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1.
Recent perspectives on a capabilities view of the firm often recognize the need for firms to develop an external organization.
From a relational view of the industry, the external organization may include economic and non-economic exchange relationships.
The decision to combine both types of relationships and its relevance for the firm can be linked to their role for accessing,
generating and diffusing knowledge. More often than not, these decisions are however not unilateral. This paper discusses
the potential role that Technological Centers (TC’s), created by the collective initiative of some local firms, can play as
part of firms’ external organizations and emphasizes TC’s role in connecting economic and non-economic exchange relationships.
It is further suggested that the diverse motives and benefits perceived by firms in relating in and across the TC’s and, in
general, the relevance of sharing experiences within these contexts, should be seen in the wider context of firms’ specific
and idiosyncratic trajectories. 相似文献
2.
Determinants of Managerial Values on Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article empirically investigates how Chinese executives and managers perceive and interpret corporate social responsibility
(CSR), to what extent firms’ productive characteristics influence managers’ attitudes towards their CSR rating, and whether
their values in favour of CSR are positively correlated to firms’ economic performance. Although a large proportion of respondents
express a favourable view of CSR and a willingness to participate in socially responsible activities, we find that the true
nature of their assertion is linked to entrepreneurs’ instincts of gaining economic benefits. It is the poorly performing
firms, or rather, firms with vulnerable indicators – smaller in size, State-owned, producing traditional goods and located
in poorer regions that are more likely to have managers who opt for a higher CSR rating. Managers’ personal characteristics
per se are not significant in determining their CSR choice. Moreover, controlling for other observed variables, we find that managers’
CSR orientation is positively correlated with their firms’ performance. The better-off a firm is, the more likely its manager
is to get involve in CSR activities. Firms with better economic performance before their restructuring would sustain higher
post-restructuring performance. 相似文献
3.
Elena Fraj-Andrés Eva Martinez-Salinas Jorge Matute-Vallejo 《Journal of Business Ethics》2009,88(2):263-286
Since it implies a reduction in the quality and the quantity of the natural resources, environmental degradation is a present
day problem that requires immediate solutions. This situation is driving firms to undertake an environmental transformation
process with the purpose of reducing the negative externalities that come from their economic activities. Within this context,
environmental marketing is an emerging business philosophy by which organizations can address sustainability issues. Moreover,
environmental marketing and orientation are seen as valuable strategies to improve a firm’s competitiveness. However, the
literature that has analyzed the link between environmental strategies and firms’ results has been inconclusive and contradictory.
In this study, we propose and test a model that analyses how the implementation of ecological issues within a firm’s marketing
strategy and orientation influences organizational results. Data were obtained through a survey sent to Spanish manufacturing
firms. The results show that environmental marketing positively affects firms’ operational and commercial performance and
this improvement will influence their economic results. Moreover, environmental marketing is revealed as an excellent strategy
to obtain competitive advantages in costs and in product differentiation. Thus, this study agrees with the researchers who
affirm that environmental strategies positively affect firm’s competitiveness while reducing environmental impact. 相似文献
4.
As part of a new focus on sustainability, this study examines the effects of technological attributes, market potential, and
environmental factors on the commercialization of technologies. A survey was conducted on two of Taiwan’s promising sustainable
high-tech industries—solar photovoltaic (PV) and light emitting diodes (LEDs). We found that if the technologies possess the
specific attributes of innovativeness, genericness, simplicity, and compatibility, as required by the potential adopters,
the level of market potential will be more favorable and technology commercialization (TC) probability will be higher. In
addition, the results of regression analysis indicate that environmental requirements play moderating roles in affecting the
relationships between market potential and TC probability. The empirical findings highlight the role of market potential as
a mediator between technological attributes and the likelihood of commercialization. Furthermore, environmental factors moderate
the influence of market potential on TC. The results of this study can provide firms’ operations with insights into resource
allocation, sustainable development, and competitive advantages in an intensely competitive environment. 相似文献
5.
A firm’s competitive behavior is an important topic for practitioners, theorists, and policy makers. Among the explanations
of firms’ behavior is Michael Porter’s model. We have presented this model along with some alternative approaches: Structure-Conduct-Performance,
the New Industrial Organization and Game Theory, the Resource-Based Perspective, and Market Process Economics. These approaches
are discussed in terms of their relations, similarities, and differences relative to Porter’s model. In our comparative discussion,
we support the use of Porter’s model to evaluate firms’ competitive behavior. Our reasons for this support are this model’s
popularity, well-defined structure, feasibility, clarity, simplicity, generality, and its complementarity to two other main
approaches. We find the Porter model to be a convenient approach to the firm’s competitive advantage and strategy.
This article draws on the thesis that Orges Ormanidhi wrote for his Masters of Philosophy from Staffordshire University. 相似文献
6.
This article studies how financial investors respond to firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance in terms
of their investing behaviors, and how such behaviors change contingent on an event that provokes their attention and concerns
to CSR. Using the melamine contamination incident in China as a natural experiment, it is found that neither the individual
investors’ nor the institutional investors’ behaviors are influenced by firms’ CSR performance before the incident. Nevertheless,
in the post-event period, institutional investors’ behaviors are significantly influenced by firms’ CSR performance that exceeds
a certain threshold. Furthermore, such an effect diminishes for a better CSR performance. In comparison, the authors do not
find any effects of CSR performance on individual investors, either before the event or after the event. Finally, firms’ performance
and investors’ behaviors jointly affect firms’ stock returns after the event but not before the event. This article reconciles
the mixed findings in the literature on the effect of firms’ CSR performance on their financial performance by showing that
such an effect exists in a contingent manner. Furthermore, the authors show that a too low or a too high CSR performance could
lead to undesirable responses from investors. Therefore, managers should pay attention to optimizing firms’ CSR activities. 相似文献
7.
We study the impact of firm and industry characteristics on small firms’ capital structure, employing a proprietary database
containing financial statements of Dutch small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from 2003 to 2005. The firm characteristics
suggest that the capital structure decision is consistent with the pecking-order theory: Dutch SMEs use profits to reduce
their debt level, and growing firms increase their debt position since they need more funds. We further document that profits
reduce in particular short-term debt, whereas growth increases long-term debt. We also find that inter- and intra-industry
effects are important in explaining small firms’ capital structure. Industries exhibit different average debt levels, which
is in line with the trade-off theory. Furthermore, there is substantial intra-industry heterogeneity, showing that the degree
of industry competition, the degree of agency conflicts, and the heterogeneity in employed technology are also important drivers
of capital structure. 相似文献
8.
Stefano Colombo 《Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade》2011,11(4):325-349
We study the pricing policy equilibria emerging in a partial collusion duopolistic framework where firms in the first stage
of the game choose non-cooperatively the pricing strategy (perfect price discrimination or uniform pricing), and from the
second stage onward collude on prices. We show that for intermediate discount factors and high firms’ asymmetry, the unique
equilibrium is characterized by only the smaller firm choosing price discrimination. In the case of intermediate discount
factors and low firms’ asymmetry, there are two possible equilibria: both firms price discriminate or no firm price discriminates.
When the discount factor is particularly high or particularly low both firms price discriminate in equilibrium. 相似文献
9.
Mainstreaming Green Product Innovation: Why and How Companies Integrate Environmental Sustainability
Green product innovation has been recognized as one of the key factors to achieve growth, environmental sustainability, and
a better quality of life. Understanding green product innovation as a result of interaction between innovation and sustainability
has become a strategic priority for theory and practice. This article investigates green product innovation by means of a
multiple case study analysis of 12 small to medium size manufacturing companies based in Italy and Canada. First, we propose
a conceptual framework that presents three key environmental dimensions of green product innovation such as energy minimization,
materials reduction, and pollution prevention as identified in the life cycle phases of products. Based on insights gained
from in-depth interviews, we discuss firms’ motivations to develop green products, environmental policies and targets for
products, different dimensions of green product innovation, and challenges faced during developing and marketing of green
products. Results from the study are then synthesized and integrated in a toolbox that sheds light on various aspects of green
product innovation and provides solutions to challenges and risks that are faced by firms. Finally, implications for managers,
academia and public policy makers are discussed. 相似文献
10.
A Global Analysis of Corporate Social Performance: The Effects of Cultural and Geographic Environments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
As more and more multi-national companies expand their operations globally, their responsibilities extend beyond not only
the economic motive of profitability but also other social and environmental factors. The objective of this article is to
examine the impact of national culture and geographic environment on firms’ corporate social performance (CSP). Empirical
tests are based on a global CSP database of companies from 49 countries. Results show that the Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
are significantly associated with CSP. In addition, European companies are found to out-perform other regions and countries
in CSP. 相似文献
11.
David L. Schwarzkopf 《Journal of Business Ethics》2006,64(4):327-342
Stakeholder theory calls for decision makers to balance stakeholder interests, but before this can happen, management must
understand how other parties view its decisions. Effective stakeholder dialogues convened to reach this understanding require
management to appreciate how others perceive the risks posed by their decision. Although understanding others’ risk perception
is crucial for effective communications, we do not have a clear idea of how viewing a situation from multiple stakeholder
perspectives affects risk perception. Based on a technique derived from risk perception studies of health and environmental
issues, an experiment with 224 business students examined how an individual’s risk perception can account for both managerial
and customer perspectives. Factors described as customer participation, extent of the effect, and management input, together
with the respondent’s self-assessed understanding of the decision process, help categorize overall risk perceptions and are
shown to be associated with behaviors based on the decision’s riskiness. Discussion includes implications for designs of business
communications, including their content and transparency, and for understanding the audience for these communications. 相似文献
12.
Impact of firm size and age on the export behaviour of small locally owned firms: Fresh insights 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Densil Anthony Williams 《Journal of International Entrepreneurship》2011,9(2):152-174
This paper analyses the impact of size and age on small firms’ export behaviour. A review of the literature reveals that the
extant conclusions are fragmented, inconclusive and limited in geographical scope. This study aims to address these limitations
by analysing small, locally owned firms’ export behaviour from a novel location that has never been studied in the extant
literature. The study draws on data from Jamaica, a small, open Caribbean economy. The statistical analysis revealed that
size, not age, has a significant impact on export behaviour. Furthermore, other factors such as the owner’s previous international
job experience and foreign travel experience also play an important role. These findings have implications for future research
on the export behaviour of small firms, especially those from emerging environments. In addition, they provide export policy
makers who are engaged in export stimulation among small, locally owned firms, with profile of firms that have a greater proclivity
to export. 相似文献
13.
Christopher Baughn Nancy L. Bodie Mark A Buchanan Michael B. Bixby 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,92(1):15-32
Globalization leads to cross-border business transactions between societies with very different norms and regulations regarding
bribery. Bribery in international business transactions can be seen as a function of not only the demand for such bribes in
different countries, but the supply, or willingness to provide bribes by multinational firms and their representatives. This
study addresses the propensity of firms from 30 different countries to engage in international bribery. The study incorporates
both domestic (economic development, culture, and domestic corruption in the supplying country) and international factors
(those countries’ patterns of trade and involvement in international accords) in explaining the willingness to bribe abroad.
The propensity to provide bribes was the lowest when corruption was not tolerated in the multinational firms’ home countries,
when the firms’ countries were signatories of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) anti-bribery
convention, and when those countries traded heavily with wealthier nations. Further, these findings are maintained when controlling
for levels of economic development and cultural values in the supplying country. In terms of culture, firms from high power
distance countries showed a somewhat greater propensity for providing bribes in transactions with less-developed nations. 相似文献
14.
15.
This paper analyzes the real motivations behind independent directors’ (IDs) job-hopping behavior based on 75 cases from 2001
to 2005. Relevant extant literature is reviewed and an analytical framework based on reputation incentive mechanism (such
as company reputation, a company’s position in the hierarchy of Chinese firms’ administrative reporting relationships, and
job risks) and economic incentive mechanism (including IDs’ remunerations and HR costs) have been put forward. Results show
that reputation-related factors, such as a listed company’s reputation and job risks, are the main influencing factors of
IDs’ job-hopping behavior. This finding indicates that sole emphasis on IDs’ remunerations may not able to motivate IDs effectively
and the reputation mechanism is more effective in motivating IDs. Contributions of this paper include enrichment of the extant
literature on corporate governance from a brand-new perspective and provision of empirical evidence for further improvement
in the incentive mechanisms for IDs.
Translated and revised from Zhongguo Kuaiji Pinglun 中国会计评论 (China Accounting Review), 2008, 6(2): 177–192 相似文献
16.
Economic openness, both in terms of increased international trade exposure and enhanced inter-firm networking, has been a
key element of China’s economic emergence since the implementation of market reforms and the “opening-up policy” over 30 years
ago. Unfortunately, these changes have also coincided with the increased incidence of bribery and corruption. Both in general,
and in the specific context of China, research on the relationship between a firm’s tendency toward openness and its propensity
to engage in bribery is scarce. This study seeks to fill this gap based on empirical evidence provided by a large sample of
Chinese firms. The findings of the study reveal that firms’ increased networking and openness tend to occur contemporaneously
with greater bribery and corruption. We suggest that this may be due to the misuse of guanxi-based networks that coincide
with the presence of firms’ open network strategies, heightened by the potential loss of resource and capability heterogeneity
(and hence reduced competitive advantages) in the context of openness. We further find that firms paying bribes do so as an
attempt to overcome unnecessary bureaucratic processes and ineffective institutional support that might tend to hinder their
development. 相似文献
17.
Corporate Philanthropic Disaster Response and Ownership Type: Evidence
from Chinese Firms’ Response
to the Sichuan Earthquake 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This article examines whether the charitable giving amount and likelihood of firm response to catastrophic events relate to
firms’ ownership type using a unique dataset of listed firms in China, where state ownership is still prevalent. Based on
the data of Chinese firms’ response to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, we find that the extent of corporate contributions for
state-owned firms following this disaster is less than that for private firms. State-owned firms are also less likely to respond
in␣this disaster compared to private firms. The results also␣reveal that firm size, profitability, geography, cash resource
available, and leverage affect firms’ philanthropic disaster response behavior in China. 相似文献
18.
Ning Li 《Journal of Business Ethics》2008,80(4):771-789
One challenge that globalization has brought to business is that firms, as they expand their market globally through cross-border
alliances, need to deal with partner firms from countries of different religious background. The impact of a country’s dominant
religion on its firms’ international market entry mode choices has not been examined in traditional approaches. Focusing on
hypothesizing the influence of Christian beliefs and atheism (i.e., the absence of belief in any deities), this research aims
to fill the gap by exploring religion’s role in providing moral restraint on managers’ propensity for opportunism, which in
turn affects these managers’ choices of their firms’ international market entry via non-equity alliances or joint ventures.
A study of 22,156 cross-border alliances formed in 48 industries world-wide over 9 years provides new insight toward understanding
religion’s influence on firms’ international market entry mode decisions through the ethical dimension of strategic leadership.
This article would fit best under the International Management section for reviewing purposes. 相似文献
19.
Javier Aguilera-Caracuel Juan Alberto Aragón-Correa Nuria Esther Hurtado-Torres Alan M. Rugman 《Journal of Business Ethics》2012,105(4):461-474
This article combines institutional and resources’ arguments to show that the institutional distance between the home and
the host country, and the headquarters’ financial performance have a relevant impact on the environmental standardization
decision in multinational companies. Using a sample of 135 multinational companies in three different industries with headquarters
and subsidiaries based in the USA, Canada, Mexico, France, and Spain, we find that a high environmental institutional distance
between headquarters’ and subsidiaries’ countries deters the standardization of environmental practices. On the other hand,
high-profit headquarters are willing to standardize their environmental practices, rather than taking advantage of countries
with lax environmental protection to undertake more pollution-intensive activities. Finally, we show that headquarters’ financial
performance also imposes a moderating effect on the relationship between environmental institutional distance between countries
and environmental standardization within the multinational company. 相似文献
20.
Matthias Ehrgott Felix Reimann Lutz Kaufmann Craig R. Carter 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,98(1):99-119
Despite the growing public awareness of social sustainability issues, little is known about what drives firms to emphasize
social criteria in their supplier management practices and what the precise benefits of such efforts are. This is especially
true for relationships with international suppliers from the world’s emerging economies in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern
Europe. Building on stakeholder theory, we address the issue by examining how pressures from customers, the government, and
employees as primary constituencies of the firm determine the extent to which firms consider social aspects in the selection
of emerging economy suppliers. Further, we analyze how such socially sustainable supplier selection relates to the capabilities
of the firm’s suppliers, its market reputation, and the learning in its supply management organization. We test the developed
research framework empirically using data from 244 U.S. and German corporations. Our findings, consistent with our hypothesized
model, suggest that middle-level supply managers as internal stakeholders play a major driving role for firms’ socially sustainable
supplier selection, and that strong positive links exist between that selection and the investigated outcomes. 相似文献