出口退税政策的节能减排效应研究

调整出口退税已成为遏制高能耗、高排放产品出口的重要措施,研究首先从理论上分析了出口退税的节能减排效应,提出下调出口退税率,将降低单位产值能耗成本的假设,接下来又通过我国钢铁行业出口能源强度与出口退税率的协整分析来实证验证,结果表明:出口额能耗与出口退税率间存在长期协整关系,且出口退税率是出口额能耗变化的格兰杰原因;出口退税率调整对出口额能耗影响的长期弹性为0.47,短期弹性为0.07,即出口退税率的变化对出口额能耗的影响在短期内不明显,但具有长期深远的影响;变结构协整分析还表明,差别退税政策下,当退税率下调时,出口退税率变化对出口额能耗的影响更大。     

Effects of local fiscal policy on firm profitability

For decades, scholars and policy-makers have been interested in how fiscal policy influences entrepreneurship. Until now, research has focused on fiscal policy at the federal or regional level and used macro-economic outcome measures. Considerably less attention was given to how municipal governments can influence economic outcomes at the micro level. The present study examines the effect of municipal taxes, spending and tax compliance costs on firm profitability within the Flemish hospitality industry. This is an interesting research setting, since Flemish municipalities have far-ranging fiscal autonomy which has resulted in a proliferation of local taxes, many of which are specific to the hospitality industry. The findings reveal that local taxes have a negative impact on firm profitability, while aggregate public spending has a positive influence. The tax effect is economically relevant and exceeds the public spending impact. Finally, we find no impact of compliance costs from local taxes.     

碳税对我国能源密集型产业国际竞争力影响研究

近年来,减缓和应对气候变化已成为全球最受关注的问题之一,二氧化碳的减排也随之备受瞩目。碳税作为减少温室气体排放的直接有效的经济手段,在我国也提到了议事日程。本文使用引力模型,利用2000年-2010年我国对9个样本国家的贸易数据,对碳税征收对我国能源密集型产业国际竞争力的影响进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,碳税对我国能源密集型产业的国际竞争力存在负面影响。在此基础上,本文结合我国实际情况和其他国家征收碳税的实践经验,对我国征收碳税提出了几点政策建议。     

出口退税与就业增进——基于我国数据的协整研究

在一个出口决策模型的基础之上,建立了一个出口退税的就业影响模型。并采用我国1985-2009年的数据,研究了出口退税政策对我国就业水平的影响,结果显示:我国的出口退税政策显著促进了国内就业的增长。进一步把出口退税分解为增值税退还与关税退还两部分,研究了不同类别出口退税对国内就业的影响,结果仍然稳定。结果同时表明:国内投资、FDI以及汇率贬值显著促进了国内就业的增长,而技术水平的提升则抑制了国内就业的增长,这一结果说明,我国的技术发展选择的仍然是劳动节约型而非资本节约型技术进步。     

出口退税政策与我国出口商品结构优化——基于不同技术程度行业的研究

本文基于不同技术程度行业考察了2001年1月至2008年8月我国出口退税政策对出口商品结构影响的实际效应。研究得出了以下结论:(1)出口退税政策对我国出口商品结构中初级产品行业和劳动密集型行业出口影响十分显著,对高新技术行业影响不显著或影响较小。(2)出口退税政策与我国出口商品结构中初级产品行业和劳动密集型行业出口比重呈显著正相关,与高新技术行业的相关性不明确。(3)出口退税政策对我国出口商品结构中初级产品行业和劳动密集型行业出口影响比高新技术行业更明显。针对以上结论本文提出两点建议:第一,从优化我国出口商品结构的角度看,我国出口商品结构调整应主要针对初级产品行业和劳动密集型行业进行,效果会更加明显。第二,在失业率较高时期可以通过提高劳动密集型行业出口退税率来增加就业。     

我国纺织服装业出口退税政策实证检验

文章以我国传统劳动密集型产业的代表-纺织服装业为研究对象,采用2004年1月至2010年8月的样本数据,对该产业出口退税率变动和月度贸易顺差增长率进行格兰杰因果检验,发现我国纺织服装业出口退税政策失效。基于实证结果进一步分析原因后提出了政策建议,认为转变出口退税政策的目标为结构调整、提高产业附加值,这不仅是保证今后我国出口退税政策有效实施的关键,而且是推动纺织服装产业升级的必要之举。     

入世后我国主要贸易税收政策功能调整的定位分析

入世后,我国贸易税收政策的功能必须在经济全球化的背景下制定和调整。本文通过分析关税、出口退税、反倾销税三大贸易税收政策的主要功能在内、外部因素的影响下发生的变化,提出了我国入世后贸易税收政策功能调整的战略方向及措施:应强化关税产业保护功能,弱化财政收入功能;应以“走出去”战略为依据,真正发挥出口退税制度的保护产业和鼓励出口的基本功能;应发挥经济比较优势,加强国际分工合作,避免反倾销税成为过度产业保护的工具。     

初级产品出口关税的作用探析

长期以来,相对于其他商品而言,初级产品出口价格的不断下降给许多仍靠少数出口产品获取外贸收入的发展中国家带来了一系列的挑战,使其成为国际贸易中长期存在且备受关注的焦点之一。因此,许多发展中国家便采取课征初级产品出口税的政策以图解决其所面临的问题。本文在分析初级产品出口关税对出口国及其贸易伙伴的影响基础上,着重论述了采取出口税政策解决出口价格波动带来挑战的利弊,并在最后以一些实证研究的实例说明了这一政策实施效果的不确定性。     

A trade and domestic tax reform in imperfectly competitive markets

This paper develops a model of an export oligopoly to examine the welfare effects of an export tax reduction and a production tax increase that makes the foreign country no-worse off. Whether or not entry into the oligopolistic industry is free, the proposed policy reform is shown to reduce welfare of the policy-implementing country and the world. Relating this result to the perfectly competitive case, we closely discuss its implications.     

取消出口退税对钢铁产品出口贸易的影响——以中韩贸易为例

本文采用HS分类的第72章钢铁产品六分位数据,用"倍差法"分别检验了出口退税政策变动对中国向世界和中国向韩国钢铁出口规模和结构的影响。实证结果表明,2010年7月中国政府取消出口退税政策显著地抑制了相关商品的出口增长:取消出口退税的四大类商品对世界的出口增长率比未取消退税的商品低了54%～98%,对韩国的出口增长率比未取消的其他商品低了30%～69%,为改善钢铁产品出口结构起到了重要的作用。由于一定时期内特定国家的贸易政策、汇率变动等影响需求的因素较为稳定,因此对韩国出口的实证研究结果更能客观地反映政策的实际效果。     

Effect of exchange rate volatility on industry trade flows between Malaysia and China

This paper investigates the impact of ringgit/yuan volatility on Malaysian trade with her largest trading partner, China. The short- and long-run impacts are estimated using bounds testing approach to cointegration analysis and disaggregated bilateral trade data by industry over the period of 1985–2010. Specifically, we considered a total of 151 importing and 24 exporting industries in Malaysia that traded with China. Our finding indicates that cointegration existed in 94 Malaysian import industry models and 16 Malaysian export industry models. Among these cases, exchange rate volatility has short-run effects on majority of the models. However, the short-run effects shift into the long-run effects in 46 out of 69 industries in import models and 5 out of 10 industries in export models. Results indicate that the exchange rate uncertainty has positive effects on majority of these industries.     

我国出口退税政策的贸易与经济效应研究——基于局部均衡模型的分析

通过将出口退税政策变量纳入局部均衡COMPAS模型,从产业层面上分析出口退税政策如何影响进出口行业的产出、贸易、收益等经济指标,并利用中国纺织服装品对美国出口贸易的有关数据,实证模拟中国出口退税政策变化对中美两国纺织业的生产、贸易和收入的影响。结果表明:平均而言,出口退税率每提高1个百分点,中国纺织品出口美国的价格将大约下降0.93%,而中国纺织品对美国出口量将增加2.86%左右,全行业收入大约增加1.83%;而美国纺织行业的产出减少1.9%,全行业收入减少2.2%。     

出口退税、行业集中度与出口行业“盯市”行为研究

本文以金融危机前后曾出现的出口退税较大调整为背景,应用面板平滑转换模型（ PSTR）对出口行业“盯市”（依市定价）程度与出口退税、行业集中度之间的关系展开探讨。研究结果表明,就行业集中度而言,无论危机前还是危机后始终对出口行业的PTM行为产生影响,且均与PTM存在平滑转变的非线性关系;出口退税仅在危机后的大幅提升后才对PTM影响显著,并表现为突变的快速向下的门限效应,而危机前对PTM并无影响;与出口退税相比,行业集中度对PTM的影响虽非立竿见影但却是缓慢且持久的。     

出口货物退税计算方法理论与实际差异分析

出口货物退(免)税是国际贸易中通常采用并为世界各国普遍接受,鼓励各国出口货物公平竞争的一种退还或免征间接税的税收措施。但由于各种货物出口前涉及免税情况不同,导致理论与实际的差异。我国对少数货物相应出台有限制出口政策,对增值税一律实行免、抵、退税管理办法,使出口贸易货物退税计算方法进一步得到完善。     

The economic consequences of corporate tax rates reductions in the EU: Evidence using a computable general equilibrium model

In a globalised world, governments are eager to attract foreign investors by lowering corporate tax rates. Recent trends point towards a revival of a race to the bottom in corporate income tax (CIT) rates in developed economies. EU countries have been active in this respect. A generalised fall in CIT rate could prove detrimental to tax revenues and trigger increase in other taxes to meet fiscal policy objectives. However, it could also spur investment and growth and prove to be a good fiscal policy strategy if, as a result, the corporate tax base increases. The final economic and fiscal impact of a reduction in CIT rates is therefore unclear. Using a CGE model, we find that uncoordinated tax reforms significantly impact national economies and third‐country effects can be significant when large countries implement CIT rate cuts. Small countries are better off unilaterally reducing their CIT rate at the expense of other EU countries. We find that negative spillovers are mitigated when the country reducing its CIT rate restores its budget balance by cutting either public expenditures or social transfers. A larger degree of non‐EU capital mobility also tends to reduce the negative spillover effects of unilateral CIT rate reductions.     

诱致性变迁:出口退税机制改革与贸易结构性变化

出口退税机制改革实施一年来,由于"核定基数超额比例自负"的财政负担体制和地区间外贸出口动态发展以及增值税多环节多次征的矛盾,改革诱发了政府间转嫁超基数出口退税负担额的动机,征退税率差也引起了同一出口产品在不同贸易方式间的利益不均,制度变迁又给了地方和企业新的获利机会,一系列的诱致性制度变迁还将导致出口贸易结构的失衡.本文以为,现行增值税条件下出口退税要跳出"谁出口谁负担"的改革思路,建立将进口环节税全部用于出口退税、节余结转、不足再按国内增值税收入比例分摊的负担体制.     

Malaysian investors in the Indonesian oil palm plantation sector: home state facilitation and transboundary haze

This paper analyses the regionalization of Malaysian oil palm plantation firms into Indonesia. These firms have been implicated in starting fires to clear land for planting, which has resulted in transboundary haze. This paper argues that these Malaysian investors have been able to burn with impunity, despite the dire consequences of haze on their home country, because of the close patronage relationships and vested interests of the Malaysian government elites in these companies. Because of this, the home government is inclined to protect and defend the actions of these firms in Indonesia against such allegations, while the Malaysian public continues to suffer the haze.     

出口退税率的调整与出口稳定增长——基于中国工业行业面板数据的实证分析

运用不同行业的面板数据进行协整分析和格兰杰因果关系检验,考察如何通过出口退税政策促进中国出口稳定增长。研究结果显示:对于不同行业,出口退税政策对出口增长的影响不同;出口退税政策对机电行业产品出口的影响不明显;长期内,出口退税政策对高新技术行业、传统行业和"两资一高"行业的出口增长影响显著。因此,中国可以通过提高高新技术行业的出口退税率和降低传统行业及"两资一高"行业的出口退税率,在促进产业升级的同时保持总体出口的稳定增长。     

人民币汇率变动对中国出口商品结构的影响分析

通过1985年～2010年资源密集型产品出口额(SITC0-4)、劳动密集型产品出口额(SITC6、SITC8)和资本技术密集型产品出口额(SITC5、SITC7)与人民币实际有效汇率指数及非市场因素出口退税额的协整分析,认为出口额的汇率弹性由大到小依次为劳动密集型产品、资本技术密集型产品、资源密集型产品,因而人民币实际有效汇率升值有利于优化我国出口商品结构,至少是工业制成品出口结构.同时,从出口退税额前的相关系数来看,中国应转变出口退税的政策倾向,加大对资本技术密集型产品出口的支持力度.