Assessing Export Competitiveness through the Lens of Value Added

Extensive changes in the organization of world trade over the last two decades have renewed concerns about countries’ ability to compete in export markets. The impact could be especially large in industries that participate in global value chains (GVCs). This study assesses the recent export performance of 56 countries in five industries associated with GVCs using an index of normalised revealed comparative advantage (RCA) that can be compared across industries and countries and new data on the domestic value added in exports from the OECD's Trade in Value‐added database. For a number of the GVC industries, countries identified as the most competitive based on gross exports are often found to be less competitive when evaluated in terms of domestic value added. Business services are an important exception; several countries appear more competitive on a value‐added basis than based on conventional measures of gross exports. Despite concerns about hollowing out, a number of major industrial countries remain highly competitive in one or more GVC industries, even from the perspective of domestic value added. A value‐added approach to RCA provides insights that are not apparent from an exclusive focus on gross exports.     

中国与葡语国家商品贸易的竞争与互补性研究

本文基于2003~2015年中国与葡语国家商品贸易的SITC分类资料,分别采用RCA、ESI和TCI指数研究双方商品贸易的竞争性与互补性。研究发现,中国与葡语国家的出口相似度总体较低,不存在强的竞争性。中国在资源密集型产品贸易中不具有比较优势,葡语国家出口中国该类产品的互补性较强;中国在劳动密集型、资本和技术密集型产品贸易中具有较强的比较优势,葡语国家进口中国该类型产品的互补性很强。     

Three Decades of Italian Comparative Advantages

This paper explores the structure of Italian revealed comparative advantages (RCA), focusing on the export structure itself, on its changes over time and on its degree of persistence. The analysis is developed with the use of visual statistical tools and non‐parametric statistical techniques that allow to estimate the empirical distribution of the Balassa (1965) index, and to track its dynamics during three decades, from the 1970s to the present. The main results of the analysis are that the structure of Italian RCA is highly persistent, but is changing; the structure is very different when it is examined at a macro‐regional level; the distribution is not so similar to the one of the new industrialised countries, when it is examined at a high level of sectoral disaggregation. Finally, the persistence in the pattern of RCA appears to be positively related to the presence of industrial districts in export data disaggregated at the provincial level.     

Revealed Specialization: Evidence on U.S. International Services

This article is an investigation of the comparative advantage structure of United States international trade in services. It appears that the United States has a strong comparative advantage in knowledge-based services. For this study, the author adopts the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index to analyze the comparative advantage structure, and demonstrates that variance in the RCA deviations indicates a similarity in the export structure between the United States and the world. This study also focuses on the role of multinational companies, linking microeconomic entities and the macroeconomic surroundings.     

中国与印度纺织品出口竞争力比较

运用国际市场占有率、RCA、TC等指标,对中印纺织品的出口状况及国际竞争力进行了比较。研究结果表明,两国出口的纺织产品结构相似,主要出口市场相似,存在较强的竞争性关系。中国在出口规模上具有优势,但出口单价较低,附加值较少。因此,中国应提高纺织产品的技术含量,调整产品结构,采取市场多元化发展战略,进一步提高产品的国际市场占有率。     

中国和美国服务业出口竞争力比较分析

本文在界定服务业出口竞争力评价体系的基础上,对中、美两国服务业出口竞争力进行了4个方面的比较分析。通过比较两国服务业净出口额、服务业出口国际市场占有率、服务业贸易竞争优势指数和服务贸易显性比较优势指数4个指标得出:美国在技术密集型的服务业上有极强的出口竞争力,而中国在技术密集型服务业上具有显性比较劣势,并且中国在传统服务业运输和旅游业上的出口竞争力在逐渐减弱,但是中国技术密集型服务业的出口竞争力在增强。最后,本文借助波特的"钻石模型"对中国和美国服务业出口竞争力进行了进一步分析并提出了相应的对策建议。     

中印国际服务贸易竞争力优势比较与评价

随着全球经济的飞速发展,国际服务贸易不断呈现出新的发展趋势和发展特点,成为评价一国整体经济实力的重要指标。通过对中印两国近9年来国际市场占有率(IMS)、贸易竞争力指数(TC指数)和显性比较优势指数(RCA指数)等指标的对比分析,指出了两国之间的差异,提出了中国今后发展服务贸易的相应政策措施。     

The Asian Drivers and SSA: Is There a Future for Export‐oriented African Industrialisation?

(1253) Raphael Kaplinsky and Mike Morris Export‐oriented industrialisation is the orthodoxy and is widely indicated as a development path for sub‐Saharan Africa. In recent years there has been a surge of clothing exports from a limited number of SSA economies to the US. In 2006 these exports accounted for more than half of SSA’s manufactured exports (excluding South Africa). However, the ending of quota controls on Chinese clothing exports to the US led to a significant fall in these exports. Is this a harbinger for the future of export‐oriented industrialisation in SSA in a world of a level trading playing field?     

食品安全对中国食品出口贸易的影响及对策分析

本文通过MS、TC、RCA指数和中国食品出口在各国受阻数据的实证分析,表明中国食品出口贸易国际竞争力处于相对劣势,并针对我国在食品出口贸易中存在的食品安全和技术性贸易壁垒问题提出对策建议。     

我国对外贸易结构及其比较优势的实证分析

一国出口商品的结构在一定程度上能反映出该国的比较优势。本文利用显性比较优势指数RCA和纯出口比较优势指数NEPR,对我国对外贸易结构进行了评估与实证分析。在此基础上得出结论:我国对外贸易商品结构基本符合比较优势原理,加工贸易在我国对外贸易中占据着重要的地位。     

我国通信设备制造业国际竞争力研究

本文采用RCA指数、RRCA指数、TC指数以及国际市场占有率指数,通过建立线性回归模型,从比较优势和竞争优势方面对我国通信设备制造业的国际竞争力作了实证研究,分析了我国通信设备制造业出口竞争力的动态变化趋势,以及国际市场占有率与RCA指数、TC指数的关系。研究表明近10年以来我国通信设备制造业竞争力不断增强,RCA指数对国际市场占有率的影响显著。     

中国出口产业结构优化评估——基于垂直专业化比率指标的改进与动态分析

为解释中国出口产业结构提升的原因,我们通过对平新乔等(2006)方法进行修正和改进后,对中国出口中的垂直专业化比率进行了测算,结果发现:中国的出口贸易依然具有明显的"加工贸易"特征,而亚洲国家和地区则是提供给中国中间品的主要来源地;其次,出口份额与垂直专业化比率具有明显的正相关性,充分表明当前中国出口产业结构提升的主要原因在于进口中间品所做出的贡献,中国出口商品的比较优势依然在于廉价的劳动力;第三,尽管中国目前仍处于国际垂直生产体系的低附加值阶段,但随着时间推移,中国已开始优化其出口产业结构,改变过度依赖加工贸易的生产与贸易模式。     

我国家具出口贸易国际竞争力的实证研究

改革开放以来,我国的家具出口贸易发展迅速。我国已成为全球家具的出口大国。本文先从出口总量、产品结构和市场结构三个方面对我国家具出口贸易的现状进行介绍,然后选取贸易竞争指数和显性比较优势指数,对我国家具出口贸易的国际竞争力进行测算,最后分析制约我国家具出口的因素及相应对策。     

技术性贸易壁垒对中国出口影响的实证分析——以技术性贸易壁垒对中国园艺产品出口影响为例

技术性贸易壁垒对中国出口贸易造成了巨大而复杂的影响。园艺产业在种植业中仅次于粮食作物,因此,研究技术性贸易壁垒对中国园艺产品出口的影响具有重要意义。本文采用面板数据和基于广义最小二乘法的固定效应模型来分析它们对中国园艺产品出口的中长期影响,发现技术性贸易壁垒对中国园艺产品出口的促进作用大于阻碍作用,然后结合中国园艺产品净贸易指数、显示性竞争指数及进口需求因素进一步分析计量结论,最后提出相关政策建议。     

我国农产品出口结构与竞争力的实证分析

我国农产品出口已经进入新的快速增长阶段。本文系统分析了农产品出口的商品结构、地区结构、市场结构以及出口经营主体结构的特征与变化,并用显示比较优势指数(RCA)、贸易竞争力指数(TC)以及国际市场份额等评价了我国农产品出口的国际竞争力,实证分析显示农产品出口贸易结构总体反映了我国农业资源的禀赋和比较优势特征,主要集中在具有竞争优势的劳动密集型农产品,但与农产品出口大国相比,整体竞争力弱,处于低竞争劣势,部分劳动密集型农产品具有国际竞争力。     

Export Specialisation and Local Economic Growth

This paper aims to provide empirical evidence on whether export specialization or diversification is better for local economic growth. Using export data from 354 magisterial districts of South Africa for 1996 and 2001 we estimate spatial growth regressions that include measures of the degree of export specialization and diversification. Overall, exporting regions outperform other (less or non‐) exporting regions. Also, we find that export specialisation, rather than export diversification, has been associated with local economic growth; with specialization in mining and agriculture being especially beneficial. Our results support the view that specialization in a locality’s area of comparative advantage is good for local economic development. We also find that localities with higher initial levels of human capital, and higher subsequent population growth, performed better. This is consistent with the belief that policies aimed at strengthening human capital and improving agglomeration economies, will enhance local economic development.     

我国农药出口结构与竞争力的实证分析

入世后我国农药出口已进入新的发展阶段。本文系统分析了农药出口产品结构、地区结构、市场结构和企业结构的变动,并利用显示比较优势指数(RCA)、国际市场份额、市场渗透率及贸易竞争指数(NTB)等评价了我国农药出口的比较优势和竞争优势。实证分析显示,我国农药出口竞争优势很强,且提升速度较快。比较来看,农药出口的比较优势处于中等水平,且在加入世贸组织后提升不明显。     

中亚五国蔬菜生产与出口竞争力

本文运用显示性比较优势指数和贸易竞争力指数,测算分析了中亚五国蔬菜及各类蔬菜的出口竞争力,并得出以下结论:吉尔吉斯斯坦的蔬菜出口竞争力最强,且呈持续快速增长趋势;乌兹别克斯坦和塔吉克斯坦的蔬菜出口竞争力较强,并也呈增长趋势;中亚国家在番茄、卷心菜、萝卜、黄瓜等蔬菜品种上具有较强的出口竞争力。     

Export Competitiveness of Botswana’s Beef Industry

We investigate Botswana’s beef export competitiveness for the period 1961–2011 using the Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) index. Results indicate that Botswana has had a comparative advantage throughout the review period. Overall, the country ranked fifth out of nine leading beef exporters. However, its comparative advantage weakened after 1975, and the country has recently been bypassed by three other key beef exporters which initially had comparative disadvantages. This was largely driven by increasing domestic demand for beef (and stagnant domestic supply). Policymakers should consider removal of the state-trader export monopoly to promote private sector entry and vertical diversification into value-added exports.     

山东省水产品出口竞争力的比较分析

本文通过国际市场占有率、显示性比较优势指数、贸易竞争力指数以及显示性竞争优势指数等指标对山东省水产品出口竞争力进行了测算,并与国内外主要竞争者进行了比较,结果表明:山东省水产品具有较强的比较优势和竞争优势,越南、泰国以及国内福建省的水产品出口构成对山东省水产品的强势竞争。最后提出了提升山东省水产品出口竞争力的一系列对策。