从系统学角度透视生态旅游利益相关者结构关系

从系统动力学著名的"内生"理论角度分析,生态旅游可持续发展的关键就是要建立各利益相关者之间的利益均衡机制,从而形成一体化的共生系统.本文将政府、社区、保护区、旅游企业和生态旅游者五个主要利益相关者作为生态旅游系统中的内生变量,用系统动力学方法,分析协调利益获取和分配、权利和义务、生态耗损和补偿等问题,初步构建各利益相关者之间的结构关系,为建立协调各方利益的参与机制提供理论参考.     

旅游规划与管理中利益相关者研究进展

国外旅游研究在20世纪80年代中后期引入“利益相关者”概念，并在20世纪90年代中期开始进行相关研究；近年来，我国学者也开始在旅游规划与管理中引入利益相关者分析方法和理论。本文对国内外旅游研究中有关利益相关者分析方法和利益相关者管理的研究成果进行综述，并对今后国内关于利益相关者研究的方向作了思考。     

乡村旅游发展与构建农村居民利益分享机制研究——以北京市海淀区西北部地区旅游业发展为例

文章运用利益相关者理论,对北京市海淀区西北部地区旅游发展中利益相关者的利益关系进行分析,提出构建乡村旅游的利益分享机制,通过为旅游行业提供公共服务、对旅游市场实施行业管理、向当地社区提供财政支持和转移支付等措施,达到了以旅游业发展促进农村居民等弱势群体增权的目的,进而实现区域旅游业的和谐发展.     

国外旅游研究领域利益相关者的研究综述

本文对利益相关者理论在国外旅游领域研究的缘起、研究概况、研究内容进行了总结.研究发现,国外旅游领域对利益相关者的研究大多沿袭了传统利益相关者理论已有的研究基础,集中在利益相关者的界定、利益相关者的权力、利益和关系等几个方面;研究涉及范围广泛,无论是具体案例的分析,还是对基础理论的探讨,研究开始深化和细化,研究方法趋于多样.同时,本文对目前研究中所显现出来的一些局限性进行了归纳分析.     

南岭国家森林公园旅游企业主导的社区参与模式研究

社区是生态旅游利益相关者的关键角色之一.本文在有关社区参与生态旅游的理论研究和文献综述的基础上,针对我国生态旅游社区参与的实残,选取具有代表性的南岭国家森林公园为案例,通过对当地社区、旅游企业及政府等相关利益主体及其相互关系的研究,提出了"旅游企业主导的社区参与模式",并探讨了该模式可持续运作的关键环节和优化模式.因子分析的结果进一步表明,社区主人翁意识、公共福利、教育培训机会以及经济收益等,是影响社区参与生态旅游的自主性和可持续性的重要因素.研究结果丰富了生态旅游社区参与的理论,并对我国生态旅游的社区实践具有一定的参考价值.     

社会网络视角下的旅游规划决策研究——以潮州古城为例

文章运用社会网络分析法,分析潮州古城在旅游发展的规划决策中,其利益相关者之间的社会关系.研究发现:就网络中心性而言,整个利益相关者网络向某一点集中的趋势较小,但以专业知识参与的规划专家团队、掌握资源的潮州古城管理委员会及其属下的旅游发展公司,以及作为重要“中介”的街道办中间中心度最高,而居委会、古城居民、非旅游类商户处于边缘地位;就网络结构洞而言,利益相关者网络存在一定的结构洞,其中,当地社区作为最庞大的东道主利益相关群体,却与其他利益相关者联系较少;就网络密度而言,利益相关者之间没有形成全网关系,处于核心地位的潮州古城管委会及其属下的旅游发展公司的密度较低,与其他利益相关者相互之间的联系还不够密切.因此,在旅游规划决策中要加强边缘利益相关者,如当地居民、居委会、一般商户的中心性,提高整体网络的网络密度,建立桥连接,使利益相关者网络实现良好的信息沟通和资源共享.     

村落遗产地利益相关者界定与分类的实证研究——以开平碉楼与村落为例

文章在文献研究和专家调查的基础上,界定了村落遗产地利益相关者,并借鉴“多维细分法”和“米切尔评价法”,以开平碉楼与村落为例,对村落遗产地利益相关者的分类进行了实证研究.研究结果表明,村落遗产地利益相关者在主动性、重要性和紧急性等3个维度上存在不同差异,而且根据这3个维度可以将村落遗产地利益相关者细分为核心利益相关者、蛰伏利益相关者和边缘利益相关者.每一类利益相关者在村落遗产地旅游发展过程中所处的地位、发挥的作用、扮演的角色等各不相同,对于村落遗产地旅游可持续发展的影响也不一样.     

旅游伦理概念及理论架构引论

旅游伦理是近年来旅游研究关注的一个焦点。由于旅游伦理的研究尚处于起步阶段，旅游伦理概念尚未形成共识。本文在有关的旅游伦理研究文秩基础上，对旅游伦理的概念、旅游伦理的主体、基本问题和理论框架进行了初步讨论，目的在于提供一个初步旅游伦理概念和理论框架。旅游伦理是伦理学的应用学科，是关于旅游者和旅游利益相关者的道德学说；旅游伦理主体是旅游者和旅游利益相关者；旅游伦理的基本问题是关于旅游利益和旅游道德的关系问题；旅游伦理基本理论框架应包括旅游伦理意识、旅游伦理关系和旅游伦理实践。     

旅游企业社会责任与经营效益的相关性研究

文章基于利益相关者理论的视角,构建兼顾股东、债权人、供应商、政府、消费者和员工等诸方利益的6维社会责任评价指标体系,以旅游业25家上市公司连续6年的年报数据为样本,对旅游企业社会责任与经营效益的相关性进行研究,研究得出旅游企业社会责任与经营效益呈正相关关系,积极参与社会责任实践有助于提升企业的经营效益和市场竞争能力.     

优质旅游:本质探析与内涵性评价

文章从"优质"一词的起源和旅游概念入手,分析了优质旅游的本质和范畴,认为优质旅游的本质是满足人民不断变化的旅游需求,其所讨论的范畴是一个以旅游业为核心,以旅游产品为体现的综合系统。在此基础上,文章从旅游者和其他利益相关者的需要出发,充分考虑旅游业贡献,提出了包括以旅游者旅游活动中幸福感获得为基础的旅游者评价框架、以旅游效应为基础的利益相关者评价框架和优质旅游可持续发展评价框架的优质旅游内涵性评价系统。     

The multiple logics of tourism development in China

It has been widely demonstrated and accepted in the sustainable tourism literature that tourism development involves multiple stakeholders. However, little research has been conducted to examine the logics guiding and explaining the behaviours of the stakeholders in tourism development. Guided by the institutional logics perspective and stakeholder theory, this study identifies the logics of different stakeholders in China's tourism development through fieldwork in two tourism development cases (Yalong Bay and Haitang Bay) in Hainan Province and content analysis on secondary data from multiple sources. The logic of pursuing political legitimacy, the logic of fiscal income maximisation, the dual logics of the market and politics, and the logic of pursuing economic benefits were identified to be the dominant logics driving the behaviours of the central government, local government, tourism enterprises and local communities, respectively, in China's tourism development. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of tourism development in China.     

Understanding primary stakeholders' multiple roles in hallmark event tourism management

This paper contributes insights into stakeholder theory in hallmark event tourism and the implications for engaging primary stakeholders in further tourism management settings. The tangible and symbolic tourism benefits instilled in destinations by hallmark events are well-documented; with destination managers increasingly adopting event portfolio approaches to nurture and develop existing and new hallmark events. Nevertheless, limited understanding exists of how stakeholders engage with hallmark events over time; their lived experiences in event tourism; and consequent management implications. This paper uncovers multiple and shifting roles of primary stakeholders in a long-established hallmark event tourism context (Edinburgh's Festival Fringe). It presents a typology identifying five primary stakeholder roles. Phenomenological interviews with twenty-one primary stakeholders revealed that most fulfilled multiple roles. Existing concurrently and historically, these differed throughout stakeholders' lived experiences and engagement. In its findings, this paper extends knowledge of stakeholders' roles in event tourism and implications in further tourism management settings.     

旅游企业社会责任对目的地形象及游客忠诚的影响研究

在旅游市场竞争日趋激烈的背景下,由旅游企业经营所引发的社会责任问题受到广泛关注,但学界关于旅游企业社会责任的影响研究还不够系统和深入.文章将旅游企业社会责任划分为6个方面,将目的地形象划分为认知形象和情感形象两个方面,并构建了旅游企业社会责任对目的地形象及游客忠诚的影响模型.实证研究表明,旅游企业社会责任在目的地形象及游客忠诚形成中发挥非常重要的作用,其中,经济责任、环境责任、游客责任、员工责任和法律责任对认知形象有正向影响,游客责任、员工责任和慈善责任对情感形象有正向影响;认知形象和情感形象不仅对游客忠诚产生直接影响,而且通过游客满意对游客忠诚产生间接作用.相比认知形象,情感形象对游客满意和忠诚的影响作用更大.     

The environment‐community symbiosis: A case for collaborative tourism planning

This article advances the proposition that sustainable tourism can be achieved through recognition that the public and private sector, the host communities and the natural environment are interdependent stakeholders in a complex tourism ‘domain’, where no single individual, agency or group can resolve strategic tourism issues by acting alone. The planning and management of this domain for the purpose of achieving sustainability requires moving away from traditional approaches towards dynamic collaboration among the stakeholders of the tourism development and planning domain. Collaboration provides a flexible process which evolves over time, enabling stakeholders to disseminate and manage problems or issues on an interactive basis. It offers an attractive alternative to adversarial problem solving methods in tourism planning and management, when inter or multi‐sectoral participation is required. The paper commences with a discussion of the shortfalls of traditional tourism planning processes and models, followed by an overview of collaboration ‘theory’. Examples are given which illustrate collaborative approaches in several mountain resort areas. An exploratory case study of tourism development and planning issues in the mountain community of Canmore, Alberta (Canada) is then presented, leading to a discussion and conclusion regarding the theoretical and practical applications of collaboration toward achieving sustainable tourism.     

中国饭店企业社会责任实现机制研究

当前,旅游企业承担相应的社会责任具有重要意义。文章基于利益相关者识别的视角,采用扎根理论的质性研究方法,通过对36位饭店中高层管理人员进行访谈而得到的数据进行分析,得出结论：第一,饭店的利益相关者分为两类：＂命运共同体＂,包括业主和员工;＂利益共同体＂,包括顾客、当地政府、特殊群体、社会舆论和社区。针对前者所承担的是基础型社会责任,针对后者的是升华型社会责任。第二,这两类社会责任都是通过＂动机—认知—行为—结果＂的机制来实现,但机制中的各个环节内容不尽相同,特别是升华型社会责任的动机复杂性决定了其实现的难度较大。第三,与一般企业相比,饭店企业承担社会责任的特殊性在于：一是国有饭店首先注重关注和解决员工就业,而民营饭店首先注重给业主带来回报;二是在环境保护和节能减排方面和作为对外交流平台和＂形象窗口＂方面,特定类型的饭店要比一般企业承担更多和更特殊的社会责任。     

Developing Woodlands for Tourism: Concepts,Connections and Challenges

Driven by potential economic benefits for rural communities, tourism has become an increasingly central focus of sustainable woodland management in Great Britain. Knowledge of the values and uses of woodlands for tourism, and the impacts of woodland management on tourism is, however, limited. This paper outlines qualitative research in three study areas which used in-depth interviews and discussion groups to engage with tourism providers to explore these issues. It argues that woodlands are an important constituent of ‘countryside capital’, with woodlands” imagery and accessibility, and their natural and man-made resources used directly and indirectly by tourism enterprises. A landscape-scale approach to tourism planning and development is advocated to ensure a more holistic use of woodlands for tourism. Critical issues are identified as being strategy and integration, local engagement, sharing of information, resources, costs and benefits between stakeholders, and policies and practices to stimulate innovation and growth.     

The salience of stakeholders in religious tourism: A case study of the Dajia Mazu pilgrimage

Previous studies have focused on the relationship between religious tourism and some of its stakeholders. However, tourism's success relies on the commitment of all stakeholders. Based on stakeholder theory, this study assesses the stakeholder salience of a mass folk religious pilgrimage, the Dajia Mazu pilgrimage in Taiwan, by using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results indicate that temples, pilgrims, and host communities are more important than tourists, environment, businesses, and governmental bodies. Among the 18 contributions of all stakeholders, pilgrims' engagement, organizing temple management, food and drink sharing, host communities' engagement, and supporting temples' assistance are the most important. Organizers and administrators therefore need to identify key stakeholders and prioritize their contributions in managing pilgrimages and religious tourism.     

Tourism stakeholders’ perceptions of national park management in Norway

Local tourism firms represent an important stakeholder interest in national parks. The present study examines these stakeholders’ perceptions of management processes and their assessments of the resulting management plans and operations. This research is based on qualitative interviews with representatives of tourism businesses in two different national park settings in Norway – Rondane National Park and Jotunheimen National Park. The findings illustrate that despite their general support for the national park status, the local tourism stakeholders interviewed had experienced only minor involvement in the management planning process, and had had very little influence in the final management decisions. They believed that opportunities for business operations were lacking due to excessive management restrictions, and that managers lacked competence with regard to business management and tourism development issues. In addition, they thought that management authorities should more explicitly include sustainable tourism development in their visions and goals. Based on the findings, it is assumed that there is potential for local tourism operators to take greater responsibility in planning processes and management operations. It is concluded that measures should be taken to foster durable social links and trustworthy planning partnerships between responsible managers and local tourism stakeholders in the two national parks.     

Applying diffusion theory to destination stakeholder understanding of sustainable tourism development: a case from Thailand

The concept of sustainable tourism development is widely considered to be necessary for successful tourism development, but there is uncertainty over destination stakeholders’ understanding and thus ability to implement the concept. Utilising diffusion theory, this paper explores the diffusion of the sustainable tourism development concept among stakeholders in the tourism destination of Kret Island, Thailand. The primary data collection involved semi-structured, in-depth interviews undertaken with 10 local government authorities and 45 local residents, and data were analysed using content analysis. Interpersonal communication was the key channel for the concept's diffusion, and the involvement of opinion leaders, change agents and social networks in this diffusion was explored. Many local residents were laggards in the diffusion of sustainable tourism development thinking in comparison with local government and local opinion leaders. It is argued that both interpersonal and media communication and the identification of key actors in the community are needed to effectively diffuse sustainable tourism ideas among destination stakeholders. The results validate the use of diffusion theory as a means to understand the transfer of the sustainable tourism development concept among stakeholders, and they also provide information useful for the design of information dissemination programmes.     

Evolutionary analysis of sustainable tourism

This paper aims to explore an effective green incentive mechanism for government to develop traditional tourism into green tourism by establishing a dynamic evolutionary game model among governments, tourism enterprises, and tourists. We first discuss the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) regarding green innovation and its corresponding conditions for each stakeholder, and then analyze the ESS between tourism enterprises and tourists, with and without consideration of government green supervision. The optimal green incentive condition for driving all stakeholders to conduct green behavior is identified. More importantly, we advise the government to first implement green incentive mechanism in the areas where the tourism market scale is relatively small. Additionally, we utilize numerical examples to illustrate the findings and provide some managerial insights.