimated variances of both these components have risen over this period, each explaining about half the rise in inequality. Using individual's occupation at age 22, I split the sample into four skill groups. I find some differences across these groups, with the rise in the permanent variance most important for the manual groups.     

An investigation of the increasing prevalence of nonpurchase of meat by British households

The purpose of the analysis has been to investigate the determinants of the household's decisions regarding the purchase of meat in Great Britain. The approach, using a Box-Cox generalization of the ‘double hurdle’ model, has depicted the household making two choices, namely whether or not to purchase the product (the participation decision) and then, for those households which do purchase, how much to buy (the expenditure decision). The determinants considered are socioeconomic variables, such as the total expenditure of the household, market prices, characteristics of the householder (age, gender, education, type of employment) and characteristics of the household (location, presence of children, etc.). By conducting the analysis over several years of survey data (1975–1993) it is possible to investigate whether the influence of these variables has changed over time. The bulk of the empirical analysis has concerned single adult households (with or without children).     

The behaviour of unemployment and unfilled vacancies in Great Britain: a search-turnover View

Previous empirical estimates of the relationship between unemployment and unfilled vacancies in Great Britain have been obtained from a mis-specified model. In particular, past studies have attempted to estimate an equilibrium relation directly from observations which have in general been generated from disequilibrium states of the labour market. This paper presents and estimates a disequilibrium, job search-labour turnover model of the labour market, using quarterly British data, from which a static equilibrium ‘UV’ relationship can be derived. The empirical results suggest that there is no statistically significant equilibrium relationship between unemployment and vacancies in Great Britain. Consquently, the recent controversy over explanations for alleged for alleged shifts in this relationship may have been ‘much ado about nothing’.     

Occupational Change and Mobility Among Employed and Unemployed Job Seekers

We use data from the Labour Force Survey to show that employed and unemployed job seekers in Great Britain originate from different occupations and find jobs in different occupations. We find substantial differences in occupational mobility between job seekers: employed job seekers are most likely to move to occupations paying higher average wages relative to their previous occupation, while unemployed job seekers are most likely to move to lower paying occupations. Employed and unemployed job seekers exhibit different patterns of occupational mobility and, therefore, do not accept the same types of jobs.     

Well-being over time in Britain and the USA

This paper studies happiness in the United States and Great Britain. Reported levels of well-being have declined over the last quarter of a century in the US; life satisfaction has run approximately flat through time in Britain. These findings are consistent with the Easterlin hypothesis [Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honour of Moses Abramowitz (1974) Academic Press; J. Econ. Behav. Org., 27 (1995) 35]. The happiness of American blacks, however, has risen. White women in the US have been the biggest losers since the 1970s. Well-being equations have a stable structure. Money buys happiness. People care also about relative income. Well-being is U-shaped in age. The paper estimates the dollar values of events like unemployment and divorce. They are large. A lasting marriage (compared to widowhood as a ‘natural’ experiment), for example, is estimated to be worth $100,000 a year.     

Phasing out: Routine tasks and retirement

This paper studies the link between task content of jobs and exits to retirement by older workers. This research provides a comparative analysis of retirement timing in Germany and Great Britain. In Germany, workers in more routine jobs had between one and two percentage points higher probability leaving the labor market faster when compared to workers in less routine occupations. The relationship is robust and relatively constant over time. In Great Britain, by contrast, workers from routine and non-routine jobs appear to leave the labor market with a similar timing. I contend that institutional characteristics can explain the differences across countries.     

Deregulation of the labor market and chances of employment in Great Britain

This paper examines labor market mobility from an historical perspective, using the United Kingdom as a case study. Movements into and out of employment are related to the institutional developments of the last two decades. In Great Britain, the dynamics of transitions in the labor market have increased over the last two decades, but individual path dependency, that is, the transmission of risks along the life course, seems to have decreased. Women in particular have benefitted from a more flexible labor market while men's employment opportunities have decreased. Employment has also been increasingly tied to economic development.     

对二战后英国国际形象的思考

英国在二战后建构了自己衰落、渐变、动摇和务实的国际形象。在世界霸权和平的转移中,在平缓而不是大起大落的变化中,英国没有落伍,它仍然在前进。当我们以国际形象的视角回顾英国从二战结束到现在这段历史的时候,我们更多关注的是它的衰落、渐变、动摇和务实。它在这个过程中塑造的国际形象,为国际社会提供了有益的启示。英国的实例告诉我们,作为国际形象基础的国家实力的各个组成部分中,人口、国土和资源等自然因素是基础的基础。     

Wage Growth Distribution and Changes over Time: 2001–2018

We explore how much wage growth varies among Australian employees and how it has changed over the 2001–2018 period. The results show that, after increasing between 2002 and 2007, wage growth significantly slowed post 2008, and particularly from 2013 onwards, returning to early 2000s levels. Employee age, education, employment contract, occupation and industry explain a large share of differences in wage growth between individuals. Employee occupation is more important post‐2008 than pre‐2008, whereas education is more important pre‐2008. Finally, casual employees receive a wage growth premium during periods of economic upturn and a penalty during downturn.     

Spatial variations in the relationship between economic diversity and stability

Using US county-level data, we explore how economic diversity influenced economic stability over the period of the Great Recession. We find that higher diversity is associated with greater stability, but there are distinct spatial patterns and the relationship does not hold for much of the central part of the US.     

The Relation of General Planning to Housing and Town and Country Planning

First concept one of amenity. Green Belts round cities. Control over industrial developments in Great Britain. Influence of economic conditions on industrial location. Government and private controls. Dangers of partial planning .     

Multigenerational Mobility Among Males in India

Most studies of intergenerational mobility focus on adjacent generations, and there is limited knowledge about multigenerational mobility—status transmission across three generations. We examine multigenerational educational and occupational mobility in India, using a nationally representative data set the India Human Development Survey that contains information about education and occupation for three generations. We find that mobility has increased over generations for education, but not for occupation. We also find that there are stark differences across social groups, with individuals belonging to socially disadvantaged communities lagging behind in social progress. Multigenerational mobility for Muslims in education and occupation has decreased in comparison to Hindus over the three generations. While we find that there is an increase in educational mobility for other disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes compared to General Castes, we do not find evidence of increased occupational mobility over the three generations.     

英国刑法对隐私权的保护及其评析

隐私权是现代社会最重要的新兴基本人权之一,英国是普通法系的代表性国家,但长期以来英国法律不承认独立的隐私权,因此造成英国隐私权法律制度发展严重滞后。英国在隐私权刑法保护方面不但条文稀少,且相对零散,难以对隐私法益形成有效保护。但英国隐私权刑法保护并非一无是处,英国刑法独特的责任制度和刑罚制度在对隐私权刑法保护中别具一格,值得予以高度评价和特别关注。     

The private net present value and private internal rate of return to becoming a nurse in Great Britain

The private net present value and private internal rate of return to becoming a nurse in Great Britain is estimated. The calculations are made using the standard equations inputted with data from the New Earnings Survey and the British Household Panel Survey. Basic age-earnings profiles are adjusted for mortality, unemployment, other causes of economic inactivity, and discontinuation from training. The conclusions are that: (1) there is a high private internal rate of return to becoming a nurse in Great Britain relative to other occupations; (2) using the internal rate of return criterion is inappropriate when there exists a crossover marginal time preference rate, which is shown to be the case here; and, (3) using the net present value criterion there are net financial benefits to becoming a nurse in Great Britain for individuals with a marginal time preference rate of 8-13% or more.     

Female employment growth in Britain, 1979–92: some competing hypotheses ∗

Over the period 1979–92, the gender and status composition of employment has undergone significant change in Britain, which cannot be attributed merely to cyclical influences. In this paper changes in the pattern of employment by occupation, gender and part-time and full-time status are decomposed to cast some light on three hypotheses (buffer stock, substitution and segregation) which are designed to explain the growth of female employment in Britain over the period 1979–92. The results reveal that women have made some progress in achieving full-time employment positions, after correction for the influence of structural change and the declining full-time share of employment. It is noted, however, that following the labour market legislation of the 1980s full-time employment is not necessarily more secure than part-time. The long run substitution of part-time for full-time employment has benefited the employment of women, even though their share of part-time employment has declined. The analysis informs the debate on the flexible firm at least in respect of numerical flexibility.     

The Evolution of European Central Bank Independence: An Updating of the Masciandaro and Spinelli Index

In an earlier paper in this journal, Masciandaro and Spinelli computed an index of central bank independence for a number of countries on the basis of the institutional arrangements in place in 1990. Since then the situation has changed and therefore that work needs an updating. This shows that the Bundesbank remains the most independent central bank, but several other central banks have increased their independence: see the cases of Spain, Italy, France, the Netherlands and Great Britain. The Bank of Spain has registered the biggest improvement and the Bank of Portugal remains the least independent.     

人力资本与进城农民工职业选择的实证研究

为适应中国劳动力供求形势新变化,促进社会和谐发展,迫切需要提高进城农民工的职业层次。教育、培训、迁移等人力资本因素是影响进城农民工职业选择的重要因素。使用多元logit模型进行了实证分析。受教育程度越高、接受过培训、在城市工作的年限越长的进城农民工,其从事具有更高社会声望职业的可能性就越大,这些职业有诸如办事人员和生产操作人员、专业技术人员和单位负责人等。提出了加强进城农民工人力资本投资的政策建议。     

高等职业教育“文工融合”人才培养模式的价值认识

高等职业教育"文工融合"人才培养模式所具有的普通性、变通性、融通性、潜通性特征,反映了世界高等教育发展的重要趋势,成为了高等职业教育培养"技巧的人"、"智慧的人"、"道德的人"的重要载体。既为高等职业教育"高素质"人才培养特色的形成提供了更好的教育环境,也为高等职业教育"高技能"人才培养特色的形成提供了更大的教育空间,折射出高等职业教育"文工融合"人才培养模式的价值所在。