Cooperative and Non-Cooperative R&D Policy in an Economic Union

What are the consequences of decentralized R&;D policies within an economic union? Do non-cooperative policies generate too high R&;D subsidies? To address such questions, we construct a simple model where firms invest in quality-improving R&;D. With goods produced in different countries within an economic union, we compare non-cooperative and cooperative R&;D policies. We show that non-cooperative policies imply too small R&;D subsidies for horizontally differentiated goods and too high subsidies for close substitutes. Furthermore, small countries have less incentive to subsidize R&;D than large countries, resulting in an unwarranted vertical product differentiation between goods produced in different countries.     

National and international spillovers from R&D: Comparing a neoclassical and an endogenous growth approach

National and International Spillovers from R&;D: Comparing a Neoclassical and an Endogenous Growth Approach.— Two models where productivity growth is caused by spillovers from R&;D are analyzed using a sample of nine manufacturing industries in six large OECD countries between 1979 and 1991. The first model is based on traditional productivity analysis, the second model on the endogenous growth theory. The empirical results indicate stronger support for the latter. The results suggest that spillovers from R&;D exist within industries, both nationally and internationally, confined to industries that are relatively R&;D-intensive. There is, however, little evidence of spillovers between industries. Finally, FDIs seem to facilitate the diffusion of R&;D results, but the authors do not find any effect on growth from R&;D embodied in intermediate products. JEL no. O32, O40     

对跨国公司在华设立研发中心的特征、存在的问题及政策分析

随着经济的全球化和知识经济的到来,跨国公司的R&D投资也呈现国际化趋势。为了防止核心技术外溢出,跨国公司以往的R&D活动都集中在母国进行,20世纪90年代末开始倾向于科学技术发达、具有丰富廉价的人力资源的东道国进行。中国经济近些年来的持续高速增长和科研实力的显著增强吸引了跨国公司纷纷来华设立R&D机构。本文首先分析了跨国公司来华设立R&D机构的现状特征,然后对跨国公司在华设立R&D中心所带来的积极和消极影响进行了评价,最后针对存在的问题提出相关对策,具有一定的实践指导意义。     

雪中送炭还是过犹不及：政府补贴对企业研发的影响

基于2013—2018年沪深A股制造业民营企业上市公司的数据，实证探讨了政府补贴与企业研发的关系。研究发现政府补贴与研发强度之间并不是简单的线性关系，而是呈显著的倒U型关系。这意味着，适当的政府补贴能够激励企业进行研发投入，但过高的政府补贴反而对企业研发投入产生了挤出效应，是无效率的政府干预行为。研究结论有助于政府重新考虑对制造业民营企业的研发补贴支持力度，以期更有效地激发企业的创新积极性，加快建设创新型国家的步伐。     

政府补助、金融化与制造业创新——基于上市公司的实证研究

选取2011—2020年制造业上市公司数据,以信号理论为视角研究政府补助、金融化与制造业创新之间的关系。研究发现：研发补助、非研发补助对创新产出的作用具有非对称性,金融化在信号传递的过程中发挥了调节效应;研发补助和创新产出存在倒“U”型关系,非研发补助和创新产出呈正相关;金融化可以正向调节研发补助、非研发补助和创新产出的关系,与其他制造企业相比,金融化的调节作用在民营制造企业表现得最为明显。     

R&D Collaboration Networks in Mixed Oligopoly

We develop a model of endogenous network formation in order to examine the incentives for R&D collaboration in a mixed oligopoly. Our analysis reveals that the complete network, where each firm collaborates with all others, is uniquely stable. When R&D subsidies are not available, in addition to the complete network, the private partial and the private‐hub star networks are Pareto efficient. However, the complete network becomes the unique Pareto efficient network when R&D is subsidized. This result is in contrast with earlier contributions in private oligopoly where under strong market rivalry a conflict between stable and efficient networks is likely to occur. It also highlights the role of a public firm as policy instrument in aligning individual incentives for collaboration with the objective of efficiency, independently of whether R&D subsidies are provided by the regulator.     

R&D Subsidies,Spillovers, and Privatization in Mixed Markets

We examine the use of subsidies to research and development (R&D) in a mixed and a private duopoly market. We show that the socially optimal R&D subsidy is increasing in the degree of spillovers, but it is lower in the private duopoly. The optimal R&D subsidy leads to an increase in total R&D and production; however, it does not lead to the equalization of per firm output and therefore to an efficient distribution of production costs. We also find that privatization of the public firm reduces R&D activity and welfare in the duopoly market. This result stands even when optimal R&D subsidies are provided.     

Subsidizing R&D Cooperatives

A framework is developed with which the implementation of two commonly used R&D-stimulating policies can be evaluated: providing R&D subsidies and sustaining the formation of R&D cooperatives. Subsidized R&D cooperatives can also be analyzed. The analysis shows that providing R&D subsidies is more effective in raising private R&D investments than sustaining R&D cooperatives. Moreover, optimally subsidizing cooperative R&D or noncooperative R&D leads to the same level of R&D activity. Sustaining R&D cooperatives thus appears to be a redundant industrial policy, all else equal.     

我国新型研发机构的政策分析及地方建设实践

我国新型研发机构处于蓬勃发展阶段,未来新型研发机构的建设目标应逐步实现由数量建设到高质量发展的转变。为推动高水平新型研发机构的建设及自主可持续发展,从政策视角梳理我国新型研发机构的发展历程及地方建设实践,分析其发展规律及建设范式。研究发现：功能定位从面向市场的技术创新主体,拓展为科学研究、技术创新、研发服务等多方面功能定位;准入形式以评审认定制和备案制为主;注册属性以企业、事业单位为主;建设模式主要为央地共建、地方政府主导和大型企业主导建设;多元筹资是重要特征;治理结构采用理事（董事）会治理下的院（所）长负责制;用人机制具有灵活、多样、市场化特点;（8）持续的价值输出是可持久发展的核心条件。基于政策分析及地方建设实践,在新型研发机构功能定位、筹资模式、用人机制以及培育发展等方面提出相关政策建议。     

广东省各地市科技创新券后补助政策分析

2015年—2017年,广东省连续三年投入财政资金试行开展科技创新券后补助专项工作,支持中小微企业向科技服务机构购买服务。全省各地市积极开展创新券后补助专项工作,该专项对引导中小微企业加大研发投入、促进科技服务机构发展具有很好的推动作用。3年期间,创新券后补助专项共撬动全省中小微企业科技创新投入超16亿元,筛选了一批资质优、诚信好、服务水平高的科技服务机构,推动了科技服务机构的有序健康发展。     

技术创新价值与政府资源支持对科技民企研发支出的影响研究

企业研发支出可以反映其研发行为的过程和结果.分析技术创新的市场价值与政府资源支持对科技民企研发支出总规模和各阶段规模的影响,有助于明晰市场和制度因素影响技术创新的机制和效果.对中小板297家高科技民企的检验表明:技术创新价值对企业资本性和费用性研发支出均有显著正向影响;财政补贴显著正向调节技术创新价值分别与资本性和费用性研发支出的正向关系,且对前者的调节效应大于对后者的调节效应;税收激励对技术创新价值与资本性和费用性研发支出关系的调节效应均不显著;财政补贴对高科技民企的研发支出规模有更好的驱动效果.     

Confucian Controversy over Westernization in China: An Exposition and Criticism

The semiconductor industry in Taiwan has successfully developed over the past 20 years. The development of the industry can be featured by a spiral‐type industrial policy deployment of the state with special emphasis on R&;D and human resource development at public institutes and mobilization and organization of overseas human resources. All in all, the role played by the state has not been market‐intervention but the coordination of various systems functioning in the private sector.     

The Price of Electricity in Indonesia

Persistent shortages of electric power and of capital to fund power system expansion have recently prompted the Indonesian government to allow the private sector to supply electricity. Price has become a controversial issue—both the retail price private producers would charge the public, and the wholesale price at which they would seil in bulk to the state utility, PLN The government has traditionally kept the retail price below cost to support economic development objectives, and subsidies have covered PLN's losses. Opponents of private power argue that without subsidies private suppliers would have to raise the retail price to unacceptable levels—according to PLN, almost 50% more per kilowatt-hour than its own price. The paper assesses PLN's claim by quantifying hidden subsidies, and demonstrates that, if these were properly taken into account, the average retail price per kilowatt-hour for 1980–93 should have been 46% higher than it was.     

Resource utilisation Efficiency: A South African Provincial Evaluation

The objective of this paper is to analyse the utilisation of production capacity and total under‐utilisation in order to identify weak‐performing industries across the nine South African provinces. Detecting inefficiencies within the different provinces will help to identify where sound managerial or government intervention is required, which can contribute to the future success of the New Growth Path Framework and the Strategic Integrated Projects. Using a multistage data envelopment analysis model at the subnational level, several categories of production factors are explored: intermediate demand, labour, capital, as well as taxes and subsidies. The results emphasise South Africa's weak infrastructure and the failure to effectively promote stability in managing factor inputs. The results further illustrate that industry scale efficiency for water and electricity are poorest across all provinces, highlighting the current water and energy supply concerns in South Africa and problem areas associated with the National Development Program.     

DID GOOD INSTITUTIONS PRODUCE GOOD TARIFFS? EVIDENCE FROM TARIFF PROTECTION IN COLONIAL VICTORIA

Were tariff rates in the Australian colony of Victoria directed towards growth‐enhancing industries or rent seekers? Recent research suggests tariffs may be welfare enhancing if they are directed at industries with positive externalities; something more likely when institutions are strong. Using disaggregated tariff data for the years 1872, 1880, and 1890, we analyse the relationship between industry characteristics and tariffs, finding little evidence that Victorian industries with positive externalities received tariff protection. Our results throw doubt on good institutions necessarily producing good tariff outcomes and suggest the relationship between tariffs and growth is more complex than current studies assume.     

The dynamics of European industrial structure

Has the European integration process lead to increased specialization and what drives changes in countries’ specialization? To address these questions we apply a model that incorporates endowments, technology and increasing returns to scale. Analysis reveals that countries with high capital accumulation have become increasingly specialized in capital-intensive industries; this holds for both human and physical capital. No general tendency towards increased specialization is found with the exception of capital-intensive industries. Analysis indicates scale economies in R&;D at the firm level and that R&;D at the firm level drives productivity and competitiveness. JEL no. C29, F12, O33, O52     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
PERKINS, J. O. N.: The Sterling Area, The Commonwealth and World Economic Growth, University of Cambridge, Department of Applied Economics, Occasional Papers 11, University Press
FINDLAY, RONALD: Trade and Specialization (Penguin Education, 1970), pp. 140 (R0.85). SWANN, D.: The Economics of the Common Market (Penguin Education
SOLOW, R. M.: Growth Theory: An Exposition. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1970
FOX, K. and JOHNSON, D. (Eds.): Readings in the Economics of Agriculture. George Allen and Unwin Ltd. (1969)
GOLD, Joseph: The stand-by arrangements of the International Monetary Fund
NARKIEWICZ, Olga A.: The Making of the Soviet State Apparatus. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1970
WILCZYNSKI, J.: The Economics of Socialism. George Allen and Unwin, London, 1970. pp
MINCHINTON, W. E. (editor): The Growth of English Overseas Trade. (Methuen, London
PERKINS, J. O. N.: International Policy for the World Economy. George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London
GERSCHENKRON, Alexander: Europe in the Russian Mirror: Four Lectures in Economic History. Cambridge University Press
ANDREANO, R. L. (ed.): The New Economic History. Wiley & Sons     

Subsidies for influenza vaccination,vaccination rates,and health outcomes among the elderly in Japan

Vaccination against infectious diseases produces externalities, and providing subsidies is one way of internalizing the externality. The effect of subsidies as a policy tool depends on individual's response to the cost of vaccine. However, there have been few studies on the effects of vaccine costs on vaccination uptake. Using regional variations in vaccination subsidy amount within Japan's current immunization program, we examined the impact of subsidies for the cost of influenza vaccine on the vaccination rates and on two health outcome measures. Our results show that an increase in the subsidy amount by 1,000 yen (10 USD) leads to a one percentage point increase in the vaccination rate among the elderly, suggesting that vaccination rate is responsive to the costs of vaccination. On the other hand, we found no substantial effects on health outcomes.     

Innovation, Knowledge Creation and Technology Policy: The Case of the Netherlands

This paper explores and analyses the concept of knowledge and its application in economics by means of the Schumpeterian framework provided by New Growth Theory. In doing so, we focus on the particular role of knowledge spillovers in a small open economy such as the Netherlands.     

基于广义价值论的内生增长理论初探

增长理论是经济学的重要部分,关系到每一个人的福利和一个国家的地位。文章运用广义价值论研究经济增长问题,以分工为切入点,把分工产生的新增利益和该利益的公平分配统一起来,论述了递增性假设之外另一条增长的可能路径。主要结论如下：（1）基于比较优势的分工交换可以持续地产生比较利益即超过自给自足收益的净收益,这一收益不依赖于技术的递增或递减变化,具有普遍持久稳定性;（2）由分工交换产生的净收益构成原始积累的重要来源,既促进了生产规模和分工范围的扩大,又支持了研发和技术进步;（3）劳动生产力任何提高的效应都通过分工交换产生的比较利益加以放大,在一个分工交换系统中,行为主体提高比较优势产品和比较劣势产品的生产力分别具有正的和负的外部性;（4）基于广义价值论的内生经济增长体现了效率与公平的统一,一个好的制度是能够保证在交易中各方的比较利益率相等,掠夺性制度不仅直接损害经济增长,也不具备长期可持续性。