Coercive Harmony in Land Acquisition: The Gendered Impact of Corporate “Responsibility” in the Brazilian Amazon

In rural development, women's access to land is recognized as a condition for reaching gender equality. This contribution discusses the tension between this formal recognition and concrete realities in rural development for traditional Amazonian communities by examining large-scale land acquisitions in Brazil, a land-abundant developing country, in the wake of the 2007–08 global food price crises. This study applies anthropological and legal perspectives to analyze problems related to gender inequality caused by large-scale land acquisitions. It argues that inequalities cannot be resolved by simply changing regulations related to traditional communities’ and women's rights and that gender relations and land tenure issues reflect interconnected social arrangements based on historical specificities of traditional communities. Case studies show that land acquisitions by outsiders disrupt these arrangements, despite stated commitments to social and environmental responsibility. Such “coercive harmony” is only unmasked when communities are conscious of their rights, enabling effective use of the legal apparatus.     

土地职能和土地产权制度选择——中国土地产权私有化有效性质疑

本文明确反对土地私有化政策,并在重新界定土地职能的基础上,证明了土地私有化在带来生产增益和经济绩效改善的同时,必将对中国产生重大的不利影响。在中国的基本国情和当前生产力发展水平下,土地私有化将使中国爆发\"马尔萨斯危机\"的可能性处于不可控制的境地。另外,作为基础性制度安排的现有土地产权制度是中国特色经济发展模式的重要特征,是缓解经济危机失业压力的重要缓冲器。     

Who Owns the Land? Perspectives from Rural Ugandans and Implications for Large-Scale Land Acquisitions

Rapidly growing demand for agricultural land is putting pressure on property-rights systems, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where customary tenure systems have provided secure land access. Rapid and large-scale demands from outsiders are challenging patterns of gradual, endogenous change toward formalization. Little attention has focused on the gender dimensions of this transformation. However this contribution, based on a 2008–09 study of land tenure in Uganda, analyzes how different definitions of land ownership – including household reports, existence of ownership documents, and rights over the land – provide very different indications of the gendered patterns of land ownership and rights. While many households report husbands and wives as joint owners of the land, women are less likely to be listed on ownership documents, and have fewer rights. A simplistic focus on “title” to land misses much of the reality regarding land tenure and could have an adverse impact on women's land rights.     

浅析土地流转对粮食安全的负面影响及解决措施

土地流转在推进中国农业现代化进程、促进农民增收等方面起到了重大作用。但是也带来许多负面影响,如乱占耕地＂、非粮化＂＂、城市病＂等。这就要规范土地流转,保障粮食安全。     

“Our Lands are Our Lives”: Gendered Experiences of Resistance to Land Grabbing in Rural Cambodia

ABSTRACT

Cambodia is known as a hotspot for land grabbing in Southeast Asia. Land dispossession due to elite capture, natural resources exploitation, and agribusiness development has catalyzed international attention following outbreaks of violence, mass protests, and retaliations. Agrarian economies, as well as social and gender relations and thus power dynamics at different levels, are being transformed and reshaped, facilitated by policies that promote capital penetration in rural areas and individualization of land access. Focusing on cases of rural dispossession and political resistance in Ratanakiri and Kampong Speu provinces, and drawing on reports, government documents, focus group discussions, and interviews, this study analyzes the gendered implications of land grabbing in contemporary Cambodia and argues that gender shapes and informs women’s responses and politics, as well as the spaces in which these are played out.     

河北省各区人口、耕地与粮食安全的协调情况分析

在上世纪80年代河北农业区划分的基础上，封各区域的人口、耕地与粮食产量进行分时点对比分析，并封各区域人口与耕地、人口与粮食、耕地与粮食之间的协调情况从静态和动态两个方面进行了分析。     

中国"藏粮于地"粮食生产能力评估

以"藏粮于地"战略思路为基本出发点,结合中国粮食生产的实际,构建了中国粮食现实生产能力评估框架,确定了当前"藏粮于地"的方式。认为粮食闲置生产能力构成"藏粮于地"粮食现状增产潜力,即现阶段我国土地的"藏"粮能力。利用该评估框架,运用全国土地利用变更调查数据、遥感、统计等数据,对中国"藏粮于地"粮食生产能力进行综合测算,结果显示:现阶段我国土地的"藏"粮能力为4 180.33×104t,占现实粮食产量的8%。如果变现这一"藏"粮能力,按人均粮食占有标准400kg计,粮食自给率可增加8个百分点,说明实施"藏粮于地"战略对我国粮食安全尤为重要,由此,提出了实现"藏粮于地"粮食生产能力的保障机制和措施。     

国家公司治理水平与跨境并购目标企业收益

文章分析了收购方所处国家的公司治理水平对跨境并购目标企业收益的影响.数据显示,收购方所处国家对股东权利保护的程度与目标企业宣告期收益显著正相关,而其他指标,如法律起源、债权人权利、会计准则和执法效力则对目标企业的宣告期收益没有显著影响.     

广东省食品安全管理的行政对策研究

广东是全国食品工业大省,食品安全问题是关系到该省可持续发展的重要因素之一,也是当地政府监管工作的重中之重。本文分析了广东在食品安全及食品安全行政监管方面的现状和问题,提出了广东省食品安全管理的行政对策和建议。     

Food Prices Policy in Israel: A Strategic Instrument

Abstract:

The goal of this research is to demonstrate a significant importance of state policy of food prices supervision in Israel. The article begins with a detailed discussion of the healthy food basket’s components, based on the Israeli Ministry of Health recommendations. Next, we present the prices of the goods included in the basket, and a calculated estimate of the per capita cost of funding the basket. Based on this cost figure, we assess the economic ability of Israeli households to purchase the basket. The results show that two lowest quintiles would have trouble paying the price of a basic health food basket. Further, it describes the food prices in Israel and its significance, Israel’s food market and the major regulatory tools associated with the food market. In the end, we define the need for short-term and longer-term regulation of food costs, and the necessity of expanding competition in the food market.     

中国粮食安全问题文献综述

粮食既是关系国计民生的重要物资,也是人民群众最基本的生活资料。粮食安全与经济的持续发展、社会的和谐、政治的稳定紧密相关。保障国家粮食安全历来是政府及社会关注的重点,学术界对粮食安全问题的研究可谓百家争鸣。从粮食生产、粮食流通、粮食消费等方面,对既有的资料进行系统梳理,并指出现有研究成果的不足,希望能为以后的研究提供便利、指明方向。     

我国农村土地制度改革中的公平与效率问题探析

当前农地制度改革面临错综复杂的问题,土地产权不清,使用权缺乏保障,农民对土地的均田与稳定要求的矛盾等,其中都体现了公平和效率的问题。所以要明确界定土地产权,给予农民平等的、稳定的、长期的土地使用权,区别对待土地承包期内使用权的继承问题,才能促进土地生产效率的进一步提高和土地使用权的合理流转,有效地处理好公平与效率的关系。     

发展生物质能源对能源安全和粮食安全的影响

为了抑制不断攀升的石油价格及有效解决温室气体排放所带来的环境问题,生物质能源作为一种清洁的能源已经引起了世界范围的广泛关注。生物质能源可以缓解能源压力问题,但同时出现与粮争地的矛盾,对保障粮食安全不利。如何在同时保障能源安全和粮食安全的情况下发展生物质能源成为政策迫切解决的问题。     

浅析农村妇女在婚姻家庭中土地财产权益及法律保护

土地是农民生存和发展的根基,土地问题是解决当前"三农"即农村、农业、农民问题的核心.土地制度的建立完善和实施直接关系到国家农业产业的发展和农村社会、经济秩序的稳定.农村妇女由于传统习惯和文化素质的影响对土地的依赖性更强,所以对农村妇女土地权益的保护更为重要.《婚姻法》修正后对夫妻财产制度作了许多新的规定,特别是第39条第2款,"夫或妻在家庭土地承包经营中享有的权益等,依法应当予以保护"的规定,是婚姻法对夫妻财产制度的一个新的突破.目前,农村妇女土地权益受侵害的现象比较严重和突出,在一定程度上扰乱了农村的经济秩序和社会秩序,因此,关注农村妇女权益保护,对解决农村妇女土地承包权问题是非常必要的.     

坚持农地集体所有的思考

本文在系统梳理中国农村改革历程的基础上,指出改革初期,为了满足农民的温饱诉求,党和政府逐渐认同了农民推出的“大包干”做法;温饱问题解决之后,为了满足农民外出从事非农就业的诉求,党和政府赋予农民自主流转其承包土地经营权的权利;现在,为了满足农民享有土地财产权益的诉求,党和政府应赋予农民土地股份的权利,将农村集体土地产权按份共有的改革目标落到实处。股权是集体经济的基础。改革初期以含义模糊的承包权替代含义清晰的土地股权,是为了达成改革共识;现在以含义清晰的土地股权替代含义模糊的土地承包权,是改革深化和认识与时俱进的结果。     

试论我国农地发展权定位及农民分享实现

经营性征地给社会经济发展带来许多不稳定因素,其中一个极为重要的原因是由于长期以来强大的行政权力取代了土地发展权的权效。从这一角度出发,文章首先介绍了发展权的含义和特征并总结了我国农地发展权的现状,在此基础上针对农地市地化过程中的土地发展权进行了定位,提出将发展权分享引入征地补偿机制即农民参与发展权权益的分享,紧接着探讨了发展权分享实现问题,并对农民发展权分享进行了量化。旨在通过对发展权的适当安排缓解现行征地体制中的一些矛盾,从而在深层次上促进我国土地产权制度的健全和土地的合理利用。     

农村土地养老现状的调查及思考——以松江区新镇村140户农民为例

随着改革开放的进程不断加快,农村保障问题受到社会关注。纵观全国,在农村养老保障方式上,社会各界将关注点聚焦在社会养老上,而忽略了土地养老的重要性,土地养老的保障功能逐渐弱化。然而,上海市松江区实行的土地流转政策下,集体承包土地的形式,使得土地重新具有了较高的保障功能,从而不仅有效减轻由农村养老保险所造成的社会养老财政压力,也提高农民养老保障水平,值得其他地区借鉴。