UK Housing Market: Time Series Processes with Independent and Identically Distributed Residuals

The paper examines whether a univariate data generating process can be identified which explains the data by having residuals that are independent and identically distributed, as verified by the BDS test. The stationary first differenced natural log quarterly house price index is regressed, initially with a constant variance and then with a conditional variance. The only regression function that produces independent and identically distributed standardised residuals is a mean process based on a pure random walk format with Exponential GARCH in mean for the conditional variance. There is an indication of an asymmetric volatility feedback effect but higher frequency data is required to confirm this. There could be scope for forecasting the index but this is tempered by the reduction in the power of the BDS test if there is a non-linear conditional variance process.     

Local Expected Shortfall-Hedging in Discrete Time

This paper proposes a self-financing trading strategy that minimizes theexpected shortfall locally when hedging a European contingentclaim. A positive shortfall occurs if the hedger is not willing to follow a perfect hedging or a superhedging strategy. In contrast to the classicalvariance criterion, the expected shortfall criterion dependsonly on undesirable outcomes where the terminal value of the writtenoption exceeds the terminal value of the hedgeportfolio. Searching a strategy which minimizes the expected shortfallis equivalent to the iterative solution of linear programs whosenumber increases exponentially with respect to the number of tradingdates. Therefore, we partition this complex overall problem intoseveral one-period problems and minimize the expected shortfall onlylocally, i.e., only over the next trading period. This approximation is quite accurate and the number of linear programs to be solved increases only linearly with respect to the number of trading dates.     

Option Pricing Bounds in Discrete Time

Upper and lower bounds are derived for call options traded at discrete intervals. These bounds are independent of assumptions on the stock price distribution other than a restriction satisfied by the stock being “non-negative beta.” The development of the bounds relies on the single-price law and arbitrage arguments. Both single-period and multiperiod results are produced, and put option bounds follow by extension. The bounds exist as equilibrium values given a consensus on stock price distribution; they are also valid for empirical studies, being adjustable for dividends and commissions.     

时间序列的先锋--记2003诺贝尔经济学奖获得者格兰杰和思格尔

格兰杰与恩格尔以其在经济与金融时间序列上出色的研究成果对应用经济与金融研究领域产生了深刻而持久的影响,他们无愧于诺贝尔经济学奖--这一经济学界的最高荣誉,他们可谓是时间序列研究上的先锋派人物.     

Inference with Dependent Data in Accounting and Finance Applications

We review developments in conducting inference for model parameters in the presence of intertemporal and cross‐sectional dependence with an emphasis on panel data applications. We review the use of heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) standard error estimators, which include the standard clustered and multiway clustered estimators, and discuss alternative sample‐splitting inference procedures, such as the Fama–Macbeth procedure, within this context. We outline pros and cons of the different procedures. We then illustrate the properties of the discussed procedures within a simulation experiment designed to mimic the type of firm‐level panel data that might be encountered in accounting and finance applications. Our conclusion, based on theoretical properties and simulation performance, is that sample‐splitting procedures with suitably chosen splits are the most likely to deliver robust inferential statements with approximately correct coverage properties in the types of large, heterogeneous panels many researchers are likely to face.     

Jump Diffusion Option Valuation in Discrete Time

We develop a simple, discrete time model to value options when the underlying process follows a jump diffusion process. Multivariate jumps are superimposed on the binomial model of Cox, Ross, and Rubinstein (1979) to obtain a model with a limiting jump diffusion process. This model incorporates the early exercise feature of American options as well as arbitrary jump distributions. It yields an efficient computational procedure that can be implemented in practice. As an application of the model, we illustrate some characteristics of the early exercise boundary of American options with certain types of jump distributions.     

Risk-Neutral Parameter Shifts and Derivatives Pricing in Discrete Time

We obtain a large class of discrete‐time risk‐neutral valuation relationships, or “preference‐free” derivatives pricing models, by imposing a simple restriction on the state‐price density process. The risk‐neutral stock‐return and forward‐rate dynamics are obtained by changing only a location parameter, which can be determined independent of the preference and true location parameters. The Gaussian models of Rubinstein (1976) , Brennan (1979) , and Câmera (2003) , and the gamma model of Heston (1993) are all special cases. The model provides simple relationships between expected returns and state‐price density parameters analogous to the diffusion case.     

Option Replication in Discrete Time with Transaction Costs

Option replication is discussed in a discrete-time framework with transaction costs. The model represents an extension of the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein binomial option pricing model to cover the case of proportional transaction costs. The method proceeds by constructing the appropriate replicating portfolio at each trading interval. Numerical values of these prices are presented for a range of parameter values. The paper derives a simple Black-Scholes type approximation for the option prices with transaction costs and demonstrates numerically that it is quite accurate for plausible parameter values.     

Detecting ARCH Effects in Non-Gaussian Time Series

Engles ARCH test has become the standard test for ARCH effectsin applied work. Under non-normality the true rejection probabilityof this test can differ substantially from the nominal level,however. Bootstrap and Monte Carlo versions of the test maythen be used instead. This paper proposes an alternative testprocedure. The new test exploits the empirical distributionof the data and an extended probability integral transformation.The test is compared with the former tests in Monte Carlo experiments.Under normality, the new test works as well as the conventionalMonte Carlo test and the bootstrap. Under non-normality, thetest tends to be more accurate and more powerful than the bootstrappedARCH test. The procedure is then used to test for ARCH effectsin S&P 500 returns sampled at different frequencies. Incontrast to the standard and the bootstrapped ARCH tests, thenew test detects ARCH effects in the transformed low-frequencyreturns.     

q-Optimal Martingale Measures for Discrete Time Models

We focus on a backward induction of the q-optimal martingale measure for discrete-time models, where 1  <  q  <  ∞. As for the bounded asset price process case, the same backward induction has been obtained by Grandits (Bernoulli, 5:225–247, 1999). To remove the boundedness, we shall discuss a sufficient condition under which there exists a signed martingale measure whose density is in the ${\mathcal {L}^q}$ -space, which topic is our second aim.     

财务公司迈入大发展时代--访中国银监会政策法规部主任张元

经过三个多月的修改,银监会修订后的《企业集团财务公司管理办法》(以下简称新《办法》)终于亮相,并于2004年9月1日起正式实施。调整定位、降低准入门槛、允许外资投资性公司设立财务公司和放开发债限制成为该新《办法》的几大亮点。种种迹象表明,新《办法》将带领财务公司进入大发展时代。除此之外,此次银监会修改财务公司管理办法是出于什么样的考虑,在降低财务公司市场准人标准后,银     

Finance and growth: Time series evidence on causality

This paper re-examines the empirical relationship between financial and economic development while (i) taking into account their dynamics and (ii) differentiating between stock market and banking sector development. We study the cointegration and causality between finance and growth for 22 advanced economies. Our time series analysis suggests that causality patterns depend on whether countries’ financial development stems from the stock market or the banking sector. We show that stock market development tends to cause economic development, while a reverse causality is mostly present between banking sector development and output growth. These findings indicate that the direction of causality between finance and growth is likely to be different at high levels of development.     

经济时间序列波动率的度量与ARCH

尽管金融经济学家很早就知道经济时间序列的波动率有簇聚效应,并且边际分布具有尖峰形态,但却一直没有建立能够反映这种特点的时间序列模型。恩格尔在20世纪80年代早期开始了波动率模型的研究,成功地突破了传统的时间序列统计分析方法,开创性地建立了随时间变化的波动率模型一自相关条件异方差(ARCH)模型,从而有力地推动了金融经济学的发展。本文介绍了ARCH模型的产生背景、模型结构及其对金融经济学的学术价值。     

The Valuation of Multivariate Contingent Claims in Discrete Time Models

There are several examples in the literature of contingent claims whose payoffs depend on the outcomes of two or more stochastic variables. Familiar cases of such claims include options on a portfolio of options, options whose exercise price is stochastic, and options to exchange one asset for another. This paper derives risk neutral valuation relationships (RNVRs) in a discrete time setting that facilitate the pricing of such complex contingent claims in two specific cases: joint lognormally distributed underlying variables and constant proportional risk aversion on the part of investors, and joint normally distributed underlying variables and constant absolute risk aversion preferences, respectively. This methodology is then applied to the valuation of several interesting complex contingent claims such as multiperiod bonds, multicurrency option bonds, and investment options.     

富财政,“抠”财政

近些年,随着我国经济稳定、健康的发展,我国的财政收入大幅度增长。笔者注意到,从2003年突破2万亿元大关到去年期间,除了受到美国次贷危机较大影响的2009年(当年同比增长百分之11.7),六年中年同比增幅几乎都在20%上下。其中,2007年的增幅     

神经网络在财务管理中的应用

过去的二十年,神经网络越来越多地应用到财务领域中,主要是基于它所具有大规模并行、自组织、自适应、容错和自学习的能力。本文对神经网络在财务领域中的应用趋势、特征进行了分析,研究表明多数应用采用了含有一个隐含层的BP神经网络,并同时和传统的统计模型进行了比较分析。此外,这些研究还表明神经网络在财务管理领域的应用中取得了较满意的结果。     

NHS Inquiries: A Time Series Analysis

This article provides a time series analysis of NHS public inquiries and inquiries related to health against the background of recent policy changes which are centralizing hazardous incident investigations within agencies such as the Healthcare Commission.     

确定股票时间序列的多重分形类型

为了探索股票时间序列的无标度性,我们应用多重分形消除趋势涨落分析的方法(MF-DFA)来研究沃尔玛股票指数(WMT)日收盘价.研究结果表明沃尔玛股票指数日收盘价的变化具有多重分形的特性.然后,随机打乱时间序列的次序,用MF-DFA方法分析打乱序列的多重分形性质,得出沃尔玛股票指数的多重分形主要是由概率密度函数产生的,分布多重分形占主导地位.比较原始序列和打乱序列的多重分形性质,得出打乱序列的多重分形性弱于原始序列的多重分形性.这将为多重分形在金融理论方面的应用提供重要的理论基础.