Expensing options solves nothing

The use of stock options for executive compensation has become a lightning rod for public anger, and it's easy to see why. Many top executives grew hugely rich on the back of the gains they made on their options, profits they've been able to keep even as the value they were supposed to create disappeared. The supposed scam works like this: Current accounting regulations let companies ignore the cost of option grants on their income statements, so they can award valuable option packages without affecting reported earnings. Not charging the cost of the grants supposedly leads to overstated earnings, which purportedly translate into unrealistically high share prices, permitting top executives to realize big gains when they exercise their options. If an accounting anomaly is the problem, then the solution seems obvious: Write off executive share options against the current year's revenues. The trouble is, Sahlman writes, expensing option grants won't give us a more accurate view of earnings, won't add any information not already included in the financial statements, and won't even lead to equal treatment of different forms of executive pay. Far worse, expensing evades the real issue, which is whether compensation (options and other-wise) does what it's supposed to do--namely, help a company recruit, retain, and provide the right people with appropriate performance incentives. Any performance-based compensation system has the potential to encourage cheating. Only ethical management, sensible governance, adequate internal control systems, and comprehensive disclosure will save the investor from disaster. If, Sahlman warns, we pass laws that require the expensing of options, thinking that's fixed the fundamental flaws in corporate America's accounting, we will have missed a golden opportunity to focus on the much more extensive defects in the present system.     

The risk management of nothing

This essay challenges core elements of enterprise risk management (ERM) and suggests that an impoverished conception of ‘risk appetite’ is part of the ‘intellectual failure’ at the heart of the financial crisis. Regulators, senior management and boards must understand risk appetite more as the consequence of a dynamic organizational process involving values as much as metrics. In addition, ERM has operated as a boundary preserving model of risk management subject to the ‘logic of the audit trail’, rather than a boundary challenging practice which confronts and addresses the complex realities of interconnectedness. The security provided by ERM is at best limited to certain states of the world and at worst it is illusory – the risk management of nothing. In contrast, Business continuity management (BCM) may provide clues about how risk management might be reconstructed.     

无为的风险

风险与收益天生就是一对孪生的兄弟，有收益就有风险出现的可能；也可以这样推理：大收益大风险，小收益小风险。我们也可以再把这个观点进一步放大，如果不要企业的收益是不是就没有风险，我们暂且不对这一逻辑推理进行评判。但我们必须承认这样一个事实：那就是持有这种观念的经营者的确存在，甚至具有一定的代表性。毫无疑问，不仅这种逻辑推理不存在，而且可以定义这是一种与市场经济完全背离的经营理念。但话又可以说回来，这种现象的产生是有一定的历史根源的。一是计划经济时期遗留下来的文化理念还在发生作用，     

浅谈商业银行非现场审计存在的问题及对策

商业银行内部非现场审计是建立在现代信息处理和传递方式基础上，通过连续地搜集审计对象的各种数据和资料，依据预定的程序来分析、评价和监测审计对象的现状和发展趋势的一种审计方法。它与现场审计的主要区别是审计人员不直接到被审计单位的现场，而是通过对所收集到的被审计单位相关资料的分析、预测，发现问题，找出风险点，为现场审计提供线索和资料，帮助现场审计更加科学准确地选择审计对象及样本，合理安排审计资源，以达到高效审计的目的。通常认为非现场审计的职能有两个，一是对审计对象实施不问断的监测，称为监督职能；二是收集资料，为更好的实施现场审计做准备，称为服务职能。     

公司法的价值考量

作为法律的基本价值目标,安全、公平、效率等诸价值在不同的部门法中会有不同的体现.在公司法中,安全体现为交易安全,公平体现为分配正义,效率则是指制度效率.     

Much ado about nothing: Long-term memory in Pacific Rim equity markets

Using classical and modified rescaled range analyses (R/S analysis), this study examined the equity markets of Japan, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, and Taiwan. Using the classical rescaled-range method of analysis, we documented the presence of a long-range nonlinear deterministic structure in the returns of the Japanese, Singaporean, Korean, and Taiwanese indices, ranging from 3 to 4 years in duration. However, after correcting for short-range dependence using Lo's (1991) modified R/S analysis technique, all evidence of long-term memory disappeared. The absence of long-range dependence is consistent with market efficiency, and these findings call into question patterns in other asset streams documented using the classical method of rescaled range analysis. These findings also raise the general specter of significant sensitivity of empirical findings to the choice of method of analysis.     

会计估计与独立审计质量——来自中国A股上市公司的证据

本文以2001—2004年间上市公司会计估计变更过程中暴露出的失当会计估计为研究对象,检验注册会计师的独立审计质量。在控制了重大未决诉讼、债务水平、重大会计差错调整等因素后,研究发现：1．在会计估计变更前一年,注册会计师对公司的失当会计估计已有觉察并在审计意见中反映。会计估计涉及的项目个数、线上会计估计变更金额占全部会计估计变更金额的比例、客户规模以及会计师事务所规模等因素对非标意见的出具具有显著的解释力。2．在会计估计变更当年,注册会计师非标意见的出具与会计估计变更涉及的项目个数、线上会计估寸变更金额占全部会计估计变更金额的比例以及客户规模显著相关。3．注册会计师的审计质量明显受到客户规模的影响。上市公司的规模与注册会计师的审计质量负相关。     

理财余额对M2的扰动测算

理财业务是创新与监管的博弈 随着监管的调控,每一次政策的加码,理财产品的基础资产的类型基本上是稳定的,但其比例和业务方式都会有一定的变化和创新。基础资产的类型包含信贷资产、票据、债券及货币市场工具、基金、股票、汇率、商品等;合作的对象有信托和其他银行、农信社等金融机构。     

中国资本流动性的估测及国际比较

本文首先利用利率决定模型对中国、韩国、马来西亚、泰国、印尼、新加坡等六国20世纪八九十年代的资本流动性进行定量估测，得出中国的资本流动性低于同期其他各国的结论，这是由各国不同的资本管制程度造成的，并从资本账户开放次序和速度的视角对各国资金流动性的差异进行了比较分析。     

关于海南省经济开放度的分析与对策建议

为构建具有海南特色的经济结构和更具活力的机制.需要着力研究海南省作为一个岛屿省的对外开放问题,探询其在促进经济增长中的作用,并发现存在的问题.笔者分别从经济开放度总体趋势、外资外贸基本情况、对外劳务与技术合作、国际旅游等层面,对海南省经济的开放度进行测算和分析,并提出对策建议.     

基于一体化的视角看欧盟税收体系的结构问题与改革取向

欧盟的一体化进程在向各国提出新的税收课题的同时,也使得各国原有的税收问题进一步凸显.在税收结构中,劳动税有一个高税收楔子,对消费税的依赖度很高,而公司所得税和不动产税在总税收中却占一个很小的份额.这种税收结构带来了较低的劳动积极性、较大的税收非中性、较弱的税收再分配能力等问题,并有悖于市场统一化和货币单一化的新形势.这一切决定了欧盟税收体系的改革取向.     

金融风险与房地产抵押评估

20世纪80年代日本的泡沫经济、东南亚90年代末期的金融危机有一个共同点，即银行持有的大量坏账是房地产相关贷款，这些坏账对银行体系的崩溃起到了推波助澜的作用，由于在这些国家银行体系占主导地位，最终导致了金融体系的危机。这一现象使人们意识到一国的房地产业与金融风险密切相关，房地产市场的发展状况对金融体系的稳定性有着重要的影响。     

Evolution,revolution or nothing at all? Recent reforms to Canadian bankruptcy and insolvency legislation

On November 25, 2005, Canada's Parliament passed legislation to reform its bankruptcy and insolvency legislation (2005 Amendments). The 2005 Amendments were built from a report of the Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce (Senate Committee), although the Canadian Parliament did not adopt all of the recommendations contained in that report. As well, the 2005 Amendments adopted significantly revised versions of many of the Senate Committee's recommendations. As a result, stakeholders, including the Senate Committee itself, were not satisfied with the 2005 Amendments and sought to have Parliament delay the proclamation of them with a view to providing further commentary on the proposed changes. Thus, the 2005 Amendments are not yet in force, but the current government appears to be committed to proclaiming them, or some form of them, in the near future. This paper examines some of the issues contained in the 2005 Amendments, by providing a summary of the Senate Report, reviewing the amendments and determining whether Parliament responded to the Senate Committee's recommendations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

会计估计变更市场反应的实证检验

本文通过考察市场能否识别会计估计变更的实质来验证市场有效性。按照会计估计变更的性质，本文将会计估计变更进行三种不同分类，逐一比较每种分类中的不同类别的公司的累计非正常报酬率（CAR）。以特定窗口的CAR为被解释变量，以会计估计变更的方向、会计估计变更占净利润比例、样本公司是否属于“失当组”公司、年报公布好的或坏的消息等因素为解释变量，进行多元回归。实证结论支持“机械性”假说。     

论会计估计的困境与出路

会计估计是会计的灵魂,是财务报告信息质量的根本依赖.会计估计是一种主观约略性价值计量,会计估计"黑箱"和会计计量属性发展需求是会计估计面临的现实困境.针对困境,提出了加强注册会计师的独立性建设、强化外部监督;针对公众利益公司,证监会等机构可以尝试会计人员定期轮换委派制等措施.本文最后指出,会计师只有不断学习,提高自身综合素质,增强专业能力和独立性,才是走出会计估计困境的根本出路.     

案例分析:用技术手段提高银行风险预测能力

“我们管理层增加了对数字的信心,减少了决策过程的风险。”“OFSA是第一个覆盖了我们在利率风险管理中大部分需求的综合产品。”“Oracle将报表的提交速度以及预测的准确性水平提高到了原来的10倍。” ——Westpac西太平洋银行公司管理人员如是说     

贷款企业贡献度模型探索

本文以利率市场化为出发点,以商业银行贷款利率决策及差别服务为目的,提出贷款企业贡献度模型,并 且 以 全 面 性 等 六 条 基 本 原 则 为 依 据 ,以 商 业 银 行 的 组 织 机 构 是 分 支 行 制 等 六 个 基 本 条 件 为 前 提 ,构 造 出 了 贷 款 企业贡 献 度 模 型 。     

Using Markov Chains to Estimate Losses from a Portfolio of Mortgages

Under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards Number Five, Accounting for Contingencies (SFAS 5), financial institutions record a provision for loan losses and establish loan loss reserves when impairment of a loan is probable and the loss can be reasonably estimated. Increasingly, Markov chain models are being used to estimate these losses. This paper develops and test the suitability and forecast accuracy of alternate Markov chain models of mortgage payment behavior using transition data from the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). In developing the models, the Freddie Mac transition data is examined to see if it satisfies the Markovian assumptions of stationary transition probabilities and homogenous payment behavior. The data examined in this paper did not satisfy these assumptions. With respect to accuracy in forecasting loan losses, the Markov chain approach, when incorporating recent information on transition probabilities, performed better than a random-walk model of loan losses.     

业绩快报的信息含量:经验证据与政策含义

业绩快报是上市公司2004年报披露中的一项制度创新。本文旨在研究业绩快报是否具有信息含量,以及业绩快报的披露是否会减少盈利公告的有用性。我们选取了2005年1月至4月间披露的70份2004年度业绩快报作为样本进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:业绩快报的披露提高了会计信息质量;业绩快报具有显著信息含量;业绩快报的披露并没有减少盈利公告的信息含量,是盈利公告的一种有益补充形式,值得提倡和推广。