经济全球化中发展中国家实现可持续发展的对策研究

经济全球化趋势不可避免,它在促进发展中国家经济增长的同时,也影响到发展中国家的可持续发展。对于发展中国家而言,应当充分利用全球化的有利条件和机遇,要在国际政治经济秩序、环保产业、技术创新和金融可持续发展方面制定相应的对策,实现可持续发展的目标。     

Good Morning,Vietnam! Opportunities and Challenges in a Developing Franchise Sector

Until recently the development of franchising in Vietnam was hampered by a regulatory framework that did not recognize franchising as a discrete business relationship. The introduction of Vietnam's Franchise Law in 2005 provided, for the first time, a legal foundation for franchising, which was a necessary prerequisite for sector development. Although there are currently few business format franchise systems operating in Vietnam, there is an increasing presence of established international franchise systems and increasing numbers of local systems albeit at an early “product distribution” evolutionary stage. Moreover, the commercial environment for franchising is increasingly favorable: Vietnam is the fastest growing Asian economy after China and India and is experiencing strong gross domestic product growth and annual retail growth. This article addresses the development of franchising, and the challenges and opportunities for franchisers in Vietnam.     

Internationalization Opportunities and Challenges for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises from Developing Countries

The purpose of this study was to identify opportunities and challenges for internationalizing the small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries. In this article the author examines the internationalization motives and strategies of the managers of these enterprises. A survey was conducted in Tanzania and the effect of the identified opportunities on the decision to internationalize was modeled using the multinomial logistic regression to determine the relationship between the respondent profile and the decision to be taken in the absence of the internationalization opportunities. The results have revealed the existing opportunities including export rehabilitation incentives, schemes as well as institutional supports granted from the governmental and nongovernmental organizations, development partners, and business associations. However, inadequate international business skills, unawareness of existing export promotion programs, poor access to finance, and imperfect foreign market information are the main challenges. Profit and growth goals and saturation of domestic markets are the key drives to internationalization, with indirect exporting being the main internationalization strategy. The author concludes by drawing attention to managerial and policy implications and future research directions.     

发展中国家对华反倾销的深层次分析

经济全球化使得国际贸易竞争态势更加激烈,中国加入WTO后发展中国家对华反倾销趋势有增无减,这种严峻形势要求我国企业必须对发展中国家反倾销的形势、特点有清醒的认识,结合发展中国家的国际贸易地位,产业结构,及反倾销法律环境制定有针对性的应对策略,这样才能提高我国产品在发展中国家的市场占有率,拓展发展中国家市场。     

资本国际化进程及其给发展中国家带来的挑战

随着国家间经济联系的加强 ,资本国际化也经历了从无到有 ,从偶尔到经常 ,从少量到大规模的历史过程。资本国际化在提高全球资本配置效率的同时也给各个国家 ,特别是发展中国家带来了一些挑战 ,鉴于此 ,发展中国家既要善于利用资本国际化带来的机遇更要采取有针对性的政策措施防范资本国际化可能带来的冲击     

Understanding Consumer Ethnocentrism in Developing Countries: Case Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

This article argues that the traditional belief that “consumer ethnocentrism is a phenomenon of developed countries only” is no longer true. To establish this argument, our study assesses the applicability of the Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale (CETSCALE) to Bangladesh by judging the unidimensionality feature of the same. The methodology is based on a sample of 788 respondents collected from 27 districts in Bangladesh. Statistically significant results show that for three chosen sociodemographic groups, namely, students, job holders, and businesspersons, the original CETSCALE is to a large extent applicable as those groups have shown positive attitudes in retaining 12 to 14 items of the 17 items of the original scale. However, the groups and the respondents as a whole did not agree with the unidimensionality feature of the CETSCALE. Moreover, the results of the study show that Bangladeshi consumers in greater extent prefer to see “Made in Bangladesh” tags when buying consumer products that Bangladeshi businesses can produce locally—a significant potential threat to international business that multinational companies need to address.     

E-commerce in Least Developing Countries: Summary Evidence and Implications

ABSTRACT

We undertook a review and classification of research on electronic commerce (e-commerce) in developing countries. We analyzed 181 articles published in a broad range of journals covering e-commerce, global information technology, and development issues. The analysis provides a roadmap that not only indicates the current state of e-commerce for development research but also identifies gaps and priorities for future research. This will be of significant value to both academics and practitioners who are working on, or plan to work on, e-commerce in developing countries.     

发展中国家的竞争政策——背景、现状与问题

20世纪80年代末以来的经济自由化改革和经济全球化使竞争政策逐渐成为发展中国家一项重要的微观经济政策。发展中国家的竞争法在法律条文上与发达国家的竞争法有很多相似之处,但发展中国家经济发展的实际也使其竞争法和竞争政策具有自身特点,如多元化的政策目标、广泛而灵活的竞争例外范围、宽松的企业并购限制等。为使发展中国家的竞争政策更好地起到促进竞争、提高市场效率、推动经济发展的作用,发展中国家应确立简洁明了的政策目标和审查标准,正确认识和处理竞争政策与其他经济和社会政策的关系,着重解决严重妨碍竞争的某些突出问题,并加强反垄断政策的国际合作。     

FDI的新特点对发展中国家金融稳定的影响

20世纪90年代以来,发展中国家吸收的FDI呈现出一些新特点.这些新特点的出现,使FDI对发展中国家金融稳定的影响更为复杂.发展中国家政府有必要更加关注FDI对其金融稳定的影响,采取有效措施,加强对FDI的监管.     

The Investment Development Path and FDI From Developing Countries: The Role of Pro-Market Reforms and Institutional Voids

We study the applicability of the investment development path to multinationals from developing countries and illustrate these arguments by analyzing the evolution of Brazilian outward foreign direct investment. This model argues that as countries develop, their firms will develop sophisticated capabilities and eventually become multinational firms. In the case of emerging countries, two additional factors accelerate this process. One is the push of pro-market reforms, whereby firms upgrade their capabilities to compete in the home country, thus becoming multinationals earlier than expected. The second is the push of institutional voids, whereby firms avoid excessive and misguided regulations of the local institutional environment.     

发展中国家的竞争政策与产业竞争力培养

一般而言.竞争政策是一国产业竞争力的制度基础,但发展中国家产业发展的基础和国际竞争环境使发展中国家政府注重运用选择性干预作为产业竞争力培养的手段,这种选择性干预与竞争政策存在矛盾和冲突.导致了发展中国家竞争政策与竞争法价值与目标的多元化,造成了竞争机构效率低下及竞争法司法裁决的不确定性.发展中国家的竞争机构应当坚持将维护和促进竞争作为竞争政策的价值,将经济效率作为竞争政策的目标.同时通过设定特殊豁免为政府的选择性干预预留空间,并降低这种选择性干预的随意性,从而使竞争政策在产业竞争力培养过程中发挥应有的积极作用.     

Export Credit Agency Activities in Developing Countries

International trade has been considered one of the main reasons for wealth increase in many countries. In the past, more developed countries were able to reach their current prevailing economic conditions mainly by exporting to less developed countries, especially through capital goods and by financing local projects. More recently, the pendulum has swung in the direction of the developing world, especially toward China and South Korea in East Asia, Brazil and Argentina in Latin America, and Hungary and Turkey in Europe. All of these countries have their particular financial and macro-economic pros and cons, but they have in common an export-driven approach. As exportation requires financing, the capabilities of banking systems and institutionalized export credit agencies have become increasingly important since they enhance these countries’ ability to take part in world trade. In this study, individual country facts and financial systems are analyzed in economic terms, and the support of the export credit agencies will also be evaluated.     

Real Exchange Rate Targeting,Macroeconomic Performance and Sectoral Income Distribution in Developing Countries

This paper uses a two-sector general equilibrium model to analyse both steady-state and stochastic dynamic effects of two real exchange rate targeting policies: a constant-target, and a band-target rule. In the model, targeting is implemented by imposing a stochastic fully-rebatable tax on the consumption of non-traded goods. The first result is that when comparing only steady states, a real exchange rate appreciation favours labour and capital in the non-traded sector, while factors in the traded sector are favoured by depreciations. A second result is that both rules reduce the volatility of investment and the trade balance. The third key result is that in the stochastic economy sectoral income distribution outcomes depend on the design of the constant and band-target rules. In particular, a variety of outcomes may be generated depending on the magnitude of the constant target, or the amplitude of the band, relative to the volatility of productivity shocks.     

Trade Liberalization in Textiles and Clothing and Developing Countries: An Analysis with Special Emphasis on the US Import Market

This article examines the role and importance of the textiles and clothing sector in the economies of the United States and developing countries as well as the qualitative changes in the dynamics of the industry. After briefly looking at the history of protectionism in the industry, the article addresses the impact of quota elimination on developing countries' exports to the United States. It also discusses the role of China as the dominant supplier. It suggests that with the elimination of quotas, most of the benefits will probably accrue to a handful of efficient suppliers, notably China and India. The article concludes by providing some recommendations to enable many developing countries to cushion the sudden effects of trade liberalization.     

贸易因素和非贸易因素对发展中国家农业生产力的影响

自乌拉圭回合以来,全球农产品贸易开放程度逐步加深。然而在这一共同背景下,不同发展中国家的农业绩效出现显著差异。除了扩大农业贸易开放这一因素外,由发展中国家的文化、制度、经济环境等因素决定的国际竞争力高低等非贸易因素对农业绩效可能产生了重要影响。本文利用世界银行和FAO等国际机构发布的多国统计资料建立面板数据模型,检验影响发展中国家农业生产力的重要因素。结果表明,发展中国家的农业生产力由生产投入的数量和结构所决定,扩大贸易开放对农业生产力的影响方向主要取决于贸易格局的变化,而提高本国的竞争力和全球化水平有利于在开放的市场环境下提高农业生产力。     

孔子学院促进了中国对外工程承包吗？——基于发展中国家面板数据的实证分析

发展中国家是中国对外承包工程的主要来源国。现实中,孔子学院具有增进中外理解信任和提供信息平台的功能,可以促进中外工程承包业务的开展;而其对外人才培养的功能,会提升所在国的建设能力,对中外工程承包具有抑制作用。本文以35个发展中国家为样本,通过建立面板回归方程,实证分析孔子学院对中国对外工程承包的影响。分析表明:孔子学院的建立显著减少了中国对所在国的工程承包金额;所在国的人口数量、政局稳定性以及与中国的贸易关系会对中国对外工程承包产生显著而积极的影响;所在国经济发展水平与中国对外工程承包呈正二次项关系。中国应致力于提升对外工程承包的技术含量,加大融资支持,并进一步发挥孔子学院的信息平台功能,以更好地促进中国对外工程承包产业的发展。     

Social Standards: Toward an Active Ethical Involvement of Businesses in Developing Countries

As a consequence of the changing conditions of doing business, we can observe the emergence of an increasing number of industrial and company-specific codes of conduct, as well as social and environmental standards. This paper considers these initiatives as being self-regulating governance mechanisms, which are characterized by a process of voluntary adherence on the part of firms to certain mechanisms or principles that seek to promote a “good society.” Two specific internationally established standards are discussed: Social Accountability 8000 (SA 8000) and AccountAbility 1000 (AA 1000). These institutionalized approaches are described and then contrasted in relation to a number of different factors, particularly the degree to which they foster “reflexivity,” in terms of how businesses think about these issues, and “dialog,” in terms of how businesses interact with stakeholders. Such questions are relevant to the ways in which these standards might be introduced and implemented, and which of these institutionalized approaches are the most promising for international businesses in developing countries. Dr. Thomas Beschorner is the head of the Social Learning and Sustainability Research Group in the Faculty of Business, Economics, and Law, University of Oldenburg, Germany. He is currently a Visiting Professor in the Department of Sociology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Dr. Martin Müller is an Associate Professor for Production and Environment in the Faculty of Business, Economics, and Law, University of Oldenburg, Germany.     

发展中国家公营企业改革的路径选择

公营企业作为国民经济的重要组成部分,在一国经济发展中扮演着举足轻重的角色。但进入2 0世纪80年代以来,各发展中国家公营企业却普遍面临效益低下,亏损严重的困境。为此,各发展中国家纷纷采取了一系列改革措施,主要包括:推行私有化、营造竞争环境、硬化预算约束、运用管理合同等     

Investment Flows,Economic Growth,and Corruption in African Countries: An Analysis

ABSTRACT

The analysis of corruption in international business is a relatively new phenomenon, and for the past two decades, many studies have attempted to capture the economic impact of the corruption in a country. However, most of these studies have concentrated their analysis to the experiences of the developed countries. None or very few of the current works have addressed the corruption issue in the context of foreign direct investment and economic growth in the developing countries. This work examines theoretically, as well as empirically, the incidence of corruption in the context of foreign direct investment in the developing countries, especially several African countries that signed a treaty to reduce the incidence of corruption in their respective countries.     

Financial Sector Reforms in Developing Countries: The Indian Experience

This study is based on the premise that the success/failure of financial sector reforms depends heavily on country specific factors and makes an attempt to examine these factors in the Indian context. The financial sector reforms analysed in this paper include the deregulation of interest rates, increasing competition and foreign ownership, and the introduction of financial supervision. We argue that an economic rationale for a gradualist approach to financial reform is that it is stability enhancing. Furthermore, we suggest that India’s complex political economy has resulted in a gradual approach to reform, and this approach has been successful along the dimension of banking stability.