提高非盈利组织的生产力——非盈利组织能力建设探讨

文章分析了中国非盈利组织能力建设的关键领域、能力建设的途径,以及如何加强能力建设的有效性。     

Coordination failure, property rights and non-profit organizations

This paper advances a socio-economic theory of nonprofit organizations aiming at conceiving this organizational form in its complexity and at analysing it from both the viewpoints of its economical and political (democratic) dimensions. This theoretical approach accounts for the existence of nonprofit organizations and the reasons why nonprofit organizations are relatively more efficient when compared with for-profit and government organizations in particular circumstances. The various current explanations of the existence of nonprofit organizations (contract failure, government failure, philanthropic failure) are regrouped around the concept of coordination failure. The paper then examines how nonprofit organizations are able to mitigate these coordination failures. The central thesis is that the specific distribution of property rights characterizing nonprofit organizations results in a particular type of governance structure which allows them to mitigate coordination failures. In turn, the ability of the organization to mitigate coordination failures and therefore its efficiency is conditioned on its democratic functioning.     

Family labour supply: some empirical results from agriculture

The family is often taken as the decision-making unit in utility maximizing theories of labour supply. At a simple level, the family is composed of two elements, dependents and workers. This paper seeks to quantify the influence of these two elements on family labour supply in agriculture. Family farms are particularly suited to such analysis since institutional rigidities, like the fixed working week, are absent. Econometric methods are used on data from farms in the north-west of england for the year 1976/7. The cross-sectional study uses single equation methods. The results show that only family composition determines the labour supply of the farm family: they can then be used to quantify the effects of individual groups of dependents and workers on family labour supply.     

Self-insurance in a life-cycle model of labour supply and savings

This paper analyses the incentives to work and to save over the life cycle in the presence of incomplete markets. In a calibrated, partial equilibrium model, flexibility in hours worked changes asset age-profiles: borrowing when young is greater and saving when middle-aged is greater than when labour supply is fixed. Uncertainty causes individuals to work longer hours and to consume less when young. With flexibility over hours, accumulating precautionary assets incurs less of a utility cost and so the level of saving is greater. Further, allowing for flexibility and uncertainty means simulated hours of work and consumption more closely match the age profiles in the data.     

A structural dynamic microsimulation model of household savings and labour supply

A structural model of the household is described that represents current best-practice in the analysis of savings and labour supply responses to the policy environment. Care has been taken in specifying the model so that it represents an appropriate basis for the analysis of incentive effects to policy change, and for exploring the empirical support for alternative structural assumptions. Matching the model to survey data for the UK reveals some interesting puzzles in relation to the timing of retirement.     

Tax evasion and labour supply

The total effect of a change in the probability of detection, or other parameters, on the level of tax evasion can be divided into three separate effects, only one of which is determinate.     

A time series model of fertility and female labour supply in the UK

Multiple time series procedures suitable for estimation and testing with nonstationary data are applied to UK data on age-specific fertility rates, age-specific female labour force participation rates, and women's and men's wages. Cointegration tests establish the existence of two long-run equilibrium relations, identified as a fertility relation and a labour supply equation, for each age group. Maximum likelihood estimates of these equations are consistent with the new home economics model of fertility, and tests of Granger-causality show evidence of extensive feedback among the variables.     

Female labour supply in Australia: Another example of a backward-bending labour supply curve

Hours worked by employed married females in Australia are analysed using techniques to correct for sample selection bias. Consistent with the conclusions of the study of female labour supply in the U.S. and Canada by Nakamura and Nakamura (1981), working wives work fewer hours per week when paid higher hourly wage rates.     

Alternative interpretations of hours information in an econometric model of labour supply

This paper examines the labour supply behaviour of married women in France. A sequence of models is specified and estimated which incorporate different amounts of information on observed weekly hours. In all models the distinction is drawn between search and non-participation among non-workers. We provide extensive specification diagnostics, including Heckman-Andrews tests, as well as Hausman tests for the comparison of different handlings of the hours information. It turns out that distinguishing between part-time, full-time and long hours gives virtually the same results as treating observed hours as reflecting desired hours.     

Agency problems and unrelated business income of non-profit organizations: an empirical analysis

Nonprofit organizations are traditionally assumed to dislike commercial activities. In the USA, they are however allowed to engage in commercial activities, but the income they derive from these activities is then subject to the so-called ‘unrelated business income tax’. If NPOs do indeed dislike commercial income, then why do they engage in these activities? Using a data set of 2103 US NPOs, this study suggests that the presence of agency problems inside the organization can at least provide an explanation for the occurrence of ‘unrelated business income’.     

Multi-family households in a labour supply model: a calibration method with application to Poland

Models of cooperative and noncooperative behaviour opened the household ‘black box’ and allowed for individual treatment of partners in couples. However, labour supply literature has so far largely ignored a broader issue – the distinction of single versus multi-family (‘complex’) households. We propose a method to account for multi-family household structure by borrowing from recent applications of the collective model to identify the degree of sharing. We assume that each household is characterized by a between-family sharing parameter, which is calibrated on estimated preferences, observed labour market status and other characteristics. We apply the method to Polish labour market data.     

A model of female labour supply in which supply is dependent upon the chances of finding a job

In this paper, we extend a model of female labour supply, by considering the impact of the local labour market. Thus, in our model, a woman supplies her labour if she has both made the decision to participate and found a job. This extension is of particular importance in times of high unemployment when discouraged worker effects will be at their strongest. We also consider the contribution of such a model to the debate concerning the labour supply of women married to men who are unemployed.     

Preferences and the labour supply of married women

The paper reports the main results of using British cross-section data to estimate a labour supply function in which preference variables are interacted with terms measuring the slope and position of the budget constraint.     

A materialist development of some recent contributions to the labour theory of value

The paper offers a novel interpretation and affirmation of theopening arguments of Capital, answering the fundamental butneglected question of why labour is the substance of value.Marx's arguments require that two philosophical threads, oftenseparated in the literature on value, be woven together. Theargument that value is the intrinsic ‘content’ makingcommodities exchangeable employs the thread of realism. Theargument that abstract labour is the emergent ‘socialsubstance’ of value employs the thread of dialectics.This interpretation develops the materialist and dialecticalphilosophy of E.V. Ilyenkov and deepens the approach to valuetheory initiated by Ben Fine.     

Estimating labour supply elasticities under rationing: a structural model of time allocation behaviour

Abstract .  This paper presents a structural model of the allocation of time to various non-market activities and market work by couples and single men and women. Parameters are estimated using a sample taken from the UK 2000 Time Use Survey. Own-wage effects are found to be positive for both men and women and are larger for cohabiting individuals than for singles. The presence of young children leads to a much larger increase in the time spent in home production by women than by men. However, the presence of young children causes men to increase their total time spent working by more than women.     

Collective female labour supply: theory and application

This article deals with female labour supply in the collective framework. It studies married couples and starting from the empirical observation that the husband's labour supply is generally fixed at full-time. It shows that, in this case, structural elements of the decision process, such as individual preferences or the rule that determines the intra-household distribution of welfare, can be identified if household demand for at least one commodity, together with the wife's labour supply, is observed. These theoretical considerations are followed by an application using French data.     

浅议我国物流供应链组织机构的现状及其转型

目前我国物流供应链组织机构多数是以扁平化、网络化以及虚拟化状态存在.尽管有着自身的一些优点,但这种缺乏管理力度的组织机构是多数物流供应链管理失败的重要原因之一,因此实现组织机构的转型势在必行.本文提出了精益化、敏捷化和柔性化的转型目标,并提出了建立以物流供应链核心企业为中心的面向流程的团队组织的物流供应链组织机构.     

The predictive value of subjective labour supply data: A partial-adjustment model with measurement error

This paper tests the predictive value of subjective labour supply data for adjustments in working hours over time. The idea is that if subjective labour supply data help to predict working hours, the subjective data must contain at least some information on individual labour supply preferences. In this paper, I formulate a partial-adjustment model that allows for measurement error in the observed variables. Applying estimation methods that are developed for dynamic panel data models, I find evidence for a predictive power of subjective labour supply data concerning desired working hours in the German Socio-Economic Panel 1988–1995.I wish to thank John Haisken-DeNew, Astrid Kunze, Markus Pannenberg, Winfried Pohlmeier, Frank Windmeijer, Rainer Winkelmann, my former colleagues at IZA and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. The author gratefully acknowledges DIW for providing the data.First version received: December 2001/Final version received: December 2003     

The impact of taxes on female labour supply

There is little agreement in economics on the factors influencing labour supply and hence on the impact of taxes. Within the marginal model, real wages and incomes are directing people's labour market behaviour independent of time and space, whereas the human resources approach takes account of the social environment and past behaviour. Even if strong assumptions are made, the neoclassical theory cannot predict the outcome of a wage increase. The labour supply response depends on the relative strengths of the substitution and the income effect. Since nonparticipation in the labour market is explained by a reservation wage being higher than the market wage, this is the only situation in which neoclassical theory would predict a rise in labour force participation with a wage increase. This case occured in a ‘natural experiment’ in Sweden. The Swedish tax system changed in 1971 from joint to separate taxation of spouses resulting in a substantial increase in the net wage of married women. This article investigates the impact of the change in the Swedish tax system on female labour force participation, concluding that it cannot explain the substantial rise in the participation rates of Swedish women. This is a significant result, questioning standard neoclassical theory and supporting the more institutional views of human labour market behaviour. That is that time and space as well as the social environment are important when analyzing labour supply. This will have consequences for international comparisons. Only factors which explain developments within one country might be relevant for explaining international differences, e.g. in labour force participation.