Effects of Foreign Presence in a Transition Economy: Regional and Industrywide Investments and Firm-Level Exports in Ukrainian Manufacturing

We investigate the effects of regional and industrywide foreign presence and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the export volumes of Ukrainian manufacturing firms using unpublished panel data from 1996-2000. Foreign presence through FDI may have negative competition effects on domestic firms' performance; at the same time, domestic firms' productivity may be increased by technology transfer or training and demonstration effects. From a Cournot competition model that includes negative competition and positive technology spillover effects, we hypothesize that foreign presence and FDI might positively affect domestic firms' output and exports. Our estimation results support these hypotheses, suggesting in particular that large firms and durable goods producers benefit most from foreign presence and investments.     

Foreign direct investment and employment: host country experience

This study investigates the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on employment creation and wages in Ghana. A simultaneous panel regression model is used in estimating the effect FDI has on employment and wages. The results of this study indicate that FDI has a statistically significant and positive effect on employment levels in Ghana, but has an insignificant effect on wages. FDI can greatly augment domestic efforts by creating more jobs in the economy. The results clearly demonstrate that FDI flows affect employment quantitatively, but not necessarily qualitatively. The study identifies other factors including, productivity, wages, sub-sector, and location as important in influencing employment levels. Also, productivity, labour union, firm size, sub-sector, and location are noted as significant in affecting wages in Ghana. The main value of this paper is in respect of the fact that it provides insight into the effects of FDI flow on employment from a host country perspective. The study recommends that FDI should be considered as an integral part of the Ghanaian economic policy in order to spur on economic growth.     

Not Every Kind of Outward FDI Increases Parent Firm Performance: The Case of New EU Member States

Using a large firm-level dataset we investigate what kind of firms from new EU member states from Central and Eastern Europe (CEECs) tend to invest abroad (testing of self-selection hypothesis), and what is the impact of outward FDI on their productivity (testing of learning-by-investing hypothesis). We find that the best firms tend to self-select into outward FDI. There is also a positive effect of outward FDI on productivity growth of investing firms from CEECs, the strongest being in the case of Estonia, Romania, Czech Republic, and Slovakia. The positive impact of becoming a first-time foreign investor is relatively long lasting, but comes into effect only in investments in Western European or other CEECs and in the case of manufacturing subsidiaries.     

An Information-Based Model of Foreign Direct Investment: The Gains from Trade Revisited

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is observed to be a predominant form of capital flows to emerging economies, especially when they are liquidity-constrained internationally during a global financial crisis. The financial aspects of FDI are the focus of this paper. We analyze the problem of channelling domestic savings into productive investment in the presence of asymmetric information between the managing owners of firms and other portfolio stakeholders. We explore the role played by FDI in reviving equity-financed capital investment for economies plagued by such information problems. In the presence of information asymmetry, the paper identifies, however, how FDI gives rise to foreign overinvestment as well as domestic undersaving. The gains from trade argument (applied to intertemporal trade) is re-examined in this case of informational-asymmetry-driven FDI. We show that the gains could be sizable when the domestic credit market is either under-developed or failing as a result of a financial crisis. But with a well-functioning domestic credit market, the gains turn into losses. Surprisingly, capital may flow into the country even when the autarkic marginal productivity of capital in the domestic economy falls short of the world rate of interest. In such a situation, capital should have efficiently flown out rather than in, and FDI is a social loss-generating phenomenon.     

FDI与公共支出促进经济增长的实证分析

大部分研究认为FDI或公共支出分别独立的对经济增长发生作用,关于经济增长的理论模型很少将两个因素放在一起研究它们对经济增长的影响。本文通过建立一个含有FDI和公共支出的动态模型,其中把FDI作为技术进步的原因,利用我国1986-2003年的面板数据,分东部地区和中西部地区两个样本对公共支出和FDI促进经济增长的影响进行了实证分析。发现公共支出在两个样本中对经济增长都有促进作用,而FDI在中西部地区对经济增长有明显的促进作用,在东部地区对经济增长的促进作用不明显。     

Total Factor Productivity,Foreign Direct Investment,and Entry Barriers in the Chinese Automotive Industry

We explore three questions on foreign direct investment (FDI): (1) What are the differences in entry barriers for foreign, public, and private investors? (2) What are the effects of past productivity levels on future foreign direct investment (FDI) decisions? (3) What is the effect of equity structure on future total factor productivity (TFP) levels? The empirical results based on a monopolistic competition model and using a firm-level data set from the Chinese automobile industry suggest that foreign investors face higher entry barriers and react stronger to past TFP levels. FDI is also found to improve future TFP more than other forms of investment. Finally, World Trade Organization (WTO) accession is found to reduce entry barriers for foreign and domestic private investors while increasing entry barriers for public investors.     

环境规制与中国外商直接投资变化——基于DEA多重分解的实证研究

中国经济进入“新常态”,产能过剩和环境污染问题日益突出,国际投资环境不容乐观,“供给侧结构性改革”为中国经济“新常态”下的必要举措。本文探索环境规制下我国FDI变化的影响因素,通过FDI的子向量距离函数定义“环境规制生产技术”和“非环境规制生产技术”,以此构造环境规制的成本效应,测度中国30个省份1999-2015年的环境规制成本,并在此基础上对实际FDI的变化进行分解。本文的主要结论有:2001年后,中国各省份的环境规制成本呈现整体上升趋势,东部地区的环境规制效果最为明显;环境规制下,中国各省份的实际FDI增速先加快后减缓,2015年之前,第二产业对FDI的吸引力最强,2014年开始,第三产业对FDI的吸引显著增强,“供给侧结构性改革”初显成效,促进了我国的产业结构优化升级。反事实检验显示导致各个时期FDI变化的影响因素不尽相同,但随着改革开放的力度不断加大,全要素生产率和产业结构对FDI分布的影响显著增强。     

The Destination of Outward FDI and the Performance of South Korean Multinationals

This paper examines how the destination of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) affects South Korean multinational parent firms. We categorize host countries into those that are developed and those that are less developed. We find that destination matters for employment and capital intensity. FDI into less developed countries is negatively associated with a firm's employment and positively associated with its capital intensity. However, FDI into developed countries does not seem to matter: the parent firm's activities do not change significantly after FDI has been made. These results may indicate that Korean FDI into less developed countries is a relocation of production lines to overseas affiliates and FDI into developed countries is done to extend markets.     

金融深化、FDI溢出效应与地区TFP——基于省级面板门槛模型的实证分析

在考虑经济运行互动关系中内在非线性结构的前提下,从金融深化角度探究了外商直接投资（FDI）对地区全要素生产率（TFP）的溢出效应的影响机制,采用1992-2011年我国29个省级单位的面板数据,通过运用非线性理论的“门槛模型”检验和回归方法,以金融深化为门槛变量,实证研究了外商直接投资对地区全要素生产率的影响.结果发现,总体上金融深化和外商直接投资都有利于提高全要素生产率,且存在基于金融深化的“双门槛效应”,即不同地区的金融深化水平对外商直接投资的溢出效应的影响存在非线性的结构变化,随着金融深化和发展水平的不断提高,外商直接投资的溢出效应呈区间递增的态势.     

Globalization and Outward Foreign Direct Investment

While recent research into foreign direct investment (FDI) has focused on examining the importance of institutions, corruption, money laundering, and tax havens, the role of globalization on FDI has not yet been explored. This research investigates the impacts of globalization on outward FDI. We find that both overall globalization and its economic and social dimensions significantly positively influence outward FDI flows. We also demonstrate that beyond the level of globalization, corruption, money laundering, and the status of a country as a tax haven, cross-country similarity also plays an important role. Accordingly, policies specifically designed to increase the transparency of outward FDI flows should be required to address money laundering and the existence of tax havens.     

地方金融发展能够影响FDI的区位选择吗?——一个基于城市商业银行设立的准自然实验

本文以城市商业银行的设立为自然实验,结合1990-2015年中国295个地级市数据以及成立的184家城市商业银行,运用双重差分方法系统考察了地方金融机构对FDI区位选择的影响。研究表明,城市商业银行的成立显著促进了城市FDI的流入;经过一系列稳健性检验和进行倾向得分匹配(PSM)估计之后,这一结论依然成立。结合企业数据证实城商行的设立提升了企业从银行获得贷款的可能性,能够通过缓解企业融资约束而影响FDI的区位分布。对城商行兼并和异地扩张行为的进一步分析表明:城商行经营规模的扩张,无论是对属地还是异地城市FDI的促进作用均不明显,而城商行资金规模的扩张对FDI有明显促进作用。这些发现将为我国完善金融体系和升级银行业结构、吸引FDI促进区域经济协调发展提供理论和经验支持。     

中国吸引外国直接投资政策研究

本文对国家层面和国际层面上的外国直接投资(FDI)促进政策作了实证分析;阐述了中国吸引FDI政策中存在的超国民待遇和低国民待遇表现及其各自存在的利弊,以及政策实施中实际存在的问题;最后分析了世界各国吸引FDI的政策潮流,提出了中国吸引FDI的政策取向:实行市场友好政策,在内外资一视同仁的基础上,实施产业政策和地区经济政策,并以前者为主.     

Herding in foreign direct investment

This paper, to our knowledge, is the first to examine herding in foreign direct investment (FDI). We investigate it from two perspectives, first the number of countries investing in the host country and then the dollar volumes of those investments. Our results provide strong evidence of herding in FDI. We also show herding in the divestures of these investors. We show that herding in FDI is related to host country characteristics and governance parameters.     

Do GCC market-oriented labor policies encourage inward FDI flows?

In this paper, we empirically examine the impact of market-oriented labor policies on inward FDI flows to the GCC countries. The paper adopts different estimation methodologies to address endogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Reliance on professional management reduces inward FDI flows to the UAE while linking pay to productivity reduces inward FDI flows to both Bahrain and the UAE. Trade openness and infrastructure development have a positive influence, while human capital development has a surprisingly negative influence. Evidence, therefore, does not support the view that flexible labor market policies encourage inward FDI flows to GCC countries.     

FDI and Economic Development: Evidence from China’s Regional Growth

Abstract:

Using China’s provincial data for 1978–2011, we examine the channels through which foreign direct investment (FDI) affects China’s regional growth and inequality. We find that FDI facilitates growth by enhancing physical and human capital accumulation. FDI also has a negative effect on output growth by crowding out domestic investment, reducing local government revenue, and increasing the opportunity cost of technology innovations. The imbalance of FDI inflows among regions widens the interregional growth gap through its effect on physical capital accumulation and technology progress while it narrows the growth gap by affecting the level of higher education, industrial structure, government revenue, degree of openness, and trade surplus.     

金融市场、FDI技术溢出与经济增长

本文对国外有关金融市场影响FDI溢出效应进而影响经济增长的理论文献进行了综述,提出要使金融市场对FDI的技术溢出产生正效应进而促进经济增长,中国就必须继续加大金融改革的步伐,在促进金融市场对外开放的同时,大力促进金融市场的对内开放、切实改善中小企业的金融环境、成立科技开发银行、大力完善中国的资本市场。     

产业集聚对江苏FDI技术外溢的影响研究

近年来,江苏省外商直接投资（FDI）快速增长,江苏已经成为我国经济最活跃和最发达的地区,在吸引和利用FDI方面取得了显著成效.本文运用江苏省2003-2010年间规模以上制造业30个行业的面板数据,利用DEAP2.1和Eviews6.0软件分析了FDI、产业集聚和技术进步之间的关系.结果显示江苏省引进的FDI存在技术溢出效应,但是相关行业的产业集聚抑制了FDI的技术溢出.     

中国区域绿色全要素生产率的影响因素及其空间特征

运用非径向非角度的SBM方向性距离函数与ML指数,将环境污染和能源消耗纳入生产率分析框架,将绿色全要素生产率(GTFP)增长分解为技术进步和技术效率改善,测度中国30个省市区GTFP,利用空间计量模型考量GTFP的影响因素及其空间特征。结果表明：样本期内全国平均GTFP累积增长31%,技术进步贡献较大。各地区的GTFP均呈现增长趋势,而技术效率则有所下降。地理邻接是空间溢出的主要途径,各变量对GTFP、技术进步和技术效率改善的直接效应和空间溢出效应呈现不同的作用机制,R&D投入、外商投资和环境管制等因素对GTFP的增长均有显著影响。     

基于技术获取目标的我国利用FDI策略研究

当前,我国利用FDI的经济环境已经发生了巨大变化,利用FDI的主要目标是要着力发挥外资的"技术溢出效应",获取国外的先进技术。然而,由于我国企业技术吸收能力较差、外资企业不愿技术扩散,以及我国不利的外部环境等多方面原因,导致我国获取FDI技术的效果一直不明显。因此,必须从政府和国内企业两个层面着手,通过制定有利于技术获取的引资政策、营造高度竞争的市场环境、提高国内企业对技术的学习和吸收能力等措施,以促进技术获取目标的实现。     

Explaining the competition for FDI: Evidence from Costa Rica and cross-national industry-level FDI data

Attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an integral part of the economic development goals of policymakers throughout the world. Previous literature on FDI attractiveness has identified a host of factors that make a country more or less enticing for FDI. Where the literature is less developed is in explaining what occurs when multiple countries are roughly equal across those factors. In this paper, we argue that when several potential host countries (HCs) are on par in attractiveness, a competition arises between them, such that the HC willing to offer the most concessions to the potential foreign investor attracts the investment. We further argue that this competitive relationship holds in some industrial sectors, but not in others, with the difference centered on location constraints. Using both a case study of Costa Rica’s investment promotion activities and cross-national industry-level FDI analyses, we find evidence that concessions are greater in the manufacturing sector, where countries are often equally attractive to FDI, but lower in mining, where natural resource endowments determine FDI attractiveness.