Poland's international tourism : Long-term growth: breakdown: rapid recovery

This article provides a synthesis of the factors governing Polish international tourism, set against a background of 40 years of post-war development followed by the political and economic crisis of the early 1980s. Tourism fell sharply in the early 1980s but had already begun a rapid recovery by 1983–1984. Official agencies, and cooperative and private-sector enterprises cooperate closely in the provision of tourism services and management. Poland has an “open-door” tourism policy and participates in a variety of international tourist organizations and agreements. This account demonstrates the close relationship between international tourism and the economic, political and social situation of the destination country.     

Integrated rural tourism:: Concepts and Practice

A model of integrated rural tourism, which took account of the various resources (cultural, social, environmental, economic), their use, and the role of pertinent stakeholders, was developed to explore effective methods of promoting tourism as part of a rural development strategy. “Strategic fit” was used to assess the effectiveness of the model in adding value locally in the context of an established tourism area in western Ireland. The model reveals considerable robustness in identifying features that promote the adding of value in a holistic way and in identifying the pertinent stakeholders and issues that require attention to meet objectives more effectively.     

Ethnic tourism development:: Chinese Government Perspectives

Ethnic tourism is often used by governments to facilitate development and to preserve heritage. This paper examines the relationship between government and tourism in Xishuangbanna, China. Different levels of government play key but different roles in development through regulation of production, consumption, and investment. Their policies and decisions tend to create tensions when they promote tourism as a regional development strategy as a result of contradictions in regulations, ethnic rights, and relationships with entrepreneurs. It is concluded that more nuanced government policies could mitigate many of the issues. Future tourism planning should provide greater control of tourism by local ethnic people, cultural preservation, and public participation in decision-making processes.     

Tourism Policy Making:: The Policymakers’ Perspectives

This research explores tourism policy making, from the perspectives of policy makers using grounded theory. It focuses on Leeds, a city in the North of England, which is characterized by its turbulent environment. The paper identifies themes around policy making, including low status, lack of clarity, uncertainty, lack of consensus and congruence and complexity. Its findings indicate policy making is essentially a social process, involving communication and negotiation between people in the context of wider change. It suggests a social conceptualization, and further research to investigate the communications involved in producing policy rather than the focus on the tangible outputs of the process such as a plan or a physical development.     

Collaborative Alliances:

In collaborative alliances as a management strategy and as an object of scientific inquiry is on the rise in the tourism field. Rapid economic, social, and political change is providing powerful incentives for tourism interests to recognize their interdependences and to engage in joint decision-making. Whether the issue is multi-national firms, tourism coalitions, or cooperative marketing strategies collaboration is the common ground linking these recent trends. This paper provides a framework for understanding this trend toward collaborative action. Constraints to collaboration are identifies as well as societal forces prompting collaborative responses from tourism stakeholders. Basic assumptions underlying scientific inquiry in this area are outlined and a theoretical process model of collaboration is presented. Implications for management strategy and research are discussed.     

State Slogans:

State tourism advertising slogans fail to communicate Unique Selling Propositions (USP). This is mostly due to the fact that states themselves are geologically and culturally diverse entities whose many and diverse appeals cannot be captured in a single slogan. We make two basic recommendations to remedy this. First, we recommend breaking states into smaller regions that can legitimately present a unique selling position to prospective tourist. Second, we recommend that geologically and culturally similar regions in adjoining states band together in strategic alliances in order to share advertising expenses and reduce unnecessary advertising clutter. Both suggestions require at least some decentralization of state tourism bureaus.     

Resort Timesharing:

This article traces the growth of resort timesharing to its present position as a major element in the tourism field. It documents this growth in spite of an unfavorable public image produced by unethical and insulting sales practices common to some in the industry in its formative years. The author draws from several surveys of timesharing buyers and the public conducted by Ragatz Associates, a Eugene, Oregon, survey and research firm prominent in the resort development industry. He suggests that the trend in "vacation ownership," as timesharing is now being called, is away from fee simple ownership of a specific timeshare week to more flexible concepts providing more affordability and use options.     

Bermuda Tourism:

Segmentation strategy has become increasingly important for successful marketing planning in the tourism industry. This paper discusses the historical development of national tourism strategy and policies for Bermuda and the effect of these in creating and sustaining a single segment tourism destination. This effect is validated by reference to data collected by the Bermuda Department of Tourism from 1980 through 1989.     

Capturing the Moments:

In situ assessments are part of a general diversification from traditional research methods within the social sciences. The need for in situ sampling methods in leisure, recreation, and tourism exists because: (1) they distinguish between questions about situations and questions about persons; and (2) their minimum reliance on information associated with the inaccuracies of human memory and cognitive processing. Because of their focus on the present moment, in situ designs provide information about recreational situations largely inaccessible with traditional methods. Such information addresses traditional questions from a new perspective and allows exploration of new questions. The limitations of in situ designs are discussed regarding: (1) self-report and the alteration of experience; (2) repeated self-report and the alteration of experience; and (3) lack of compliance with the self-administration of self-report.     

Style: Preparation of research papers for : Annals of tourism research

A one paragraph informative abstract of no more than 200 words should accompany the article. It should state concisely what was done and why, what was found, and what was concluded.     

迈巴赫:传奇已成绝唱

迈巴赫(Maybach),这个专攻顶级豪华汽车生产的奢华品牌首创于20世纪20年代。破誉为"设计之王"的威廉·迈巴赫(wilhelm maybach)不但是戴姆勒-奔驰公司的三位主要创始人之一,更是世界首辆梅赛德斯-奔驰汽车的发明者之一。1919年,难舍汽车梦想的威廉,迈巴赫与其子卡尔·迈巴赫(carl maybach)共同缔造了"迈巴赫"这一传奇品牌——款象征着完美和昂贵的轿车。迈巴赫是汽     

Conventions and Tourism:

This research sought to explore the extent to which different groups of convention attendees add tourism or recreation activities to the convention experience and do these groups differ in the amount of money they spend on such activities? The research was conducted among a statistically valid and reliable sample of the residents of one state. Twenty-two percent of the sample population had attended a convention in the past year and 58.9 percent of those spent additional money on tourism activities. Of the four different types of convention attendees, members of two groups spent significantly more money on vacation food and beverage and recreation related retail than the other groups.