Mapping the benefits and costs associated with process innovation: The case of RFID adoption

The successful implementation of any innovation requires an understanding of its benefits and costs. This study examines the changes in the magnitude of costs and benefits associated with technology process innovation adoption as the innovation diffuses across different industries. Using RFID as an exemplar technology, the study shows that the magnitude of benefits and costs associated with technological process innovation adoption within different industries varies as technology diffuses beyond early adopters to the early majority. During the early stages of technology evolution, the development cost, the cost of capital, ethical costs and simple direct implementation costs (in the form of the cost of tags) predominate. As a dominant design emerges the profile of costs changes with the emphasis on initiation costs, more holistic direct implementation costs and indirect implementation costs. A similar change in the emphasis of benefits is observed, with a shift from direct to indirect benefits being noticeable as the technology moves from early adopters to early majority adopters. Our findings help to explain the difficulties in consistently measuring innovation outcomes observed in the innovation implementation literature, and emphasize the need to take into consideration the stage of technology development as a significant factor that influences the realised outcomes from innovation implementation.     

基于新一代信息技术的创新评估方法研究

创新是国家经济发展的动力,如何评估创新效率一直是研究热点。本文对国内外创新评估及创新调查的发展历程和发展现状进行了分析,在对创新评估原理和基本原则进行总结的基础上,基于新一代信息技术,详细分析了国内外现行的较为有效的创新评估方法。并采用创新调查技术中较为典型的DEA方法对我国20家不同领域的企业进行创新效率的比较分析。最后,针对基于新一代信息技术的创新调查方法的改善提出了建议。     

The interaction of multiple champions in orchestrating innovation networks: Conflicts and complementarities

In networked or open innovation processes, so-called innovation communities have been identified in the innovation champion literature, in which innovation champions from different levels in the innovation system supposedly act as a team. It has however not been studied in detail to what extent and how different champions in innovation communities complement each other and act as a team. Applying the concept of innovation network orchestration to analyze the role and position of different kinds of champions as brokers in innovation networks, the purpose of this paper is to unravel the interaction between champions and what this entails in terms of role complementarities and conflicts as regards innovation network orchestration. This is done by using an explorative multiple case study approach in which three innovation journeys are analyzed. The results indicate that a distinction can be made between primary innovation communities, who act as aggregated orchestrators of the overall innovation network, and who in turn orchestrate secondary innovation communities in certain sub-networks. Here different kinds of champions complement each other and act as a team, but these complementarities are not a given: they are negotiated over time in interaction, and lack of reflection on each other’s roles may result in role conflicts. The main conclusion is that an oversimplified notion of innovation communities as a unified team of champions should be avoided: innovation communities themselves need a form of orchestration.     

创新扩散理论应用于IT领域研究综述

创新扩散理论(Innovation Diffusion Theory,简称IDT)主要研究创新在社会系统中传播扩散的过程。罗杰斯的创新扩散理论作为当前国际学术界技术创新扩散理论的重要研究成果,已被我国学者普遍了解和接受,并运用到众多研究领域。本文主要通过搜集2002-2010年期间有关创新扩散理论应用于IT领域的研究文献,分析综述。     

External Interaction,Innovation and Productivity: An Application of the Innovation Value Chain to Ireland

Abstract

This paper analyses the innovation value chain for the Irish Community Innovation Survey (CIS): 2004–2006. In estimating innovation and productivity simultaneously, it extends the CDM methodology to include a range of external knowledge sources. Feedback effects are found to be vital, with more productive firms being more innovative and vice versa. External knowledge sources affect the innovation decision but not innovation performance, thus pointing to the primacy of internal processes for the crucial task of knowledge exploitation. There is evidence of dichotomous knowledge sourcing in Ireland, with some firms sourcing from market and others, especially high-technology businesses, from non-market agents.

External interaction, innovation et productivité extérieure: une application de la chaîne de valeur de l'innovation à l'Irlande

La présente communication analyse la chaîne de valeur d'innovation pour le CIS : 2004–2006 irlandais. En estimant l'innovation et la productivité simultanément, elle procède au développement de la méthodologie CDM, en incorporant un éventail de sources de connaissances extérieures. Il s'avère que les effets de la rétroaction sont essentiels, les entreprises les plus productives étant plus innovantes et vice-versa. Des sources de connaissances externes affectent les décisions sur l'innovation, mais non pas les performances de l'innovation, en soulignant ainsi l'importance primordiale des procédés internes pour la tâche essentielle de l'exploitation des connaissances. On a relevé des traces des sourçage dichotomique des connaissances en Irlande, certaines entreprises s'approvisionnant directement sur le marché, d'autres, notamment dans le secteur des technologies de pointe, s'inspirant d'agents extérieurs au marché.

Interacción, innovación y productividad externas: una aplicación de la cadena de valor de la innovación en Irlanda

En este trabajo se analiza la cadena de valor de la innovación de Irish CIS: 2004–2006. Al estimar simultáneamente la innovación y la productividad, se amplía la metodología CDM para abarcar una serie de fuentes externas de conocimiento. En este análisis se concluyó que los efectos de la realimentación son vitales, dado que más firmas productivas son más innovadoras y viceversa. Las fuentes externas de conocimiento afectan las decisiones de innovación y no el rendimiento asociado con la innovación y, por consiguiente, se señala el predominio de los procesos internos para la tarea crucial de explotación del conocimiento. En Irlanda, hay evidencias de obtención dicotómica del conocimiento, con algunas firmas que lo obtienen en el mercado y otras, en especial las empresas de alta tecnología, a través de agentes fuera del mercado.

     

创新的微观经济学:市场经济的增长引擎

如果没有生产工具的不断革新,资产阶级(即资本主义)将不复存在。相反,一成不变地固守于老式的生产方式,则是所有早期工业阶级生存的首要条件。资产阶级在其不到一个世纪的统治中所创造的生产力比其所有先辈所创造的生产力总和更为庞大、更为惊人。它所创造的奇迹,已远远超越了埃及金字塔、罗马水渠和哥德式教堂。     

科研经费管理制度的缺陷与创新

本文通过对当前我国科研经费使用存在问题进行分析后认为,现行科研经费管理制度存在缺乏激励、公有产权保障不足、拨款模式及监督无效等缺陷,并从改革拨款模式、重构支出范围、强化监管等方面,提出了创新科研经费管理制度的思路,以期为改革科研经费提供参考。     

Barriers to innovation and public policy in Catalonia

The present paper analyses the link between firms’ decisions to innovate and the barriers that prevent them from being innovative. The aim is twofold. First, it analyses three groups of barriers to innovation: the cost of innovation projects, lack of knowledge and market conditions. Second, it presents the main steps taken by Catalan Government to promote the creation of new firms and to reduce barriers to innovation. The data set used is based on the 2004 official innovation survey of Catalonia which was taken from the Spanish CIS4 sample. This sample includes individual information on 2,954 Catalan firms in manufacturing industries and knowledge-intensive services (KIS). The empirical analysis reveals pronounced differences regarding a firm’s propensity to innovate and its perception of barriers. Moreover, the results show that cost and knowledge barriers seem to be the most important and that there are substantial sectoral differences in the way that firms react to barriers. The results of this paper have important implications for the design of future public policy to promote entrepreneurship and innovation together.

论“诚信创新”精神的培养

现实社会中,创新与诚信问题已成为人们关注的焦点话题之一。作者针对我国现阶段创新活动中出现的问题,阐述了诚信创新的内涵,揭示了二者之间的相互关系。并在此基础上,分别从四个方面论述了创新诚信的培养路径。     

政产学研一体化协同创新模型构建研究

企业技术创新能力的提升以及核心竞争力的培育可以依靠各创新主体间的协同创新实现。本文结合技术创新以及协同创新的研究现状进行述评,阐述并界定政产学研一体化协同创新的内涵,说明企业开展政产学研一体化协同创新的必要,提出构建政产学研一体化协同创新模型,实现优势互补、信息共享、协作互动的协同创新平台。     

The Open2-Innova8ion Tool—A software tool for rating organisational innovation performance

The Open2-Innova8ion Tool is an interactive, multi-media, web-based software tool for rating organisational innovation performance. This tool was designed for organisations to use as an adaptation of the European Commission's work on developing empirical measures of national innovation performance with the Summary Innovation Index (SII). It is designed for users with experience of employment in an organisation, from senior managers to all types of employees, with an interest in rating the innovation performance of their organisation. The Tool is quick and intuitive to use, and provides textual feedback, together with graphic ratings using Google meters. Feedback is based on user perceptions of organisational indicators of Innovation Enablers, Activities, and Outputs to provide an overall rating of innovation performance; this can be compared with a self-rating of innovativeness to allow some interpretation of the congruence between the user and their organisation. This prototype Tool was trialled and evaluated during a workshop on low carbon vehicle innovation, with participants (innovators) representing organisations from the surface transport industry as part of the U-STIR programme with EU Framework 7 funding. This publically available web-tool has applications to education, training, and research http://design.open.ac.uk/itool/.     

对我国医药企业自主创新演化机制的分析

自主创新是当前商业界和学术界研究比较热的话题。政府相应地制定了一系列的政策和法规来鼓励企业进行自主创新。在这种背景下,我国的医药企业也积极响应国家的政策进行自主创新。然而,医药企业创新在实际操作中的行动方向差异很大。针对这种差异,笔者将医药企业创新划分成新功能创新和新设计创新两种,并且通过对一系列的数据和资料分析后,发现我国的医药企业的创新并非实质上的自主创新即新功能创新,而是新设计创新。文中对产生这种局面的演化机制进行了分析。     

新形势下复合型会计人才培养

传统的具备会计专业知识,只能进行记账、算账、报账的"核算型"会计人才已不能很好地适应新形势下社会需求。复合型会计人才具备开阔的思想,宽广的胸怀,冲破传统的会计核算模式和会计管理理念,关注会计以外的学科,跳出"就会计论会计"的定式。     

理顺管理关系 规范强检工作

文章认为,优化强检授权管理工作程序,理顺管理关系满足相关管理要求,加强对强检计量工作的管理,是服务铁路运输生产和安全,树立良好的企业信誉的一项重要工作。