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1.
Academic interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be traced back to the 1930s. Since then an impressive body
of empirical data and theory-building has been amassed, mainly located in the fields of management studies and business ethics.
One of the most noteworthy recent conceptual contributions to the scholarship is Midttun’s (Corporate Governance 5(3):159–174,
2005) CSR-oriented embedded relational model of societal governance. It re-conceptualises the relationships between the state,
business, and civil society. Other scholars (In Albareda et al. Corporate Governance 6(4):386–400, 2006; Business Ethics: A European Review 17(4):347–363, 2008; Lozano et al., Governments and Corporate Social Responsibility, 2008) have recently successfully used the model as the basis for their analytical framework for researching CSR activities in
a large number of western European countries. While this research offers valuable insights into how CSR is operationalised,
it also suffers from a number of significant limitations. To develop a stronger analytical framework with which to explore
CSR, this article draws more deeply on political science literature concerned with governance and public policy analysis.
This represents the main purpose of this article. In addition, this article also addresses a second and more modest aim: to
reflect on the ways in which relational governance-inspired frameworks could be adapted and applied to politico-economic systems
where state-industry-third sector relations differ from those found in North America and Western Europe. Both lines of argument
are illustrated using vignettes from a case study of the Evenkia Hydro-Electric Station building project in the Russian Federation. 相似文献
2.
Stakeholder Salience Revisited:
Refining,Redefining, and Refueling
an Underdeveloped Conceptual Tool
Benjamin A. Neville Simon J. Bell Gregory J. Whitwell 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,102(3):357-378
This article revisits and further develops Mitchell et al.’s (Acad Manag Rev 22(4):853–886, 1997) theory of stakeholder identification and salience. Stakeholder salience holds considerable unrealized potential for understanding
how organizations may best manage multiple stakeholder relationships. While the salience framework has been cited numerous
times, attempts to develop it further have been relatively limited. We begin by reviewing the key contributions of other researchers.
We then identify and seek to resolve three residual weaknesses in Mitchell et al.’s (1997) framework, thereby strengthening its foundations for further development. We argue, first, that urgency is not relevant
for identifying stakeholders; second, that it is primarily the moral legitimacy of the stakeholder’s claim that applies to
stakeholder salience; and last, that the salience of stakeholders will vary as the degrees of the attributes vary. These insights
inform revised definitions of stakeholder salience and legitimacy, and necessitate a new theoretical underpinning for the
role of legitimacy. Finally, we present an extensive agenda for future research with the objective of refueling research in
stakeholder salience. 相似文献
3.
Recent academic articles point to an increased vagueness and overlap in concepts related to business ethics and corporate
responsibility. Further, the perception of these notions can differ in the small-business world from the original academic
definitions. This article focuses on the cognition of small-business owner-managers. Given the impact of small-business owner–managers
on their ventures, corporate responsibility and ethical issues can take a different route in SMEs. The small-business owner–manager
is able to shape the corporate culture and to enact values other than profit. Adopting a cognitive perspective, we have identified
how the small-business owner–manager makes sense of notions linked to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics.
The concept of sensemaking has recently been applied to CSR (Basu and Pallazzo, 2008; Cramer et al., 2006). Applying a cognitive perspective to small-business owners may help in explaining specific phenomena found within small-business
ownership. For this research, the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT) is used, a method that has not previously been widely applied
in the business and society field. 相似文献
4.
An Examination of the Structure
of Executive Compensation and Corporate Social Responsibility:
A Canadian Investigation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We explore the extent to which Boards use executive compensation to incite firms to act in accordance with social and environmental objectives (e.g., Johnson, R. and D. Greening: 1999, Academy of Management Journal
42(5), 564–578 ; Kane, E. J.: 2002, Journal of Banking and Finance
26, 1919–1933.). We examine the association between executive compensation and corporate social responsibility (CSR) for 77 Canadian firms using three key components of executives’ compensation structure: salary, bonus, and stock options. Similar to prior research (McGuire, J., S. Dow and K. Argheyd: 2003, Journal of Business Ethics
45(4), 341–359), we measure three different aspects of CSR, which include Total CSR as well as CSR Strengths and CSR Weaknesses. CSR Strengths and CSR Weaknesses capture the positive and negative aspects of CSR, respectively. We find significant positive relationships between: (1) Salary and CSR Weaknesses, (2) Bonus and CSR Strengths, (3) Stock Options and Total CSR; and (4) Stock Options and CSR Strengths. Our findings suggest the importance of the structure of executive compensation in encouraging socially responsible actions, particularly for larger Canadian firms. This in turn suggests that executive compensation can be an effective tool in aligning executives’ welfare with that of the “common good”, which results in more socially responsible firms (Bebchuk, L., J. Fried and D. Walker: 2002, The University of Chicago Law Review
69, 751–846; Zalewski, D.: 2003, Journal of Economic Issues
37(2), 503–509). In addition, our findings suggest the importance of institutional context in influencing the association between executive compensation and CSR. Further implications for practice and research are discussed.Lois. Mahoney is an Assistant Professor at Eastern Michigan University. Her research is focused in the areas of ethics and accounting information systems. She has published in ethics and accounting journals including Journal of Business Ethics, Business Ethics Quarterly, Research on Professional Responsibility and Ethics in Accounting, Information and Organization. Dr. Mahoney has received several research awards, including Best Paper award at the Seventh Symposium on Ethics Research in Accounting. Dr. Mahoney is also actively involved in the American Accounting Association.Linda Thorn is an Associate Professor at York University in Toronto Ontario. Her research focuses on ethical decision making, the ethics of accountants and accounting students and ethical aspects of accounting information. She has published in ethics and accounting journal including among others, Business Ethics Quarterly, Journal of Business Ethics, Contemporary Accounting Research, Behavioral Research in Accounting and Audit: A Journal of Practice in Theory. 相似文献
5.
Guanxi (literally interpersonal connections) is in essence a network of resource coalition-based stakeholders sharing resources
for survival, and it plays a key role in achieving business success in China. However, the salience of guanxi stakeholders varies: not all guanxi relationships are necessary, and among the necessary guanxi participants, not all are equally important. A hierarchical stakeholder model of guanxi is developed drawing upon Mitchell et al.’s (1997) stakeholder salience theory and Anderson’s (1982) constituency theory. As an application of instrumental stakeholder theory, the model dimensionalizes the notion of stakeholder
salience, and distinguishes between and among internal and external guanxi, core, major, and peripheral guanxi, and primary and secondary guanxi stakeholders. Guanxi management principles are developed based on a hierarchy of guanxi priorities and management specializations. The goal of this application of instrumental stakeholder theory is to construct,
for Western business firms in China, a means to reliably identify guanxi partners by employing the principles of effective guanxi. These principles are described in the form of testable propositions that advance social scientific research in this area
of international business ethics.
Chenting Su is Associate Professor of Marketing at City University of Hong Kong. He is also Adjunct Professor at Wuhan University,
P.R. China. He previously taught at the University of Victoria, Canada, He writes for Journal of Marketing Research, International Journal of Research in Marketing, Journal of Travel Research, Journal of Business
Ethics, Psychology & Marketing, International Journal of Market Research, Service Marketing Quarterly, Research in Marketing,
and others. He presently serves as Executive Director of China Marketing Association, P.R. China.
Ronald K. Mitchell is Professor of Entrepreneurship and J. A. Bagley Regents Chair in Management in the Rawls College of Business
at Texas Tech University. He publishes in the areas of new value creation and stakeholder theory. From 1999–2002 he held a
joint appointment in strategy and public policy in the Guanghua School of Management at Peking University, Beijing, PRC. He
has won numerous awards for research and program building; presently serves in the leadership of the AOM Entrepreneurship
Division; and is Co-Editor for the Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice three-volume Special Issue on Entrepreneurial Cognition.
Joe Sirgy is Professor of Marketing and Virginia Real Estate Research Fellow at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(Virginia Tech). He has published extensively in the area of business ethics and quality-of-life (QOL) research in relation
to theory, philosophy, measurement, business, and public policy. He co-founded the International Society for Quality-of-Life
Studies (ISQOLS) in 1995 and is currently serving as its Executive Director. He received the Distinguished Fellow Award from
both the Academy of Marketing Science and ISQOLS. In 2003, ISQOLS recognized him as the Distinguished QOL Researcher for research
excellence and a record of lifetime achievement in QOL research. He also is the current JMM section editor on QOL issues and
a co-editor of Applied Research in Quality of Life. 相似文献
6.
In recent years, knowledge management has been utilized as an essential strategy to foster the creation of organizational
intellectual capital. Organizational intellectual capital can be derived both individually and collectively in the process
to create, store, share, acquire, and apply personal and organizational knowledge. However, some organizations only focus
on the development of public good, despite the concerns arising from individuals’ self-interest or possible risks. The different
concern of individual and collective perspectives toward knowledge management inevitably leads to ethical conflicts and ethical
culture in the organization (Jarvenpaa et al., J Manage Inf Syst 14(4):29–64, 1998; Ruppel and Harrington, IEEE Trans Prof Commun 44(1):37–52, 2000). The purpose of this study is to examine the ethical climate within the organization and its possible influence on members’
evaluation, satisfaction, engagement, and job performance with respect to knowledge management practice. The research results
reveal that several types of organizational ethical climate coexist in the organization and have different degrees of influence
on employees’ attitude as well as participation in knowledge management activities. In this article, we argue the importance
of organizational ethical climate and highlight the implications of such a climate for facilitating knowledge management. 相似文献
7.
Robert W. Kolodinsky Timothy M. Madden Daniel S. Zisk Eric T. Henkel 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,91(2):167-181
Four predictors were posited to affect business student attitudes about the social responsibilities of business, also known
as corporate social responsibility (CSR). Applying Forsyth’s (1980, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
39, 175–184, 1992, Journal of Business Ethics
11, 461–470) personal moral philosophy model, we found that ethical idealism had a positive relationship with CSR attitudes,
and ethical relativism a negative relationship. We also found materialism to be negatively related to CSR attitudes. Spirituality
among business students did not significantly predict CSR attitudes. Understanding the relationship between CSR attitudes
and the significant predictors has important implications for researchers and teachers in particular. 相似文献
8.
Despite recognizing the importance of developing authentic corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs, noticeably absent
from the literature is consideration for how employees distinguish between authentic and inauthentic CSR programs. This is
somewhat surprising given that employees are essentially the face of their organization and are largely expected to act as
ambassadors for the organization’s CSR program (Collier and Esteban in Bus Ethics 16:19–33, 2007). The current research, by conducting depth interviews with employees, builds a better understanding of how employees differentiate
between authentic and inauthentic CSR programs, and how these judgments influence their perceptions of the organization. We
find that employees rely on two different referent standards to form authenticity judgments—the extent to which the image
put forth in the CSR program aligns with the organization’s true identity and the extent to which the CSR program itself is
developmental. To assess the former, employees draw on cues about resource commitment, alignment between elements of the organization’s
CSR program, emotional engagement, justice, and embeddedness. The latter assessments are based on the extent to which the
organization adopts a leadership role with regards to its CSR initiatives. We also find that perceived authenticity can lead
to positive outcomes such as organizational identification and employee connections. This study contributes to the broad literatures
on both CSR and authenticity, as well as more specifically adding to the conversation on authenticity as a potentially valuable
lens for enriching business ethics theorizing. 相似文献
9.
Absract Using Hofstede’s culture theory (1980, 2001, Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nation. Sage, NewYork), the
current study incorporates the moral development (e.g. Thorne, 2000; Thorne and Magnan, 2000; Thorne et al., 2003) and multidimensional ethics scale (e.g. Cohen et al., 1993; Cohen et al., 1996b; Cohen et al., 2001; Flory et al., 1992) approaches to compare the ethical reasoning and decisions of Canadian and Mainland Chinese final year undergraduate accounting
students. The results indicate that Canadian accounting students’ formulation of an intention to act on a particular ethical
dilemma (deliberative reasoning) as measured by the moral development approach (Thorne, 2000) was higher than Mainland Chinese accounting students. The current study proposes that the five factors identified by the
multidimensional ethics scale (MES), as being relevant to ethical decision making can be placed into␣the three levels of ethical
reasoning identified by Kohlberg’s (1958, The Development of Modes of Moral Thinking and Choice in the Years Ten to Sixteen. University of Chicago, Doctoral dissertation)
theory of cognitive moral development. Canadian accounting students used post-conventional MES factors (moral equity, contractualism,
and utilitarianism) more frequently and made more ethical audit decisions than Chinese accounting students.
Lin Ge is an accountant at Guest-tek Interactive Entertainment Ltd. Her research interest includes ethics and judgment of
accountants and auditors, cross-cultural studies and international business.
Stuart Thomas, Ph.D., is associate professor of accounting in the Faculty of Management at the University of Lethbridge, Alberta,
Canada. He has published in the Journal of Business Ethics, Business and Society, Research on Professional Responsibility
and Ethics in Accounting, Advances in Management Accounting and the Journal of Accounting Case Research. His research interests
focus on ethical decision making and the effects of pay schemes on performance and standard setting. 相似文献
10.
Public Policies on Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Governments in Europe 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Over the last decade, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been defined first as a concept whereby companies decide voluntarily
to contribute to a better society and cleaner environment and, second, as a process by which companies manage their relationship␣with
stakeholders (European Commission, 2001. Nowadays, CSR has become a priority issue on governments’ agendas. This has changed governments’ capacity to act and impact
on social and environmental issues in their relationship with companies, but has also affected the framework in which CSR
public policies are designed: governments are incorporating multi-stakeholder strategies. This article analyzes the CSR public policies in European advanced democracies, and more specifically the EU-15 countries, and provides explanatory keys on how governments
have understood, designed and implemented their CSR public policies. The analysis has entailed the classification of CSR public
policies taking into consideration the actor to which the governments’ policies were addressed. This approach to the analysis
of CSR public policies in the EU-15 countries leads us to observe coinciding lines of action among the different countries
analyzed, which has enabled us to propose a ‹four ideal’ typology model for governmental action on CSR in Europe: Partnership, Business in the Community, Sustainability, and Citizenship, and Agora. The main contribution of this article is to propose an analytical framework to analyze CSR public policies, which provide
a perspective on the relationships between governments, businesses, and civil society stakeholders, and enable us to incorporate
the analysis of CSR public policies into a broader approach focused on social governance.
Laura Albareda is currently a Research Fellow at the Institute for Social Innovation, ESADE, Universidad Ramon Llull-URL. She is principal
researcher and manager of the Observatory on Socially Responsible Investment in Spain. Her areas of research and academic
interest are Corporate Social Responsibility, Business Ethics, Global Governance and Public Authorites, Governments and Public
Policies on Corporate Social Responsibility and Socially Responsible Investment.
Josep M. Lozano is currently Professor & Senior Researcher at the Institute for Social Innovation, ESADE Business School (URL). He is Co-founder
of ética, Economía y Dirección (Spanish branch of the EBEN) and member of the editorial board of Ethical Perspectives and Society and Business Review. He was member of the Catalan Government’s Commission on Values, and is member of the Spanish Ministry of Employment and
Social Affairs’ Commission of Experts on CSR. He has been a highly commended runner-up in the European Faculty Pioneer Awards
of the Beyond Grey Pinstripes and is author of Ethics and Organizations. Understanding Business Ethics as a Learning Process (Kluwer).
Tamyko Ysa is an Assistant Professor of the Institute of Public Management, and the Department of Business Policy at ESADE. Her areas
of interest are the management of partnerships and their impact on the creation of public value; the design, implementation
and evaluation of public policies, and the relations between companies and governments. She is the Principal Researcher of
the Research Group for Leadership and Innovation in Public Management (GLIGP). She is coauthor of Governments and Corporate
Social Responsibility (Palgrave MacMillan). 相似文献
11.
This article investigates the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices and the reasons for which legitimacy
is ascribed or denied. It fills a gap in the literature on CSR and legitimacy that lacks empirical studies regarding the question
whether CSR contributes to organisational legitimacy. The problem is discussed by referring to the case of De Beers’s diamond
mining partnership with the Government of Namibia. A total of 42 interviews were conducted—41 with stakeholders and one with
the focal organisation Namdeb. The 41 stakeholder interviews are analysed with regard to cognitive, pragmatic and moral legitimacy
as defined by Suchman (Acad Manage Rev 20(3):571–610, 1995). The main finding is that the majority of statements on organisational legitimacy refer to moral legitimacy and most issues
raised in this context challenge the company’s legitimacy despite its comprehensive CSR engagement. The study demonstrates
that legitimacy gaps can be a result of communication practices that raise unrealistic stakeholder expectations and that the
legitimacy gained by CSR engagement in one area cannot substitute legitimacy losses caused by failures in another. 相似文献
12.
Gail Ridley 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,103(1):111-125
This article argues for an extension to the scope of corporate social responsibility (CSR) research to include a contemporary
issue of importance to national and global security, critical infrastructure resilience. Rather than extending the multiple
perspectives on CSR, this study aimed to identify a method of recognising CSR-related issues, before applying it to two dissimilar
case studies on critical infrastructure resilience. One case study was of an international telecommunications company based
in the US while the other was of the railway network in Britain during a period of privatisation. The method used was derived
from Okoye’s (J Bus Ethics 89(4):613–627, 2009) common reference core for CSR. Both case studies satisfied all the criteria sought which points to critical infrastructure
resilience as being an emerging CSR issue. Because ongoing change characterises CSR, the method may have application for identifying
future new CSR strands. As the findings suggest that some aspects of national and global security are CSR-related phenomena,
the study demonstrates how CSR research may be significant at a societal, national and global level. Implications of the study
include a broadening of the value and reach of contributions from CSR researchers and practitioners. 相似文献
13.
Traditionally, conceptualizations of human values are based on the assumption that individuals possess a single integrated
value system comprising those values that people are attracted by and strive for. Recently, however, van Quaquebeke et al.
(in J Bus Ethics 93:293–305, 2010) proposed that a value system might consist of two largely independent value orientations—an orientation of ideal values
and an orientation of counter-ideal values (values that individuals are repelled by), and that both orientations exhibit antithetic
effects on people’s responses to the social world. Following a call for further research on this distinction, we conducted
two studies to assess the independent effects of ideal and counter-ideal values in leadership settings. Study 1 (N = 131) finds both value orientations to explain unique variance in followers’ vertical respect for their leaders. Study 2
(N = 136) confirms these results and additionally shows an analogous effect for followers’ identification with their leaders.
Most importantly, we find that both value orientations exhibit their effects only independently when the content of the two
orientations pertain to different value types in Schwartz’s (in J Soc Issues 50:19–46, 1994) circumplex model. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Ulf Henning Richter 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,102(2):261-279
In this multiple-case study, I analyze the perceived importance of seven categories of institutional entrepreneurs (DiMaggio,
Institutional patterns and organizations, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, 1988) for the corporate social responsibility discourse of three multinational companies. With this study, I aim to significantly
advance the empirical analysis of the CSR discourse for a better understanding of facts and fiction in the process of institutionalization
of CSR in MNCs. I conducted 42 semi-structured face-to-face and phone interviews in two rounds with 30 corporate managers
from three multinational companies. The data has been analyzed using qualitative (multiple coding) and quantitative (ANOVA,
χ2 analysis) techniques. The findings indicate that one company is driven by civil society’s influence on consumer’s perception,
the second company by direct attacks by civil society, agenda setting organizations and legislators, and the third by the
pressure of large customers and legislators. The results suggest that the coping behaviors of MNCs at both extremes of the
spectrum of perceived responsible behavior aim at (1) improving the business case for CSR and (2) increasing legitimacy in
society, resulting in converging CSR perceptions, and fostering an institutionalization of CSR. 相似文献
15.
In this paper, the authors respond to a recent critique of their Journal of Business Ethics article, which provided a meta-analytic review of ethical climate theory research (Martin and Cullen, 2006). They review basic principles of meta-analytic research and discuss the methodological context of their work, which was
not discussed in the recent reply article. Additional methodological and practical evidence is presented in support of Martin
and Cullen (2006), including a discussion of the paper’s findings and its contribution to ethical climate theory and research. 相似文献
16.
David A. Waldman 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,101(1):75-92
Integrating corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in business is one of the great challenges facing firms today.
Societal stakeholders require much more from the firm than pursuing profitability and growth. But these societal stakeholders
often simply assume that increased societal expectations can easily be accommodated within efficiently run business operations,
without much attention devoted to process issues. We build upon the core–periphery thesis to explore potential avenues for
firms to add recurring CSR initiatives to their existing business practices. Based on Siggelkow’s (Admin Sci Quart 47:125–159,
2002) analysis of organizational change, we conceptualize seven major patterns of CSR initiative adoption. We develop a new organizing
framework showing how a firm can integrate CSR initiatives in business. Within the new framework, each of the seven patterns
represents an idiosyncratic path through which recurring CSR initiatives can be included as practices into conventional operations.
We also explore the nature of the resulting internal fit between recurring CSR initiatives and business practices. 相似文献
17.
Arménio Rego Susana Leal Miguel P. Cunha Jorge Faria Carlos Pinho 《Journal of Business Ethics》2010,94(1):107-127
Through a convenience sample of 260 employees, the study shows how employees’ perceptions about corporate citizenship (CC)
predict their affective commitment. The study was carried out in Portugal, a high in-group and low societal collectivistic
culture. Maignan et al.’s (1999, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science
27(4), 455–469) construct, including economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities was used. The main findings
are: (a) contrary to what has been presumed in the literature, the discretionary dimension includes two factors: CC toward
employees and toward community; (b) perceptions of CC explain 35% of unique variance of affective commitment; (c) the best
predictors are perceptions of economic and legal CC and, mainly, perceptions of discretionary CC toward employees; (d) the
perceptions of discretionary CC toward employees are significantly better predictors of affective commitment than are perceptions
of economic, ethical, and discretionary CC toward the community; (e) perceived inconsistency of the several CC dimensions
is detrimental to employees’ affective commitment. The study questions the four-dimensional model of the CC construct as operationalized
by Maignan et al., suggests that culture should be included as a moderating variable in future research, and stresses that
affective commitment may decrease when employees perceive that their organizations act upon the several areas of CC inconsistently. 相似文献
18.
Jang B. Singh 《Journal of Business Ethics》2011,101(3):385-395
Recent figures reported by KPMG confirm the growing prevalence of corporate codes of ethics globally. Svensson et al. (Bus
Ethics 18:389–407, 2009) in surveys of the largest corporations in Australia, Canada, and Sweden found a similar trend. The increased prevalence
of corporate codes of ethics has been accompanied by heightened research interest in various aspects of these documents, e.g.,
the contents and focus of the codes. However, there is a paucity of research examining the effectiveness of these documents
and the organizational infrastructure that accompany them. This study, based on a survey of Canada’s largest corporations,
sought to empirically assess the determinants of the effectiveness of corporate codes of ethics by regressing managers’ perceptions
of code effectiveness against various elements of ethics programs. It was found that, in a statistically significant model,
eighteen independent variables explain 58.5% of the variance in the perceived effectiveness of corporate codes of ethics. 相似文献
19.
Nicos Nicolaou Scott Shane Georgina Adi Massimo Mangino Juliette Harris 《Small Business Economics》2011,36(2):151-155
The tendency to be an entrepreneur may be influenced by genetic variation. Sensation seeking is more common among entrepreneurs
than among the general population. Twin studies show that the tendency to be an entrepreneur is heritable and that common
genes influence both sensation seeking and entrepreneurial tendency (Nicolaou et al. Manag Sci 54:167–179, 2008a; Strateg Entrep J 2:7–21, 2008b). Since dopamine receptor genes have been associated with novelty seeking/sensation seeking (Benjamin et al. Nat Genet 12:81–84,
1996; Ebstein et al. Nat Genet 12:78–80, 1996; Noblett and Coccaro Curr Psychiatry Rep 7:73–80, 2005), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been reported to occur at greater rates among entrepreneurs, we
examined the association between five dopamine receptor genes and four ADHD-associated genes, with the tendency to be an entrepreneur
in a sample of 1,335 individuals from the UK. We found a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1486011) of the DRD3 gene on chromosome 3 to be significantly associated with the tendency to be an entrepreneur. This result is the first evidence
of the association of a specific gene with entrepreneurship. Further studies are needed to replicate this association. 相似文献
20.
Assessing the Prerequisite of Successful CSR Implementation: Are Consumers Aware of CSR Initiatives?
As a reflection of the values and ethics of firms, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has received a large amount of research
attention over the last decade. A growing area of this research is the CSR–consumer relationship. Results of experimental
studies indicate that consumer attitudes and purchase intentions are influenced by CSR initiatives – if consumers are aware
of them. In order to create this awareness, business is increasingly turning to ‹pro-social’ marketing communications, but
such campaigns is met with scepticism and their effectiveness are therefore uncertain. Consequently, researchers in the field
(for example, Maignan, 2001; Mohr et al., 2001) have called for empirical studies to determine the level of actual consumer
awareness of CSR initiatives. This study examines the Australian banking sector, which engages in and promotes its CSR activities,
to help fill this gap. Results from our qualitative study with bank managers, and our quantitative study with consumers, indicate
low consumer CSR awareness levels. Consumer understanding of many of the social issues banks engage with is also low. While
CSR is effective in eliciting favourable consumer attitudes and behaviour in theory, CSR has not proven its general effectiveness
in the marketplace. The low consumer awareness of the various social issues in which firms engage with their CSR programs
suggests that firms may need to educate consumers, so they may better contextualise CSR initiatives communicated. However,
better context may amount to little if claimed CSR initiatives are perceived as inconsistent with other facets of the business
that reflect its values and ethics. 相似文献